GREAT LAKES UNIVERSITY OF KISUMU.

ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF

INADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN LUANDA MARKET,

VIHIGA COUNTY, KENYA.

By:

HENRY MUKUNA

ADM NO. B21J05/2022

A RESEERCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR IN

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.

4TH December 2023

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Declaration
I hereby declare that the research project presented herein is entirely of my own creation, and
it has not been previously presented by any other individual nor submitted to any educational
institution for academic purposes. This work is a product of my independent effort, and all
sources, ideas, and materials used in its development have been appropriately acknowledged
and cited. I affirm that this declaration reflects the honest and ethical representation of my
scholarly endeavors, and I take full responsibility for the content and authenticity of this
research project.
Signature…………………………………. Date……………………………..
Henry Mukuna.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration..................................................................................................................................2
List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................................6
Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................8
1.1Background of the Study....................................................................................................8
1.2ProblemStatement...............................................................................................................9
1.3Main Question..................................................................................................................10
1.4 Objectives........................................................................................................................10
1.4.1 Broad Objectives.......................................................................................................10
1.4.2 Specific Objectives...................................................................................................10
1.5 Justification......................................................................................................................10
1.6 Significance of the study.................................................................................................11
1.7 Scope of the Study...........................................................................................................12
1.10 Limitations of the Study................................................................................................12
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................13
2.0 Literature review.............................................................................................................13
2.1 Factors Leading to Inadequate Waste Management Practices........................................14
2.2 summary on literature review..........................................................................................14
2.3 Gaps Identified................................................................................................................15
2.4 Frameworks....................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................17
3.0.12 Inclusion Criteria........................................................................................................17
1. Market-Goers.................................................................................................................17
2. Vendors..........................................................................................................................17
3. Waste Management Personnel.......................................................................................17
4. Local Authorities............................................................................................................17
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 3.0.13 Exclusion Criteria.......................................................................................................17
3.0.14 Validity.......................................................................................................................17
3.0.15 Reliability...................................................................................................................18
3.0 Research Methodology....................................................................................................19
3.0.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................19
3.0.2 Research Design.......................................................................................................19
3.0.3 Study Area................................................................................................................20
3.0.4Study Population........................................................................................................20
3.0.5 Sampling Techniques/designs...................................................................................21
3.0.6 Sample Size Determinations.....................................................................................21
3.0.7 Study tools Development and piloting.....................................................................22
3.0.8 Recruitment and Training of Research Assistants....................................................22
3.0.9 Data Collection Process............................................................................................23
3.8 Pre-testing/piloting..........................................................................................................24
3.0.10 Data Analysis plan..................................................................................................24
3.0.11 Data Dissemination Plan.........................................................................................25
3.0.12 Inclusion Criteria....................................................................................................26
3.0.13 Exclusion Criteria...................................................................................................27
3.0.14 Validity...................................................................................................................27
3.0.15 Reliability................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................28
Results and Discussion..........................................................................................................28
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................28
4.2 Demographic Information...............................................................................................28
4.2.1 Occupation................................................................................................................28
4.2.2 Years Associated with Luanda Market.....................................................................29
4.3 Waste Management Practices..........................................................................................30
4.3.1 Provision of Waste Bins...........................................................................................30
4.3.2 Frequency of Waste Bin Emptying...........................................................................30
4.3.3 Waste Sorting Practices............................................................................................31
4.4.4 Training on Proper Waste Disposal..........................................................................32
4.4.5 Types of Waste Generated or Observed...................................................................32
4. 5 Environmental Consequences........................................................................................33
4.5.1 Overall Cleanliness Rating.......................................................................................33

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 4.5.2 Awareness of Environmental Impacts......................................................................35
4.6 Public Health Risks.........................................................................................................35
4.6.1 Perception of Public Health Risks............................................................................35
4.6.2 Concerns about Public Health Risks.........................................................................35
4.7 Barriers and Challenges..................................................................................................36
4.7.1 Identification of Barriers or Challenges....................................................................36
4.8 Suggestions and Feedback..............................................................................................36
4.8.1 Improvements Needed in Waste Management Practices..........................................36
6.2 Additional Comments /Suggestions................................................................................37
CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................................38
Summary of Findings, Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendation...............................38
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................38
5.2 Background Information.................................................................................................38
5.3 Demographic Information..............................................................................................38
5.4 Waste Management Practices.........................................................................................39
5.5 Environmental Consequences.........................................................................................39
5.6 Public Health Risks........................................................................................................39
5.7 Barriers and Challenges..................................................................................................39
5.8 Suggestions and Feedback..............................................................................................39
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................39
RECOMMEDATIONS.............................................................................................................40
APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................43
Appendix 1: Map...................................................................................................................43
Appendix 2: Letter of introduction........................................................................................43
Appendix 3: Consent to participate in research.....................................................................44
Appendix 4:Workplan...........................................................................................................45
Timelines/Time frame.........................................................................................................45
Appendix 5: Budget...............................................................................................................45
Appendix 6: Questionnaire....................................................................................................46

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List of Abbreviations
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme
HRM: Human Resource Management
EES: Employee Engagement Survey
T&D: Training and Development
PIP: Performance Improvement Plan
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
KPI: Key Performance Indicator
WHO: World Health Organization
GIS: Geographic Information System
SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

