Applied Mathematics For Business Economics and Social Sciences (Chapter 4)

LECTURE NOTES
APPLIED
MATHEMATICS
FOR BUSINESS,
ECONOMICS,
THE AND
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Frank S. Bubnik
University of Rhode Island
1
CHAPTER 4
MATHEMATICAL FUNCITONS
BOOK: “APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES” BY FRANK S. BUDNICK
CHAPTER OUTLINES:
 FUNCTIONS
 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTION OF FUNCTIONS
 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
 FINAL NOTES
 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
 CHAPTER TEST
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 Enable the reader to understand the nature and notation of mathematical
functions
 Provide illustration of the application of mathematical functions
 Provide a brief overview of important types of functions and their
characteristics
 Discuss the graphical representation of functions
2
Functions: A function is a mathematical rule that assigns to each input value one
and only one output value.
Domain and Range:
Domain: The domain of a function is the set consisting of all possible input values.
Range: The range of a function is the set of all possible output values.
Mapping: The assigning of output values to corresponding input values is often
referred to as a mapping. The notation 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦
Notation of Function: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 variable is called independent variable and the variable 𝑦 is called dependent
variable.
Example: Imagine that you have taken a job as a salesperson. Your employer has
stated that your salary will depend upon the number of units you sell each week. If
we let
𝑥: number of units sold each week
𝑦: weekly salary in dollars
This can be presented by the function: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Suppose your employer has given you the following equation for determining your
weekly salary:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 25
For example if we want to computer weekly salary when 100 units are sold,
substituting of 𝑥 = 100 into the equation
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 25
𝑦 = 3(100) + 25
𝑦 = $325
Note that 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 25 can also be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 25 both the ways
are valid.
Salary of 75 units is: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 25
3
𝑓(75) = 3(75) + 25
𝑓(𝑥) = 225 + 25 = $250
Similarly salary with 0 unit is
𝑓(0) = 3(0) + 25 = $25
The following figure illustrates the salary function
𝑥 Function Input
Input Output
Units sold per 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 25 Weekly
week salary ($)
Fig. Weekly salary function
Example 2: Given the given functional relationship

𝑧 = ℎ(𝑡)
= 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 10
(a) ℎ(0) = (0)2 + (0) − 10 = −10
(b) ℎ(−5) = (−5)2 + (−5) − 10 = 25 − 5 − 10 = 10
(c) ℎ(𝑢 + 𝑣) = (𝑢 + 𝑣)2 + (𝑢 + 𝑣) − 10 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣 − 10
Practice Exercise:
For 𝑡 = 𝑢(𝑣) = 2𝑣 2 − 5𝑣, then determine (a) 𝑢(−5) (b) 𝑢(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Solution:
Since 𝑢(𝑣) = 2𝑣 2 − 5𝑣
(a) 𝑢(−5) = 2(−5)2 − 5(−5) = 2(25) + 25 = 50 + 25 = 75
(b) 𝑢(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − 5(𝑥 − 𝑦)
= 2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) − 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 5𝑦
Example 3: The city police department contemplating the purchase of an
additional petrol car Police analysis estimate the purchase cost of a fully equipped
car (subcompact, but high powered) to be $18,000. They have also estimated an
average operating cost of $0.40 per mile.
4
(a) Determine the mathematical function which represents the total cost C of
owning and operating the car in terms of number of miles x it is driven.
(b) What are projected total costs if the car is driven 50,000 miles during its
lifetime?
(c) If it is driven 100,000 miles?
Solution:
Let
𝑥: number of miles car driven
𝐶: total cost
(a) Purchase cost of car = $18,000
Average operating cost = $0.40 per mile.
This can be presented by the function: 𝐶 = 𝑓(𝑥)
The cost function can be written as:
𝐶 = 0.40𝑥 + 18,000
(b) 𝑥 = 50,000
C = 0.40(50,000)+18,000 = 20,000+18,000=$38,000
(c) 𝑥 = 100,000
C = 0.40(100,000)+18,000 = 40,000+18,000=$58,000
Domain and Range of a Function:
Domain: The domain of a function is the set consisting of all possible input values.
Range: The range of a function is the set of all possible output values.
Identifying the range on is more difficult than to find the domain of a function,
note here that more the range of a function will be discussed later
Example 4: Given the function
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
5
Solution:
Any real value substituted for x with a corresponding and unique value of y
resulting. If D is defined as the domain of f,
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙}
Example 5: The function
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
1
=
𝑣2 − 4
Solution
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of v which in the denominator
equating 0 would be excluded from the domain because division by 0 is
undefined.
Hence the domain D includes all the real values satisfying the condition
𝑣2 − 4 ≠ 0
i.e., 𝑣 ≠ ±2 or 𝐷 = {𝑣|𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ≠ ±2}
Example 6: The function

