Thermodynamics

Course Code: ME-102

Week 10

Dated: 17-11-2023

Fall-2023
Dr. Qazi Shahzad Ali
Assistant Professor

National University of Sciences and Technology, (NUST), Islamabad 1

Objectives:
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly
encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines
and compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of the
conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass) systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal
energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.

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Polytropic Process:
Polytropic Process is described by;

For a Polytropic Process b/w two states;

and

For a Polytropic Process;

Polytropic Process: Relations of an Ideal Gas
For an Ideal gas;

For a Polytropic Process of an ideal gas b/w two states;

and
Example Problem 4-4:

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Example Problem 4-4: Solution

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Example Problem 4-4: Solution

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Example Problem 4-4: Solution

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Example Problem 4-6: Homework task

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Energy Balance For Closed Systems:
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process

Energy balance
in the rate form

For constant rates (when Qሶ remains constant during a process), the total
quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is

Energy balance per

unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form

Energy balance for a cycle

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Energy Balance For Closed Systems:

Energy balance when sign convention is used (i.e., heat input and work output
are positive; heat output and work input are negative).

The net work output during a

cycle is equal to net heat input

Various forms of the first-law relation

For a cycle E = 0, thus Q = W. for closed systems when sign
convention is used.
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Specific Heats :
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise the
temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the pressure is maintained constant.

Specific heat is the energy Constant-volume and constant-pressure

required to raise the temperature specific heats cv and cp (values are for
of a unit mass of a substance by helium gas).
one degree in a specified way.

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Specific Heats:
Now, express the specific heats in terms of other thermodynamic
properties, first consider constant-volume process

Conservation of energy principal

Left side represents net amount of energy transferred to the system

From def. of Cv , this energy must be equal to CvdT, Thus
or

Similarly, an expression for specific heat at constant pressure Cp

Specific Heats:
• The equations in the figure are valid for any substance undergoing any process.
• cv and cp are properties.
• cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in enthalpy.
• A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg · °C or kJ/kg · K. Are these units
identical?

Formal definitions of cv and cp.

The specific heat of a substance

changes with temperature.

True or False?
cp is always greater than cv.

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Thank You

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