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Definition of Terms
1. Inadequate Waste Management Practices- Refers to the insufficient or improper
methods employed in the collection, transportation, disposal, and recycling of waste,
leading to environmental and public health concerns.
2. Environmental Health-The branch of public health concerned with how our living,
working, and recreational environments impact human health, encompassing issues
such as air and water quality, sanitation, and exposure to hazardous substances.
3. Public Health Risks-Potential threats to the well-being of the general population,
often arising from factors such as environmental pollution, disease transmission, or
inadequate healthcare services.
4. Waste Disposal Infrastructure-The physical facilities and systems designed for the
proper disposal of waste, including landfills, recycling centers, and incineration plants.
5. Market Centers-Locations where goods and services are bought and sold, typically
serving as economic hubs for communities. In this context, Luanda Market is a
specific market center in Vihiga County.
6. Waste Sorting- The process of separating different types of waste materials for
recycling or proper disposal, aiming to reduce environmental impact and maximize
resource recovery.
7. Community Collaboration-Involves the active participation and cooperation of local
residents, authorities, and stakeholders to collectively address and solve community
issues, in this case, challenges related to waste management.
8. Data-Driven Recommendations-Suggestions and guidance derived from the
systematic analysis and interpretation of empirical data, aiming to provide practical
and effective solutions based on evidence.
9. Geographic Information System (GIS)- A system that captures, analyzes, and
presents spatial or geographic data, often used in environmental research to visualize
and interpret the distribution of various factors.
10. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-A set of global goals established by the
United Nations to address social, economic, and environmental challenges, with the
aim of creating a more sustainable and equitable world by 2030.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1Background of the Study
Vihiga County, located in the Western Region of Kenya, is grappling with pressing
environmental and public health challenges arising from inadequate waste management
practices, particularly within its vibrant market centers. Among these centers, Luanda Market
stands out as a crucial focal point for investigation. As a bustling economic hub, Luanda
Market plays a pivotal role in the daily lives of the local population, serving as both a
commercial and social nexus.
The challenges in waste management within Luanda Market are multifaceted. The sheer
volume of waste generated, coupled with deficiencies in waste sorting practices, insufficient
disposal infrastructure, and limited awareness of responsible waste management, has led to a
situation where environmental contamination and potential public health risks loom large. The
consequences extend beyond the market boundaries, impacting the broader well-being of the
community and the surrounding ecosystem.
Recent statistics reveal a concerning surge in waste production within Vihiga County, with an
annual increase of 15% documented over the last five years. This surge is particularly
pronounced in market centers, where improper waste sorting practices and insufficient
infrastructure exacerbate the situation. Approximately 60% of the waste generated in Luanda
Market consists of non-biodegradable materials, contributing to environmental degradation
and complicating waste disposal efforts.
Compounding the issue, a community survey conducted in 2022 highlighted a stark lack of
awareness regarding responsible waste management practices among market vendors and
patrons, with only 30% expressing familiarity with proper waste sorting techniques. This
knowledge gap underscores the need for targeted interventions to enhance awareness and
promote sustainable waste management behaviors within the community.
The significance of addressing these challenges becomes even more apparent when
considering the interconnectedness of environmental health and public welfare. Inadequate
waste management not only jeopardizes the integrity of local ecosystems but also poses direct
threats to the health and safety of market-goers and the wider community. Therefore, a
comprehensive understanding of the prevailing waste management practices in Luanda
Market is imperative for devising effective strategies to mitigate the environmental and public
health risks associated with improper waste disposal.

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This research endeavors to shed light on the intricate dynamics of waste management in
Luanda Market, Vihiga County, through a thorough examination of existing practices and
their consequences. By uncovering the underlying challenges and barriers, this study aims to
contribute to the formulation of evidence-based recommendations and interventions.
Ultimately, the goal is to foster positive change by cultivating a sustainable and health-
conscious approach to waste management in Luanda Market and, by extension, within Vihiga
County.

1.2ProblemStatement
Luanda Market in Vihiga County, Kenya, grapples with a severe waste management crisis
which have led to a range of environmental and public health concerns, including
contamination of soil and water, potential risks to the health of market-goers, and broader
implications for the local community.
There have been a 15% annual increase in waste production over the past five years. This
surge is particularly alarming in market centers, where inadequate waste sorting, a lack of
disposal infrastructure, and a notable dearth of awareness compound the issue. Non-
biodegradable materials constitute a significant portion (60%) of the waste generated in
Luanda Market, contributing to environmental degradation. A community survey underscores
the pervasive lack of awareness, with only 30% of market participants familiar with proper
waste sorting techniques.
The consequences extend beyond the market boundaries, manifesting in elevated levels of
contamination in water and soil samples. 40% of water samples and 35% of soil samples
exceed permissible limits for hazardous substances, posing considerable public health risks.
The urgency of intervention is clear, necessitating comprehensive research to understand the
root causes and implications of inefficient waste management in Luanda Market. This study
seeks to provide evidence-based solutions to address these challenges and promote sustainable
waste management practices within Vihiga County.

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1.3Main Question
What are the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate waste management
practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya?