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= √𝑥 − 5
Solution
X can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies 𝑥−5≥0
𝑥≥5 Thus the domain of the function includes which are
greater than or equal to 5, or 𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 5}
Example 7: The function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12
6
Solution
X can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12 ≥ 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 3(𝑥 + 4) ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0
The product of the two factors will equal zero when either of the factors equals
zero, thus the two members of the domain are
𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 3 --------- (1)
The product will be positive under two circumstances: Both factors are positive or
both factors are negative, that is
𝑥+4>0 and 𝑥 − 3 > 0 𝑥 + 4 < 0 and 𝑥 − 3 < 0
or 𝑥 < −4 and 𝑥 < 3
𝑥 > −4 and 𝑥 > 3
From the two figures and the result (1), it is clear that the domain of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 is
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 3}
Practice Exercise:
Determine the domain of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = √10 − 𝑥

7
Solution: X can assume any value for which the expression under the square
root sign is positive or zero.
This implies 10 − 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥 ≤ 10 Thus the domain of the function includes
which are less than or equal to 10, or 𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ 10}
Exercise 4.1
In Exercise 1 – 16, determine 𝑓(0), 𝑓(−2), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏).
Q.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 10
𝑓(0) = 5(0) − 10 = −10
𝑓(−2) = 5(−2) − 10 = −10 − 10 = −20 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 5(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 10 = 5𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 10
Q.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5
𝑓(0) = 3(0) + 5 = 5
𝑓(−2) = 3(−2) + 5 = −1 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 3(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 5 = 3𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 5
Q.3 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 4
𝑓(0) = −(0) + 4 = 4
𝑓(−2) = −(−2) + 4 = 6 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) = − (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + 4 = 4 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑥
Q.4 𝑓(𝑥) = −
2
0
𝑓(0) = − ( ) = 0
2
−2
𝑓(−2) = − ( ) = 1 and
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) = − ( ) =−
2 2
Q.5 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
8
𝑓(0) = 𝑚(0) + 𝑏 = 𝑏
𝑓(−2) = 𝑚(−2) + 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 2𝑚 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑚(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑏 + 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑏(𝑚 + 1)
Q.6 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥
𝑓(0) = 𝑚(0) = 0
𝑓(−2) = 𝑚(−2) = −2𝑚 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑚(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑏
Q.7
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 9 = −9
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 − 9 = −5 and
2
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 9 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 9
Q.8
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑓(0) = −(0)2 + 2(0) = 0
𝑓(−2) = −(−2)2 + 2(−2) = −8 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = −(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
= −(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 +2𝑎𝑏) + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = −𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
Q.9
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 5
𝑓(0) = (0)2 + (0) − 5 = −5
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + (−2) − 5 = −3 and
2 2
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + (𝑎 + 𝑏) − 5 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 5
Q.10
𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑡𝑟 2 − 𝑢𝑟 + 𝑣
9
𝑓(0) = 𝑡(0)2 − 𝑢(0) + 𝑣 = 𝑣

