11/7/2022

CHEM 015
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
Lecture 3
THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS
&
THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermodynamic Concepts

Units used in the study of Thermodynamics

The Joule’s Experiment

Internal Energy, Heat, and Work

Outline The Mathermatical Formulation of First Law

The P-V Work

Enthalpy

Enthalpies of reaction

Hess’s Law of Constant Summation

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The Nature of Energy

Ek = Kinetic Energy
m = mass
Eel = Electrostatic Energy
v = velocity
κ = Colulomb constant, 8.99 x 109 J*m/C2
Q = Electrical charges
d = distance of separation

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Units of energy
• The SI unit for energy is the Joule, J
• James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) British scientist who investigated work and
heat
• Equal to 1 kg*m2/s2
• Work = mass x acceleration x distance
• British thermal unit (Btu) – the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 °F.
• Calorie (Cal) – amount of energy required to heat 1 g of water from
14.5 to 15.5 ° C

The Joule’s
Experiment
• Turning the pulley raises the mass.
• As it falls, the mass turns the
paddles and churns up the water,
raising it's temperature.
• Repetition of this process enabled
him to show that a specific
temperature rise required a specific
amount of work to be done by the
falling mass.

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Thermodynamics
• the study of heat, work,
energy and the changes they
produce in the states of SURROUNDINGS
systems.
• System
• Surroundings

The first law of thermodynamics requires:

SYSTEM
∆ ( energy of system ) + ∆ ( energy of surroundings) = 0

Types of System

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WORK
• is a form of energy transfer

Work done by the mass, 𝑀 (irreversible)

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Work done by the mass,

𝑀 (irreversible) – two step process

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Suppose we carry out an infinite number of

successive infinitesimal changes in external
pressure (Reversible process)
T = 273.0 K

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Energy/Internal Energy
Energy can be used to achieve Sign Conventions Used and the Relationship Among q,
two basic types of tasks: w, and ΔE

• Work – energy used to cause

an object with mass to move
• Heat – energy used to cause
the temperature of an object
to increase

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Waste Energy
A portion of the energy
released which does not
contribute to the desired
work/outcome.
• Ex. The car’s engine gets
hot when it runs but heat
that warms the engine
does not propel the car
toward its destination

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Endothermic – a
process occurs in
which the system
Endothermic absorbs heat

and • Ex. Melting of ice cubes,

evaporating liquid water,
Exothermic cooking an egg, baking
bread, etc.

Process Exothermic - a
process in which the
system evolves heat

• Ex. Firing a firecracker

lighting a candle, burning of
fuels, nuclear fissions,
neutralization reactions

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State Functions
• A property of a system that is
determined by specifying its condition
or its state (in terms of temperature,
pressure, volume, location, and so
forth)
• Depends only on its present condition,
not on the particular history of the
sample.
• Internal energy, ΔE, is a state function
which depends only on the initial and
final states of the system, not on how
the change occurs.

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Variables

Extensive variables Intensive variables

• depend on system size (like • do not depend on the system
mass or volume) size or the amount of material in
• Examples: H, E, V, n, & m the system
• Examples: p & T

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• Accounts for heat flow in chemical changes occurring at

ENTHALPY, ΔH constant pressure when no forms of work are performed
other than P-V work.

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Enthalpy

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Heat Capacities

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ΔH of Phase
Changes
• there will be heat flow in
any phase change
• phase changes generally
take place at constant
pressure

ΔH = n × ΔHphase change

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Enthalpies of Reaction
• Enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction
• Heat of reaction or ΔHrxn

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Heats of formation, ΔHf°

• Heat of formation reactions
• Formation reaction is the chemical reaction by which one mole of a
compound is formed from its element in their standard states.
• Standard state (°) is the most stable form of the element at room
temperature (25 °C) and pressure (1 atm).
(1)

(2)

(3)

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Hess’s Law
• The enthalpy change for any process is
independent of the particular way the
process is carried out.

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Formation Reactions • This conceptual diagram shows how to use tabulated

enthalpies of formation to calculate the enthalpy change for
and Hess’s Law a chemical reaction.

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References
• Brown, L., & Holme, T. (2005). Chemistry for Engineering Students. Cengage
Learning.
• Brown, T., LeMay, H., Bursten, B., Murphy, C., Woodward, P., & Stoltzfus, M. (2017).
Chemistry: The Central Science (MasteringChemistry) (14th ed.). Pearson.
• Chang, R. (2002). Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Joule’s Experiment. (n.d.). Retrieved November 7, 2022, from
https://astarmathsandphysics.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13
14:joule-s-experiment&catid=120&Itemid=1777

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