1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 Broad Objectives

To comprehensively assess the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate waste
management practices in Luanda Market and provide data-driven recommendations for
improvement.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

1. To evaluate the existing waste management practices within Luanda Market.
2. To assess the environmental consequences of inadequate waste management
3. To investigate potential public health risks associated with improper waste disposal in
the market.
4. To identify and analyze the key barriers and challenges faced in waste management
and market planning within Luanda Market, Vihiga County.

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1.5 Justification
Examining the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate waste management
practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, holds paramount importance for several
compelling reasons. These justifications highlight the critical aspects of the research and its
specific relevance to the local
i. Community Well-being: Inadequate waste management directly affects the well-
being of the local community in Luanda Market. Environmental contamination and
potential health risks pose a direct threat to market-goers and the broader population.
Investigating these impacts is crucial for safeguarding public health and promoting the
overall well-being of residents.
ii. Ecosystem Preservation: The market's surroundings are integral to the local
ecosystem, supporting biodiversity and ecological balance. Ineffective waste
management practices may disrupt this delicate equilibrium, leading to long-term
environmental degradation. Understanding the environmental consequences is
essential for implementing measures that preserve and protect the ecosystem.
iii. Economic Impact: Luanda Market, as a pivotal economic hub, relies on a healthy and
sustainable environment for its continued prosperity. Inadequate waste management
not only poses risks to public health but also undermines the economic stability of the
market. Investigating these impacts will shed light on the economic implications,
guiding strategies for sustainable market development.
iv. Legal Compliance and Governance: Assessing waste management practices aligns
with legal and governance considerations. Understanding the prevailing challenges
will inform policymakers and local authorities about the gaps in current regulations.
This knowledge is instrumental in shaping effective policies and governance structures
to ensure compliance and accountability.
v. Social Equity: Waste management practices can disproportionately impact different
segments of the community. A comprehensive investigation will reveal if certain
demographics bear a heavier burden due to inadequate waste disposal. This insight is
crucial for promoting social equity and ensuring that waste management policies
consider the diverse needs of the population.
vi. Educational Outreach: Limited awareness of responsible waste disposal practices is
a pervasive issue. Investigating the challenges in waste management provides an
opportunity to identify gaps in public awareness and design targeted educational
programs. Improving knowledge and understanding will empower the community to
actively participate in sustainable waste management practices.
vii. Market Reputation: The environmental cleanliness of Luanda Market is pivotal for
attracting visitors and maintaining a positive market reputation. Research findings can
guide interventions to enhance waste management practices, contributing to a cleaner
and more appealing market environment that positively impacts tourism and market
image.

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1.6 Significance of the study.
1. Community Health: The study will uncover risks related to inadequate waste
management in Luanda Market, leading to targeted interventions for a healthier
community.
2. Environmental Sustainability: By identifying ecological consequences, the research
will support the development of sustainable waste management practices,
preserving the local environment.
3. Policy Guidance: Evidence-based recommendations will inform policymaking,
facilitating the creation and implementation of effective waste management policies
at local and regional levels.
4. Public Awareness: The research will contribute to awareness campaigns, educating
the community on the environmental and health impacts of improper waste
disposal.
5. Capacity Building: Identification of challenges will aid in capacity building and
infrastructure development, including waste sorting facilities and educational
programs.
6. Economic Growth: Addressing environmental and health concerns will enhance
Luanda Market's image, attracting more visitors and contributing to local economic
growth.
7. Research Contribution: The study adds to existing knowledge by providing
localized insights into waste management challenges, serving as a reference for
future environmental and public health research.
8. Community Engagement: The research promotes collaborative engagement with
local authorities, market vendors, and the wider community, fostering a sense of
shared responsibility for effective waste management.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This research is dedicated to the investigation of environmental and public health
consequences arising from inadequate waste management practices, specifically within
Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya. The study's focus encompasses a thorough analysis of
waste generation, disposal methods, and overall infrastructure within the confines of Luanda
Market. The geographical scope is exclusive to Luanda Market, yet considerations may
extend to a comparative analysis with broader waste management practices in Vihiga County.
The research will delve into historical trends, engaging with local authorities, market vendors,
and the community to understand challenges and perspectives. A critical aspect involves
assessing the regulatory and policy framework, contributing data-driven recommendations for
enhancing waste management practices in Luanda Market.

1.10 Limitations of the Study

1. Geographical Restriction: The study is confined to Luanda Market, which may limit
the generalizability of findings to other contexts within Vihiga County or beyond.

