st

1 Law of Thermodynamics
 CO3:
⚫Ability to design using concepts and principles
of First Law and Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
Objective
⚫ State and Explain the First Law of
Thermodynamics,
⚫ Examine the moving boundary work or PdV work
⚫ Develop the general energy balance,
⚫ Calculate energy balance problems for closed
systems, steady-flow systems and Engineering
devices
 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
⚫ The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy principle)
provides a sound basis for studying the relationships among the various
forms of energy and energy interactions.
⚫ The first law states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed
during a process; it can only change forms.
⚫ The First Law: For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of
a closed system, the net work done is the same regardless of the nature
of the closed system and the details of the process.

Energy cannot
be created or
destroyed; it
can only
change forms.

The increase in the energy of a

potato in an oven is equal to the
amount of heat transferred to it.
 The work
(electrical) done on
an adiabatic
system is equal to
the increase in the
energy of the
system.

In the absence of any

work interactions, the The work (shaft)
energy change of a done on an
system is equal to the adiabatic system
net heat transfer. is equal to the
increase in the
energy of the
system.
 MOVING BOUNDARY WORK, Wb
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Wb is positive → for expansion
The expansion and compression work Wb is negative → for compression
in a piston-cylinder device.

The work associated

with a moving
boundary is called
boundary work.
A gas does a
differential
amount of work
δWb as it forces
the piston to
move by a
differential
amount ds.
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 Polytropic, Isothermal, and Isobaric processes
Polytropic process: C, n (polytropic exponent) constants
Polytropic
process
n≠1
Polytropic and for ideal gas

When n = 1 (isothermal
process)

Constant pressure process

Schematic and
P-V diagram for
a polytropic
process.

7
Constant pressure process (isobaric process)

Constant volume process

(V=constant)

Constant temperature process

(Isothermal process)

dV = 0
So, boundary work:
Wb = 0
 Energy Balance
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during a
process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the
total energy leaving the system during that process.

The work
(boundary) done
on an adiabatic
system is equal
to the increase
in the energy of
the system.

The energy change of a system during a

process is equal to the net work and
heat transfer between the system and its
surroundings.
 Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem

OR

Internal, kinetic, and

potential energy changes
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
⚫ Heat transfer, Q
Heat transfer to a system will increase the internal
energy of the system. If Heat transfer from a systems
will decrease the energy of the systems.
⚫ Work transfer, W
Work Transfer to a system increases the energy of the
system. Work transfer from a system decrease the
energy of the systems.
⚫ Mass flow, m
When mass enters a system, the energy of the system
increases because mass carries energy with it.
The energy content of a control volume can be
changed by mass flow as well as heat and work
interactions.
 ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
⚫ Heat transfer
⚫ Work transfer
⚫ Mass flow
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process

Energy balance in the rate form

The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is

Energy balance per unit mass basis

Energy balance in differential

form
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 Energy balance
for a cycle

For a cycle ΔE = 0, thus Q =

W.
Various forms of the first-law relation
for closed systems when sign
convention is used.
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Example 1
A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred
by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is
800kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid losses 500kJ of heat
and the paddle wheel does 100kJ of work on the fluid. Determine
the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in
the paddle wheel.
Solution
⚫ The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential
energy changes are zero, ∆KE=∆PE=0. Therefore, ∆E=∆U
and internal energy is the only form of the system’s energy
that may change during this process.
⚫ Applying the energy balance on the system gives:

⚫ Therefore, the final internal energy of the system is 400 kJ.

 Example 2: Electric Heating of a Gas at Constant
Pressure
A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is maintained at a
constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater within the cylinder is turned on and
passes a current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120-V source. At the same time, a heat loss of 3.7
kJ occurs.
(a) Show that for a closed system the boundary work Wb and the change in internal energy
U in the first-law relation can be combined into one term, H, for a constant-pressure
process.
(b) (b) Determine the final temperature of the steam.
(a)
⚫ For a constant-pressure process, the boundary work is
given as Wb=P0(V2-V1). Substituting this into the preceding
relation gives
Q-Wother- P0(V2-V1) =U2-U1

⚫ However,
P0=P2=P1→Q-Wother=(U2+P2V2)-(U1+P1V1)

⚫ Also H=U+PV, and thus

Q-Wother=H2-H1 (kJ)

For a constant-pressure
expansion or compression
process:
 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass

and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.

