FUNCTIONS

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the

learner is able to represent real-life
situations using functions, including
piecewise functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Functions and Relations
2. Vertical Line Test
3. Representing real-life situations using functions,
including piecewise functions.
Definition: A 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 is a rule that relates values from a set of
values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called
the range). A relation is a set of ordered pairs (𝒙, 𝒚) .
Definition:
A 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 is a relation where each element in the domain
is related to only one value in the range by some rule. A
function is a set of ordered pairs (𝒙, 𝒚) such that no two
ordered pairs have the same 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 but different 𝑦 −
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠. Using functional notation, we can write 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚,
read as “𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒚. ” In particular, if (𝟏, 𝟐) is an
ordered pair associated with the function 𝒇, then we say that
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟏.
Illustrative Examples:
Which of the following relations are functions?
𝑓 = 1,2 , 2,3 , 3,5 , 4,7
𝑔 = 1,2 , 1,3 , 2,3 , 2,4 , (3,4)
ℎ = 1,4 , 2,8 , 3,12 , . . . 𝑛, 4𝑛 …
Solution.
The relations f and h are functions because no
two ordered pairs have the same 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 but
different 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 . Meanwhile , 𝒈 is not a
function because (1,2) and (1,3) are ordered
pairs with the same 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 but different
𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠.
 Relations and functions can be represented by
mapping diagrams where the elements of the
domain are mapped to the elements of the
range using arrows. In this case, the relation or
function is represented by the set of all the
connections represented by the arrows
Solution.
The relations f and g are functions because each
value 𝑦 in 𝑌 is unique for a specific value of 𝑥. The
relation h is not a function because there is at
least one element in 𝑋 for which there is more
than one corresponding y-value. For
example, 𝑥 = 7 corresponds to 𝑦 = 11 𝑜𝑟 13.
Similarly , 𝑥 = 2 corresponds to both
𝑦 = 17 𝑜𝑟 19.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be
illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and
that a function passes the vertical line test.

The Vertical Line Test A graph represents a function

if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.
Definition: The domain of a relation is the set of
all possible values that the variable 𝑥 can take
Example
Identify the domain for each relation using set
builder notation.
(a) 𝑦=3𝑥−1
2
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6
(c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
2𝑥−1
(d) 𝑦 =
𝑥−3
Solution.
The domains for the relations are as follows:
a. 𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 ℝ
b. 𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 ℝ
c. 𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 ℝ, 𝑥 > −4
d. 𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 3
Functions as representations of real-life situations.
Functions can often be used to model real
situations. Identifying an appropriate functional
model will lead to a better understanding of
various phenomena.
Example
Give a function 𝐶 that can represent the
cost of buying 𝑥 meals, if one meal costs
P40.

Solution.
Since each meal costs 𝑃40, then the cost
function is 𝐶(𝑥) = 40𝑥.
Example
One hundred meters of fencing is available to
enclose a rectangular area next to a river (see figure).
Give a function 𝐴 that can represent the area that
can be enclosed, in terms of 𝑥.
Solution.
The area of the rectangular enclosure is 𝐴 =
𝑥𝑦. We will write this as a function of 𝑥. Since
only 100 m of fencing is available, then
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 100 or
𝑦 = (100 – 𝑥)/2.
= 50 – 0.5𝑥
Thus,
𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑥(50 – 0.5𝑥)
= 50𝑥 – 0.5𝑥 2
Piecewise functions.
Some situations can only be described by
more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.
Example
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular
mobile plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are
charged 𝑃2 each. Represent the monthly cost for
text messaging using the function 𝑡(𝑚), where
𝑚 is the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution.
The cost of text messaging can be expressed by
the piecewise function:
300 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100
𝑡 𝑚 =ቊ
300 + 2(𝑚 − 100) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100
Example
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional integer
kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the jeepney
fare in terms of the distance (𝑑) in
kilometers.
Solution.
The input value is distance and the output is the
cost of the jeepney fare. If 𝐹(𝑑) represents the
fare as a function of distance, the function can be
represented as follows:

8 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
𝐹 𝑑 =ቊ
8 + 1.50(𝑑 − 4) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4
Practice and Application
1. For which values of 𝑘 is the set of order pairs
{(2,4), (𝑘, 6), (4, 𝑘)} a function?
2. Which of the following statements represents a function?
(a) Students to their current age.
(b) Countries to its capital.
(c) A store to its merchandise.
3. Which of the following letters will pass the vertical line
test? V W X Y Z
1
4. Give the domain of 𝑦 = 2 in set builder notation.
𝑥 −4
Evaluating Functions
You have learned that a function can be
presented in a form of an equation. The
number assigned to a given variable
determines the value of the function at that
number. This process is known as evaluating
functions. When you evaluate function, it
means that you are going to solve for the
function value given a particular value of the
variable used in the equation.
 Example
Let 𝑓 be a function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 1.
Find he following:
a. 𝑓(3)
b. 𝑓(−4)
c. 𝑓(1/2)
d. 𝑓 (−1/5)
𝑓 3 =5 3 −1 𝑓 −4 = 5 −4 − 1
𝑓 3 = 15 − 1 𝑓 −4 = −20 − 1
𝑓 3 = 14 𝑓 −4 = −21
1 1 1 1
𝑓 =5 −1 𝑓 − =5 − −1
2 2 5 5
1 5 1 5
𝑓 = −1 𝑓 −5 = −5 −1
2 2
1 3 1
𝑓 = 𝑓 − = −1 − 1
5
2 2
= −2
Example

2
𝑥 + 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ Find
5𝑥 + 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0

a. 𝑓(−3) b. 𝑓(4)
Solution.
To find f(-3), we let x = -3 . Since -3 is less
than 0, we use the first line of the function.
Thus,
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
+2 2

2
−3 = (−3) +2
=9+2
= 11
To find 𝑓(4), we let 𝑥 = 4 . Since 4 is greater than
0, we use the second line of the function. Thus,

𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 2
𝑓 4 = 5(4) + 2
= 20 + 2
𝑓 4 = 22
 A tricycle ride in Antipolo City costs P8.00 for the
first kilometer, and each additional kilometer adds
P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance
(d) in kilometers. Find how much you pay if your
destination is 5km from your starting point.
Solution.
8 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 1
𝐹 𝑑 =ቊ
8 + 1.50(𝑑 − 1) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 1
To find how much you pay, since 5km is greater than 1, we
use the second line of the function. Thus,

F(d)= 8+1.50(d-1)
F(5)= 8+1.50(4)
= 8+6.00
F(5)= 14.00
Definition
Sum and Subtraction of Functions
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 be any two functions

➢Their sum denoted by 𝑓 + 𝑔, is the function

defined by (𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

➢Their difference denoted by 𝑓 − 𝑔, is the

function defined by (𝑓 − 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
Illustrative Examples
1.If 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 15, find:
a.(𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥 b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)𝑥
Solution
(𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
= 7𝑥 − 4 + 8𝑥 + 15
= 15𝑥 + 11
a. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥)
= 7𝑥 − 4 − 8𝑥 + 15
= 7𝑥 − 4 + −8𝑥 − 15
= 7𝑥 − 8𝑥 + −4 − 15
= −𝑥 + −19
= −𝑥 − 19
Product and Quotient of Functions
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 be any two functions
➢Their product denoted by 𝑓 . 𝑔, is the function
defined by 𝑓 . 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
➢Their quotient denoted by , is the function
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
defined by ( )𝑥 = , excluding the values of 𝑥
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
where 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
 1.If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 −
8, find:
𝑓
a. (𝑓. 𝑔)𝑥 b. ( )𝑥
𝑔
a. 𝑓 . 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔(𝑥)
= (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 )(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 )
= 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 2𝑥
+12 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 −8 + 7𝑥 −8 + 12 −8
= 𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 − 56𝑥 − 96
= 𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 56𝑥 − 96
𝑓 . 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 9𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 − 96
 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
b. 𝑥=
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12
= 2
𝑥 +2𝑥−8
(𝑥+4)(𝑥+3)
=
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)
𝑓 𝑥+3
𝑥=
𝑔 𝑥−2
The Composition of Functions
The composition of function 𝒇 with 𝒈 is denoted
by 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 (read as ” 𝒇 composed 𝒈” ) is defined by
the equation
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒈 𝒙 )
The domain of the composition function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is
the set of all 𝒙 such that
1. 𝒙 is in the domain of 𝒈; and
2. 𝒈(𝒙) is in the domain of 𝒇
 𝟐
1.Given 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟑,
find:
a.(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)𝑥 b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)𝑥

a. (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)𝒙 means 𝒇(𝒈 𝒙 ). Hence, we must

replace each occurrence of 𝒙 in the function 𝒇 by
𝒈(𝒙)
 𝟐
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
𝑓 ∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
2
= 𝑔 𝑥 −5 𝑔 𝑥 +4
2
= 𝑥+3 −5 𝑥+3 +4
= 𝑥 2 +6𝑥 + 9 − 5𝑥 − 15 + 4
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
2
Thus 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
Because (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)𝒙 means 𝒈(𝒇 𝒙 ) , we must
replace each occurrence of 𝒙 in the function 𝒈 by
𝒇(𝒙)
𝑔 𝑥 =𝒙+𝟑
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑓 𝑥 ) + 3
2
= 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4 + 3
2
= 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
Thus
2
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
Practice and Application
Quiz no. 1
Performance Task
Thank You…