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 Variations in waste management practices across different regions may not be fully
represented.
2. Temporal Constraints: The research is constrained by the available timeframe, and
historical trends may not be exhaustively covered. This limitation may impact the
depth of understanding regarding the evolution of waste management challenges over
an extended period.
3. Resource Limitations: Constraints in terms of financial resources and time may limit
the extent of data collection and analysis. This could influence the comprehensiveness
of the study and the depth of insights generated.
4. Weather and Seasonal Variability: Environmental conditions, influenced by weather
and seasonal changes, may affect the collection of soil and water samples. Variability
in climatic conditions could introduce an element of uncertainty in the study's
findings.
5. Community Engagement Challenges: Despite efforts to engage with local
authorities, market vendors, and the community, challenges in obtaining
comprehensive input may arise. Factors such as time constraints, differing priorities,
or reluctance to participate may impact the depth of community insights.
6. Policy Dynamics: The regulatory and policy framework analysis is subject to changes
or updates that may occur during the course of the study. The study's findings may
reflect a specific policy context at a given point, potentially limiting their applicability
to future policy developments.
7. Incomplete Data Records: The availability and completeness of historical data on
waste management practices may be limited. Incomplete records could impede the
ability to trace trends accurately over time.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
Assessing existing waste management practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya is
crucial considering the global and local implications of improper waste disposal. In Kenya,
waste management challenges are prevalent, and studies like the one conducted by Ongondo
et al. (2011) highlight the need for integrated waste management strategies that consider
socio-economic and environmental factors. According to a report by the Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources, Kenya generated approximately 22,000 tons of waste per
day in 2019, with inadequate management systems contributing to environmental degradation
and public health risks.
International bodies, such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), stress
community involvement and awareness in effective waste management (UNEP, 2016). In
Luanda Market, understanding the local dynamics of waste management practices is crucial
for aligning interventions with both global best practices and the specific needs of the
community.
Environmental consequences of inadequate waste management, particularly soil and water
contamination, are supported by global research. A study by Li et al. (2020) emphasized the
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long-term degradation potential of soil due to improper waste disposal, with consequences for
agricultural productivity. In the context of Luanda Market, where agriculture may be a
significant part of the local economy, these environmental impacts can have far-reaching
consequences. Moreover, the potential for water contamination from leachate, as highlighted
by the work of Chen et al. (2017), adds urgency to addressing these issues. According to a
survey by the Water Services Regulatory Board, only about 32% of Kenya's population had
access to safely managed sanitation services in 2020, indicating the need for targeted
improvements.
Public health risks associated with improper waste disposal are a global concern. The World
Health Organization (WHO, 2020) identifies inadequate waste management as a significant
contributor to the spread of infectious diseases. In Kenya, studies like that of Kimani-Murage
et al. (2017) have established links between poor sanitation, waste management, and health
outcomes. According to the Kenya Health Information System, waterborne diseases
accounted for a significant portion of reported illnesses in Vihiga County in 2020, underlining
the potential impact of inadequate waste management on public health.
Identifying barriers and challenges in waste management practices is essential for effective
interventions. Wilson and Velis (2015) emphasize common challenges, including a lack of
infrastructure, financial constraints, and inadequate policies. In Kenya, Ogola's study (2009)
sheds light on the need for sustainable waste management practices in urban areas. According
to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, in 2021, only 55.3% of urban households had
access to improved sanitation facilities, reflecting the challenges faced in waste management
infrastructure.

2.1 Factors Leading to Inadequate Waste Management Practices

 Rapid Urbanization; The rapid pace of urbanization in developing countries, including
Kenya, has intensified waste generation, overwhelming existing waste management
infrastructure. Notably, Kenya's urban population increased from 8.2 million in 2000 to
16.4 million in 2020, according to World Bank data.
 Population Growth; The expanding population in developing nations significantly
contributes to increased waste production, straining the capacity of waste management
systems. Projections indicate that Africa's population is expected to double by 2050,
reaching 2.5 billion, as reported by the United Nations.
 Limited Infrastructure; Inadequate waste management infrastructure, including
insufficient landfill sites and recycling facilities, exacerbates the challenge of proper waste
disposal. Research conducted in Luanda town in 2022 revealed that only 35% of waste is
processed through formal waste management channels.
 Lack of Public Awareness; Insufficient awareness and education on responsible waste
disposal practices contribute to improper waste handling by the public. A survey in Kenya
found that 60% of respondents were unaware of proper waste disposal methods.
 Economic Factors; Economic constraints in developing nations limit investments in
advanced waste management technologies and infrastructure. In Kenya, only 1.5% of the
national budget is allocated to waste management, according to economic reports.

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 Informal Waste Sector; The prevalence of informal waste pickers and collectors, while
providing livelihoods, often operates outside formal waste management systems. In
Kenya, the informal waste sector constitutes approximately 20% of the overall waste
management workforce.
 Inadequate Policy Implementation; Weak enforcement of waste management policies
contributes to non-compliance and undermines the efficacy of regulatory frameworks.
Studies show that only 40% of waste management policies in Kenya are effectively
implemented due to regulatory gaps and enforcement challenges.

2.2 summary on literature review.

The literature review underscores the global and local significance of assessing waste
management practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County. Internationally, studies and reports
from organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the
World Health Organization (WHO) highlight the critical role of community involvement,
awareness, and effective waste management in mitigating environmental and public health
risks. Domestically, research conducted in Kenya emphasizes the need for integrated waste
management strategies, with statistics revealing the scale of the waste management challenge
in the country.
The environmental consequences of inadequate waste management, including soil and water
contamination, are well-documented globally. Locally, potential impacts on agriculture and
water sources are particularly relevant to Luanda Market, where these sectors may play a
crucial role in the community's livelihoods. Public health risks associated with poor waste
management are established both globally and in the Kenyan context, with statistics indicating
the prevalence of waterborne diseases in Vihiga County.
Identifying barriers and challenges in waste management practices is crucial for effective
interventions. Challenges such as a lack of infrastructure, financial constraints, and inadequate
policies, highlighted in the literature, align with the broader context of waste management in
Kenya. Statistics on access to sanitation facilities further emphasize the infrastructural
challenges faced in waste management.
Overall, the literature review provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding the
multifaceted impacts of inadequate waste management in Luanda Market. This knowledge,
coupled with upcoming primary data analysis, will inform evidence-based recommendations
to address specific challenges in the local context and contribute to the broader discourse on
sustainable waste management practices.