Many engineering systems such

as power plants operate under
steady conditions.

Under steady-flow conditions,

the fluid properties at an inlet
or exit remain constant (do
not change with time).
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 Mass balances for a steady-flow process

Mass
balance

A water
heater in
steady
operation.

Where;
p is density,
V is the average flow velocity in the flow direction.
A is the cross-sectional area normal to the flow direction.

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Energy balances for a steady-flow process

Energy
balance
 Energy balance relations with sign conventions (i.e., heat
input and work output are positive)

when kinetic and potential energy

changes are negligible

Some energy unit equivalents

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 SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions
for long periods of time. The components of a steam power plant (turbines,
compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps), for example, operate nonstop
for months before the system is shut down for maintenance. Therefore,
these devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

A modern land-based gas turbine used for electric power

production. This is a General Electric LM5000 turbine. It
has a length of 6.2 m, it weighs 12.5 tons, and produces
55.2 MW at 3600 rpm with steam injection.
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 Nozzles and Diffusers Nozzles and diffusers are commonly
utilized in jet engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
A nozzle is a device that increases
the velocity of a fluid at the expense
of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases
the pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for
subsonic flows and increases for
supersonic flows. The reverse is true
for diffusers.

Nozzles and diffusers are Energy

shaped so that they cause large balance for
changes in fluid velocities and a nozzle or
thus kinetic energies. diffuser:
26
 Turbines and • Turbine drives the electric generator In
Compressors steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
• As the fluid passes through the turbine,
work is done against the blades, which
are attached to the shaft. As a result, the
shaft rotates, and the turbine produces
work.
• Compressors, as well as pumps and
fans, are devices used to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to
these devices from an external source
through a rotating shaft.
• A fan increases the pressure of a gas
slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a
Energy balance for the gas.
compressor in this figure: • A compressor is capable of compressing
the gas to very high pressures.
• Pumps work very much like compressors
except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.
27

Throttling valves
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices
that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a
throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration and
air-conditioning applications.

Energy
balance

The temperature of an ideal gas does During a throttling process, the enthalpy
not change during a throttling of a fluid remains constant. But internal
(h = constant) process since h = h(T). and flow energies may be converted to
28 each other.
 Mixing chambers 60°C
In engineering applications, the section
where the mixing process takes place
is commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.

140 kPa

10°C 43°C

Energy balance for the

adiabatic mixing chamber in
the figure is:

The T-elbow of an ordinary shower

serves as the mixing chamber for the
hot- and the cold-water streams.
29
 Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are
devices where two moving
fluid streams exchange
heat without mixing. Heat
exchangers are widely used
in various industries, and
they come in various
designs. The heat transfer associated with a heat
exchanger may be zero or nonzero depending on
how the control volume is selected.

Mass and energy

balances for the
adiabatic heat exchanger
in the figure is:

A heat exchanger
can be as simple as
30
two concentric pipes.
 Pipe and duct flow
The transport of liquids or gases in
pipes and ducts is of great importance
in many engineering applications. Flow
through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies
the steady-flow conditions.

Pipe or duct flow may involve more than

one form of work at the same time.

Energy balance
for the pipe flow
Heat losses from
a hot fluid flowing shown in the
through an figure is
uninsulated pipe
or duct to the
cooler environment
may be very
significant.

31
 Question
1 kilogram of water fills a 0.150m3 rigid container at an initial pressure of
2 MPa. The container is then cooled to 50 0C. Determine the initial
temperature and final pressure of the water.

-This is constant volume process (rigid container)

1.Find v1
2.Find vf & vg at 2MPa
3.Determine the initial substance state by using v
4.Determine the final substance state by using v
5.Draw the illustration of the process