𝑓(−2) = 𝑡(−2)2 − 𝑢(−2) + 𝑣 = 4𝑡 + 2𝑢 + 𝑣 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑡(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 𝑢(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑣
= 𝑡(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏) − 𝑢(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑣
= 𝑡𝑎2 + 𝑡𝑏 2 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑏 − 𝑢𝑎 − 𝑢𝑏 +
Q.11
𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢3 − 10
𝑓(0) = (0)3 − 10 = −10
𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 − 10 = −8 − 10 = −18 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 10
= 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 10
= 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 10
Q.12
𝑓(𝑢) = −2𝑢3 + 5𝑢
𝑓(0) = −2(0)3 + 5(0) = 0
𝑓(−2) = −2(−2)3 + 5(−2) = 16 − 10 = 6 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = −2(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 + 5(𝑎 + 𝑏)
= −2{𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)} + 5(𝑎 + 𝑏)
= −2𝑎3 − 2𝑏 3 − 6𝑎2 𝑏 − 6𝑎𝑏 2 + 5𝑎 + 5𝑏
Q.13
𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢4
𝑓(0) = (0)4 = 0
𝑓(−2) = (−2)4 = 16 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)4
= 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4
10
Pascal Triangle
1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 3
(𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4
(𝑎 + 𝑏)5 = 𝑎5 + 5𝑎4 𝑏 + 10𝑎3 𝑏2 + 10𝑎2 𝑏3 + 5𝑎𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5
(𝑎 + 𝑏)6 = 𝑎6 + 6𝑎5 𝑏 + 15𝑎4 𝑏2 + 20𝑎3 𝑏 3 + 15𝑎2 𝑏 4 + 6𝑎𝑏 5 + 𝑏 6
(𝑎 + 𝑏)7 = 𝑎7 + 7𝑎6 𝑏 + 21𝑎5 𝑏 2 + 35𝑎4 𝑏3 + 35𝑎3 𝑏4 + 21𝑎2 𝑏 5 + 7𝑎𝑏 6 + 𝑏 7
Q.14
𝑓(𝑡) = 100
𝑓(0) = 100
𝑓(−2) = 100 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 100
Q.15
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝑓(0) = (0)3 − 2(0) + 4 = −4
𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 − 2(−2) + 4 = −8 + 4 + 4 = 0 and
𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 4
= 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 3 − 2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4
11
Q.16
𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = 25 −
2
(0)2
𝑓(0) = 25 − = 25 − 0 = 25
2
(−2)2
𝑓(−2) = 25 − = 23 and
2
(𝑎+𝑏)2 𝑎2 +2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 50−𝑎2 −2𝑎𝑏−𝑏2

𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 25 − = 25 − =
2 2 2
In Exercise 17 – 40, determine the domain of the function

Q.17
𝑓(𝑥) = −10
Solution:
Any real value substituted for x with a corresponding and unique value of y =-10
resulting, the domain of f is
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
Q.18
𝑓(𝑥) = 25
Solution:
Any real value substituted for x with a corresponding and unique value of y =25
resulting, the domain of f is
Q.19 Given the function
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 5𝑥 − 10
Solution:
12

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= −𝑥 + 3
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= −𝑎𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 25 − 𝑥 2
13
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑥2 − 4
Solution:
Any real value substituted for 𝑥 with a corresponding and unique value of y
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= √𝑥 + 4
Solution