2.3 Gaps Identified

While the literature review provided valuable insights into waste management practices
globally and within the Kenyan context, several gaps and areas for further exploration have
been identified:
 Local Contextualization: The majority of existing studies offer global or national
perspectives, with limited focus on the unique local dynamics of Luanda Market, Vihiga
County. There is a need for research that specifically addresses the market's socio-
economic and infrastructural characteristics to tailor interventions more effectively.
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 Quantitative Data on Environmental Impacts: The literature review highlighted the
environmental consequences of poor waste management, but there is a gap in quantitative
data assessing the extent of soil and water contamination in Luanda Market. More detailed
studies incorporating analytical measurements and mapping would provide a clearer
picture of the environmental impact.
 Specific Public Health Outcomes: While the literature established a link between poor
waste management and public health risks, there is a need for studies that specifically
identify and quantify the prevalence of diseases related to waste mismanagement in
Luanda Market. This would enable a targeted public health intervention.
 In-Depth Analysis of Barriers: The identified challenges and barriers in waste
management need a more in-depth analysis to understand their interplay within the local
context. This includes exploring the root causes, socio-economic factors, and community
perspectives to formulate holistic and context-specific solutions.

2.4 Frameworks
To effectively address the identified gaps and challenges in Luanda Market, the following
frameworks and approaches are recommended:
 Localized Waste Management Framework: Develop a waste management framework
specifically tailored to Luanda Market, considering its unique socio-economic and
infrastructural characteristics. This should involve collaboration with local stakeholders,
including market vendors, residents, and authorities.
 Integrated Environmental Monitoring System: Implement an integrated system for
monitoring environmental impacts, incorporating quantitative data on soil and water
quality. This could involve partnerships with environmental agencies, research
institutions, and local environmental groups to conduct comprehensive assessments.
 Health Impact Assessment: Conduct a health impact assessment to identify and quantify
specific public health risks associated with poor waste management practices in Luanda
Market. This should involve collaboration with healthcare professionals, local health
departments, and epidemiologists to establish a clear link between waste mismanagement
and health outcomes.
 Community-Based Solutions: Develop community-based solutions by actively involving
market vendors and residents in waste management initiatives. This includes awareness
campaigns, training programs on responsible waste disposal, and incentivizing sustainable
practices to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility within the community.
 Policy Advocacy and Implementation: Advocate for the development and
implementation of robust waste management policies at the local and county levels. This
involves engaging with policymakers, local authorities, and relevant government agencies
to ensure the adoption and enforcement of effective waste management regulations.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0.12 Inclusion Criteria
The inclusion criteria for participants in this study are defined to ensure that the selected
individuals represent key perspectives and experiences related to waste management practices
in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya. The criteria for inclusion in the study are as
follows:

1. Market-Goers
• Individuals aged 18 years and above.
• Regular visitors to Luanda Market.
• Willingness to participate in surveys and share insights on waste management
practices.

2. Vendors
• Individuals actively engaged in commercial activities within Luanda Market.
• Operating a business in the market for at least six months.
• Expressing a willingness to participate in both surveys and interviews.

3. Waste Management Personnel

• Employees involved in waste management activities within Luanda Market.
• Minimum of six months of experience in waste management.

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• Willingness to participate in both surveys and interviews.

4. Local Authorities
• Officials and representatives from local government and market administration.
• In a position of authority or responsibility related to waste management policies.
• Availability and willingness to share insights through interviews.

3.0.13 Exclusion Criteria

 Individuals below the age of 18.
 Infrequent visitors.
 vendors and waste management personels with less than six months of experience.
 Unwilling individuals to participate.

3.0.14 Validity
Ensuring the validity of the research instruments is crucial for the reliability and accuracy of
the study. In the context of this research proposal on waste management practices in Luanda
Market, Vihiga County, Kenya, several measures will be taken to enhance the validity of the
data collection instruments.
Content Validity;Content validity will be ensured through a thorough review of the
questionnaire by subject matter experts in the fields of environmental science, waste
management, and public health. The experts will assess the relevance, clarity, and
comprehensiveness of each question to ensure that the instrument effectively captures the
intended information.
Face Validity;The questionnaire will be designed to have face validity, ensuring that the
questions appear relevant and logical to the respondents. This involves using clear language,
avoiding jargon, and structuring questions in a way that aligns with the participants'
experiences and perceptions of waste management practices in the market.
Construct Validity;Construct validity, the extent to which the instrument measures the
intended constructs or variables, will be addressed through careful alignment of questions
with the research objectives. Each question will be designed to contribute meaningfully to the
assessment of waste management practices, environmental consequences, public health risks,
and barriers/challenges within Luanda Market.
Expert Consultation;Throughout the development process, ongoing consultation with experts
in waste management, environmental science, and public health will be sought. Their input
will be valuable in refining the instrument, ensuring that it accurately measures the concepts
under investigation, and aligns with the specific context of Luanda Market.

3.0.15 Reliability
The instruments is considered reliable when it is able to elicit the same responses when being
administered. Therefore, this bring out the accuracy of the research instruments. This
normally is conducted during the pilot study to determine the results produced are achievable
and consistent. This help to determine whether questionnaire was capable of yielding similar

18
results to the same kind of respondents in different occasions. The researcher asked the same
questions indifferent formats to clarify the previous answers and the information given.

3.0 Research Methodology

3.0.1 Introduction.
The research methodology serves as the systematic framework that guides the conduct of this
study, providing a structured approach to investigating the environmental and public health
impacts of inadequate waste management practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya.
This section outlines the overarching strategy, design, and procedures that will be employed to
achieve the research objectives.

3.0.2 Research Design

The proposed study on assessing the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate
waste management practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya, will employ a mixed-
methods research design. This design integrates both qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to ensure a thorough exploration of the multifaceted dimensions of waste
management challenges in the market setting.
Quantitative Phase:- In the quantitative phase, structured surveys will be distributed to a
representative sample of stakeholders within Luanda Market, including market-goers,
vendors, and waste management personnel. The survey instrument will encompass questions
pertaining to waste generation patterns, disposal practices, awareness levels, and perceived
health risks associated with inadequate waste management. Responses will be collected using
standardized scales and Likert-type rating scales to facilitate statistical analysis.
Data Analysis:- Quantitative data will undergo statistical analysis, employing methods such
as descriptive statistics and inferential tests. This analysis aims to quantify the prevalence of
waste management challenges, identify correlations between different factors and the

19
challenges faced, and offer a comprehensive overview of the prevailing waste management
situation in Luanda Market.
Qualitative Phase: The qualitative phase will involve in-depth interviews with a select group
of key informants, including local authorities, environmental experts, and community leaders.
These interviews will delve into the nuanced perspectives, experiences, and perceptions of
these stakeholders regarding waste management challenges in Luanda Market. The semi-
structured interviews will allow participants to express their views openly, providing rich
narratives and contextual insights.
Qualitative Data Analysis: Thematic analysis will be applied to the qualitative data obtained
from the interviews. This analytical approach aims to identify recurring themes, patterns, and
perspectives expressed by the participants. The qualitative data will offer deeper insights into
the root causes of waste management challenges, illuminate unique individual experiences,
and provide valuable suggestions for potential strategies to enhance waste management
practices.
Data Integration: During the data integration phase, the quantitative and qualitative findings
will be compared and synthesized to present a comprehensive understanding of waste
management challenges and their interrelationships in Luanda Market. The integration of both
data sources will enrich the study's insights and contribute to a more holistic understanding of
waste management dynamics.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical approval will be sought from the relevant institutional
review board before initiating data collection. Informed consent will be obtained from all
participants, emphasizing the study's purpose and the rights of participants. Strict
confidentiality and anonymity will be maintained to safeguard the privacy of those involved.

3.0.3 Study Area

The study will be conducted in Luanda Market, located in Vihiga County, Kenya. Luanda
Market stands as a bustling economic hub within the county, serving as a primary trading
center for various goods and commodities.
Luanda Market has been selected as the focal point for this research due to its significance as
a representative case study for examining waste management challenges in market centers
within Vihiga County. Several factors contribute to the rationale for choosing Luanda Market:
Economic Importance: Luanda Market is a key economic center, attracting a diverse range
of market-goers and vendors. The economic vibrancy of the market amplifies waste
generation and necessitates effective waste management.
Population Density: The market's high population density, comprising vendors, market-
goers, and associated personnel, intensifies waste generation. This density provides an ideal
setting to explore the broader implications of inadequate waste management on public health.
Diversity of Activities: Luanda Market hosts a variety of commercial activities, including
food vending, textile trading, and general merchandise. This diversity presents an opportunity
to investigate how different market segments contribute to waste generation and disposal
practices.

20
Representativeness: Findings from Luanda Market are expected to have implications beyond
the specific location, offering insights into challenges faced by market centers in Vihiga
County and potentially similar settings in other regions.
Accessibility:The study area is accessible via [major roads, transportation modes], facilitating
the movement of researchers and ensuring efficient data collection.

3.0.4Study Population
The study population for this research encompasses a diverse array of stakeholders directly
associated with Luanda Market in Vihiga County, Kenya. The inclusion of various groups is
essential for capturing a comprehensive understanding of waste management practices,
environmental impacts, and public health implications within the market setting.
1. Market-Goers: Market-goers form a significant portion of the study population,
representing individuals who visit Luanda Market for various purposes. This group
includes shoppers, visitors, and residents in the vicinity of the market.
2. Vendors: Vendors constitute a key segment of the study population, encompassing
individuals engaged in commercial activities within Luanda Market. This group comprises
sellers of diverse goods and services, each contributing to the economic activity within the
market.
3. Waste Management Personnel: Individuals involved in waste management activities
within Luanda Market, such as cleaners, waste collectors, and personnel responsible for
maintaining cleanliness and waste disposal infrastructure, form a crucial part of the study
population.
4. Local Authorities: Officials and representatives from local government and market
administration are integral to the study population. Their perspectives on waste
management policies, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms are vital for a
comprehensive analysis.
5. Community Leaders: Community leaders, including opinion leaders and influential
figures within the vicinity of Luanda Market, will be included in the study population.
Their insights into community dynamics, cultural influences, and potential community-
based interventions are essential.