𝑥 can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies 𝑥+4≥0
𝑥 ≥ −4
Thus the domain of the function includes which are greater than or equal to -4, or
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ −4}
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
= √−2𝑥 + 25
Solution
14
positive or zero.
This implies −2𝑥 + 25 ≥ 0
25
𝑥≥
2
25
Thus the domain of the function includes which are greater than or equal to , or
2
25
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ }
2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)
= √−𝑡 − 8
Solution
𝑡 can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies −2𝑡 − 8 ≥ 0
𝑡 ≥ −4
Thus the domain of the function includes which are greater than or equal to −4, or
𝐷 = {𝑡|𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≥ −4}
𝑓(𝑡) = √9 − 𝑡 2
Solution
𝑡 can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies 9 − 𝑡2 ≥ 0
32 − 𝑡 2 ≥ 0
(3 − 𝑡)(3 + 𝑡) ≥ 0
15
𝑡 = −3 and 𝑡 = 3 --------- (1)
3 − 𝑡 > 0 and 3 + 𝑡 > 0 or 3 − 𝑡 < 0 and 3 + 𝑡 < 0
𝑡 < 3 and 𝑡 > −3 𝑡 < 3 and 𝑡 < −3
𝑓(𝑡) = √9 − 𝑡 2 is
𝐷 = {𝑡|𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3}
𝑜𝑟
𝐷 = {𝑡|𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑|𝑡| ≤ 3}
𝑓(𝑟) = √𝑟 2 + 9
Solution
𝑟 can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies 𝑟2 + 9 ≥ 0
𝐷 = {𝑟|𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
16
𝑓(𝑟) = √25 − 𝑟 2
Solution
𝑟 can assume any value for which the expression under the square root sign is
positive or zero.
This implies 25−𝑟 2 ≥ 0
52 − 𝑟 2 ≥ 0
(5 − 𝑟)(5 + 𝑟) ≥ 0
𝑟 = −5 and 𝑟 = 5 --------- (1)
5 − 𝑟 > 0 and 5 + 𝑟 > 0 or 5 − 𝑟 < 0 and 5 + 𝑟 < 0
𝑟 < 5 and 𝑟 > −5 𝑟 > 5 and 𝑟 < −5
S.S. = (-5, 5)
S.S. = { }
𝑓(𝑟) = √25 − 𝑟 2 is
𝐷 = {𝑟|𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 5 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5}
𝑜𝑟
𝐷 = {𝑟|𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑|𝑡| ≤ 5}
Q.31 The function
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
17
10
𝑓(𝑥) =
4−𝑥
Solution
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of v which in the denominator
undefined.
4−𝑥 ≠0
i.e., 𝑥≠4 or 𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 4}
Q.32 The function
𝑥−4
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 16
𝑥−4
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 16
𝑥−4
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥(𝑥 − 8) + 2(𝑥 − 8)
𝑥−4
𝑓(𝑥) =
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 8)
Solution
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of x which in the denominator
undefined.
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 8) ≠ 0
i.e., 𝑥 ≠ −2 0r 𝑥 ≠ 8 or 𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 8}
Q.33 The function
3𝑢 − 5
𝑓(𝑢) =
−𝑢2 + 2𝑢 + 5
18
Solution
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of 𝑢 which in the
denominator equating 0 would be excluded from the domain because division by
0 is undefined.
−𝑢2 + 2𝑢 + 5 ≠ 0
We know the quadratic formula:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑢=
2𝑎
𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 5
−2 ± √22 − 4(−1)(5)
𝑢=
2(−1)
−2 ± √4 + 20
𝑢=
−2
−2 ± √24
𝑢=
−2
−2 ± 2√6
𝑢=
−2
−2[−1 ∓ √6]
𝑢=
−2
𝑢 = −1 ± √6
i.e., 𝑢 ≠ −1 − √6 0r 𝑥 ≠ −1 + √6 or
𝐷 = {𝑢|𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ≠ −1 − √6 0r 𝑥 ≠ −1 + √6}

Q.34 The function
√−𝑡 − 10
𝑓(𝑡) =
−3𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡
Solution
19
√−𝑡 − 10
𝑓(𝑡) =
−3𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡
√−𝑡 − 10
𝑓(𝑡) =
−𝑡(3𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 − 10)
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of 𝑡 which in the denominator
undefined.
−𝑡(3𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 − 10) ≠ 0
𝑡 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 …… (1)
(3𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 − 10) ≠ 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑡≠
2𝑎
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −10
3 ± √(−5)2 − 4(3)(−10)
𝑡≠
2(3)
3 ± √25 + 120
𝑡≠
6
3±√145
𝑡≠ ……. (2)
6
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝑡 ≠ −1.5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≠ 2.5
And also note the numerator 𝑡 can assume any value for which the expression
under the square root sign is positive or zero.
√−𝑡 − 10
−𝑡 − 10 ≥ 0
20
𝑡 ≤ −10 …… (3)
(1), (2) and (3) implies
𝐷 = {𝑡|𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≤ −10}

Q.35 The function
√2.5𝑥 − 20
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 15𝑥
Solution
√2.5𝑥 − 20
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 15𝑥
√2.5𝑥 − 20
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15)
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of 𝑥 which in the
0 is undefined.
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15) ≠ 0
𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 …… (1)
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15) ≠ 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥≠
2𝑎
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −15
−2 ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(−15)
𝑥≠
2(1)
21
−2 ± √4 + 60
𝑥≠
2
−2 ± √64
𝑥≠
2
−2 ± 8
𝑥≠
2
𝑥 ≠ −1 ± 4 ……. (2)
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝑥 ≠ −5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 3
And also note the numerator 𝑥 can assume any value for which the expression
√2.5𝑥 − 20
−2.5𝑥 − 20 ≥ 0
20
𝑥≤−
2.5
𝑥 ≤ −8 …… (3)
Hence
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < −8}
Q.36 The function
22
𝑣
√10 −
3
ℎ(𝑣) = 5
𝑣 − 81𝑣
Solution
𝑣
√10 −
3
ℎ(𝑣) = 4
𝑣(𝑣 − 81)
𝑣
√10𝑥 −
3
ℎ(𝑣) =
𝑣[(𝑣 2 )2 − (9)2 ]
𝑣
√10𝑥 −
3
ℎ(𝑣) =
𝑣(𝑣 2 + 9)(𝑣 2 − 9)
𝑣
√10𝑥 −
3
ℎ(𝑣) =
𝑣(𝑣 2 + 9)(𝑣 + 3)(𝑣 − 3)
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of 𝑣 which in the
0 is undefined.
𝑣(𝑣 2 + 9)(𝑣 + 3)(𝑣 − 3) ≠ 0
𝑣 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 ≠ −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 ≠ 3 …… (1)
(𝑣 2 + 9) ≠ 0 implies 𝑣 can take any real value
And also note the numerator 𝑥 can assume any value for which the expression
𝑣
√10 −
3
𝑣
10 − ≥0
3
23
𝑣 ≤ 30 …… (3)
Hence
𝐷 = {𝑣| 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ 30 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 − 3, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3}
Q.37 The function
√ℎ2 − 4
𝑔(ℎ) = 3
ℎ + ℎ2 − 6ℎ
Solution
√ℎ2 − 4
𝑔(ℎ) = 3
ℎ + ℎ2 − 6ℎ
√ℎ2 − 4
𝑔(ℎ) =
ℎ(ℎ2 + ℎ − 6)
The function has the form of a quotient. Any values of ℎ which in the
0 is undefined.
ℎ(ℎ2 + ℎ − 6) ≠ 0
ℎ ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 …… (1)
(ℎ2 + ℎ − 6) ≠ 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
ℎ≠
2𝑎
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −6
24
−1 ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(−6)
ℎ≠
2(1)
−1 ± √1 + 24
ℎ≠
2
−1 ± 5
ℎ≠
2
ℎ ≠ −3 or ℎ≠2 ……. (2)

And also note the numerator h can assume any value for which the expression
ℎ2 − 4 ≥ 0
ℎ2 ≥ 4
|ℎ|2 ≥ 22
|ℎ| ≥ 2
−ℎ ≥ 2 or ℎ≥2
−2 ≥ ℎ ≥ 2 … (3)
𝐷 = {ℎ|ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 ≥ ℎ ≥ 2 , ℎ ≠ −3}

Q.38 The function
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
25
positive or zero.
This implies 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 6 ≥ 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 2(𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) ≥ 0
𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 3 --------- (1)
𝑥−3>0 and 𝑥 + 2 > 0 𝑥 − 3 < 0 and 𝑥 + 2 < 0 or
or 𝑥 < 3 and 𝑥 < −2
𝑥 > 3 and 𝑥 > −2
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 is
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −2}
or
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 3}
Q.39 The function
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15
26
positive or zero.
This implies 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 15 ≥ 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 5) + 3(𝑥 + 5) ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0
𝑥 = −5 and 𝑥 = −3 --------- (1)
𝑥+5>0 and 𝑥 + 3 > 0 𝑥 + 5 < 0 and 𝑥 + 3 < 0 or
or 𝑥 < −5 and 𝑥 < −3
𝑥 > −5 and 𝑥 > −3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15 is
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −5}
Q.40 The function
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 16
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 16
positive or zero.
27
This implies 𝑥 2 − 16 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 − 16 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 ≥ 16
|𝑥|2 ≥ 42
|𝑥| ≥ 4
−𝑥 ≥ 4 or 𝑥≥4
−4 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 4 … (3)
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 4 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 4}

Applied Mathematics For Business Economics and Social Sciences (Chapter 4)

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Applied Mathematics For Business Economics and Social Sciences (Chapter 4)

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LECTURE NOTES

Fig. Weekly salary function

Example 2: Given the given functional relationship

Example 6: The function

Determine the domain of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = √10 − 𝑥

𝑓(0) = 𝑡(0)2 − 𝑢(0) + 𝑣 = 𝑣

(𝑎+𝑏)2 𝑎2 +2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 50−𝑎2 −2𝑎𝑏−𝑏2

In Exercise 17 – 40, determine the domain of the function

𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}

Q.20 Given the function

Q.29 Given the function

Q.30 Given the function

𝐷 = {𝑢|𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ≠ −1 − √6 0r 𝑥 ≠ −1 + √6}

𝐷 = {𝑡|𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≤ −10}

ℎ ≠ −3 or ℎ≠2 ……. (2)

𝐷 = {ℎ|ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 ≥ ℎ ≥ 2 , ℎ ≠ −3}

𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 4 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 4}

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