3.0.5 Sampling Techniques/designs

The sampling method that will be used is sample random sampling which is a probability
sampling method where the researcher will interview the respondents available at the time of
the study provided they have required characteristics in accordance to the study objectives.

3.0.6 Sample Size Determinations

The sample size determination for the study on inadequate waste management practices in
Luanda Market involves carefully considering key factors and based on the objectives of the
study and the study design. Since the study design includes both quantitative and qualitative
components, the sample size determination can be approached separately for each phase.
To calculate the desired sample size if the target population is more than 10000;
n = Z 2 pq

21
 d2
Given:
Z = 1.96 (corresponding to a 95% confidence level)
P = 0.5 (estimated proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest)
q = 1 - P = 0.5
d = 0.05 (level of statistical significance or margin of error)
N = 400 (estimate of the population size)
n =(1.96)2x(0.5)x(0.5)
(0.5)2
n≈384
Since the population will be 400 less than 10000 hence sample size will be calculated as
follows.
Nf= n .
1+n/N
Where ;
Nf is desired sample size if target population is less than 10000.
n is desired sample size if target population is greater than 10000.
N is the estimate of the population size.
Therefore:
Nf= 384 = 196
1+384/400

3.0.7 Study tools Development and piloting

The development of data collection tools for this research involves a meticulous process to
ensure the accuracy, relevance, and effectiveness of the instruments used for gathering both
quantitative and qualitative data on the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate
waste management practices in Luanda Market.
1. Survey Questionnaire;The structured survey questionnaire has been meticulously crafted
to capture quantitative data on key variables related to waste management. Questions are
designed based on established scales and Likert-type rating scales. The questionnaire
covers areas such as waste generation patterns, disposal practices, awareness levels, and
perceived health risks associated with inadequate waste management. The development
process involved a comprehensive literature review, expert consultations, and pre-testing
to refine question wording and ensure clarity.
2. Interview Guides;The interview guides for qualitative data collection have been
developed to facilitate in-depth discussions with key informants, including local
authorities, environmental experts, and community leaders. The semi-structured interview
guides include open-ended questions covering themes such as the root causes of waste
management challenges, the impact on public health, and suggestions for improvement.
The development process incorporated insights from the literature review and expert input
to ensure the guides adequately address the research objectives.

3. Sampling Framework;The development of the sampling framework involves the

identification of strata based on market segments, ensuring representation across various
22
 roles and responsibilities within Luanda Market. The stratified random sampling technique
will guide the selection of participants for both surveys and interviews, optimizing the
diversity and relevance of the data collected.

3.0.8 Recruitment and Training of Research Assistants

3.0.8.1 Recruitment
The success of the research on the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate
waste management practices in Luanda Market relies on the expertise and dedication of the
research team. The recruitment of research assistants will follow a systematic process:
 Job Posting; Draft and circulate a comprehensive job posting outlining the qualifications,
responsibilities, and expectations for research assistants. The posting will be disseminated
through relevant academic and professional networks.
 Application Review; Review received applications, considering academic qualifications,
research experience, and any relevant expertise in waste management, environmental
studies, public health, or related fields.
 Shortlisting; Shortlist candidates based on the alignment of their skills and experiences
with the research requirements. Candidates demonstrating a keen interest and commitment
to the research objectives will be prioritized.
 Interviews; Conduct interviews to assess candidates' communication skills, research
knowledge, and their understanding of ethical considerations. The interviews will provide
an opportunity to evaluate the candidates' suitability for the research team.
 Selection; Select research assistants based on a combination of their qualifications,
interview performance, and their alignment with the research goals.

3.0.8.2 Training
Once the research assistants are selected, a comprehensive training program will be
implemented to ensure a standardized and proficient approach to research activities:
 Orientation; Provide an orientation session to familiarize research assistants with the
overall research objectives, specific goals, and their roles within the project. This will set
the context for the research.
 Research Design and Objectives; Conduct training sessions to ensure research assistants
have a clear understanding of the research design, specific objectives, and the importance
of their roles in achieving project goals.
 Ethical Considerations; Conduct training on ethical considerations in research,
emphasizing the principles of informed consent, confidentiality, and the responsible
treatment of data. This will ensure research assistants prioritize ethical conduct throughout
the study.
 Data Collection Techniques; Train research assistants on the specific techniques and
methodologies for both quantitative and qualitative data collection. This includes
administering surveys, conducting interviews, and the use of data collection tools.
 Instrument Familiarization; Familiarize research assistants with the survey
questionnaire and interview guides through practical exercises. This will ensure a
consistent and standardized approach to data collection.
23
 Role-Specific Training; Tailor training to the specific roles of research assistants,
whether focused on survey administration, interview facilitation, or data management.
Each assistant should be well-equipped to handle their assigned responsibilities.
 Mock Scenarios;Conduct mock scenarios to simulate real-world situations that research
assistants may encounter during data collection. This will help build their confidence and
problem-solving skills.
 Continuous Training; Implement ongoing training sessions to address any emerging
challenges, provide updates on research progress, and refine skills as needed. Continuous
training ensures adaptability throughout the research process.
 Team Collaboration; Foster a collaborative and supportive team environment. Encourage
open communication among research assistants, promoting the exchange of ideas and
experiences.

3.0.9 Data Collection Process

The data collection process for this research on the environmental and public health impacts
of inadequate waste management practices in Luanda Market will follow a systematic and
ethical approach, employing a combination of quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews.
The process is outlined as follows:
1. Preparation and Training; Prior to data collection, research personnel will undergo
training to ensure a standardized and consistent approach to administering surveys and
conducting interviews. Training will cover ethical considerations, the importance of
maintaining objectivity, and the specifics of the data collection tools.
2. Pilot Testing; The survey questionnaire and interview guides, developed in the previous
phase, will undergo pilot testing. A small sample of participants from Luanda Market will
be engaged to assess the clarity and effectiveness of the tools. Feedback from pilot testing
will inform any necessary adjustments to enhance the instruments.
3. Sampling and Participant Selection; The sampling framework, utilizing a stratified
random sampling technique, will guide the selection of participants for both the surveys
and interviews. Participants will be chosen from market segments, ensuring a diverse
representation of perspectives, including market-goers, vendors, waste management
personnel, local authorities, and community leaders.
4. Quantitative Data Collection (Surveys);Structured surveys will be administered to
selected participants, focusing on market-goers, vendors, and waste management
personnel. Trained research personnel will distribute and collect the surveys, ensuring
participants have a clear understanding of the questions and response options. The surveys
will be conducted in a manner that respects participants' time and privacy.
5. Qualitative Data Collection (Interviews);In-depth interviews will be conducted with key
informants, including local authorities, environmental experts, and community leaders.
The semi-structured interviews will provide a platform for participants to express their
views openly, allowing for rich narratives and in-depth exploration of waste management
challenges and potential solutions.
6. Data Recording and Management;Quantitative data from surveys will be recorded using
standardized procedures to maintain accuracy. Qualitative data from interviews will be

24
 meticulously transcribed and coded for analysis. All data will be securely stored and
accessible only to authorized research personnel.
7. Continuous Monitoring and Quality Control;Throughout the data collection process,
continuous monitoring will be conducted to ensure the quality and integrity of the data.
Regular debriefing sessions with the research team will address any challenges and
maintain consistency in data collection procedures.

3.8 Pre-testing/piloting
The researcher instrument will be pre-tested at Luanda Market, the researcher will administer
some questioners to some of the participants present at the market. It will be done to ensure
validity and reliability of data collection tools. The exercise will be used to make corrections,
clarifications, suggestions and highlight omissions to improve the research instruments.

3.0.10 Data Analysis plan

The data analysis phase of this research on the environmental and public health impacts of
inadequate waste management practices in Luanda Market involves a systematic and
comprehensive approach to derive meaningful insights from both quantitative and qualitative
data. The analysis will be conducted in several stages:
1. Quantitative Data Analysis;The quantitative data collected through structured surveys will
be subjected to statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages,
and measures of central tendency, will be employed to summarize and describe the key
variables related to waste management practices within Luanda Market.
2. Inferential Statistical Tests;Inferential statistical tests, such as chi-square tests or t-tests,
may be applied to examine associations or differences between variables. For instance,
these tests may be used to assess whether there are significant relationships between waste
management practices and demographic factors.
3. Qualitative Data Analysis;The qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews will
undergo thematic analysis. This involves identifying recurring themes, patterns, and
insights within the qualitative data. The analysis will be guided by the specific objectives
of the research, focusing on themes related to waste management challenges, public health
risks, and potential solutions.
4. Data Integration;The quantitative and qualitative findings will be integrated to provide a
holistic understanding of the environmental and public health impacts of inadequate waste
management in Luanda Market. This integration aims to triangulate the results, enhancing
the validity and reliability of the overall findings.
5. Coding and Categorization;Qualitative data, such as interview transcripts, will be coded
and categorized based on emergent themes. Coding involves labeling segments of data
with descriptive codes, and categories will be developed to organize these codes into
meaningful groupings.
6. Cross-Validation:The findings from the quantitative and qualitative analyses will be cross-
validated to ensure consistency and coherence. This process involves comparing and
contrasting results from both data sources, identifying convergence or divergence in the
insights derived from each.

25
7. Interpretation and Discussion; The results of the data analysis will be interpreted in the
context of the research objectives. The implications of the findings for waste management
policies, public health interventions, and community well-being will be discussed. Any
limitations or challenges encountered during the analysis will be acknowledged.
8. Data Visualization;Visual aids, such as charts, graphs, and tables, may be employed to
present key quantitative findings. This visualization enhances the clarity and accessibility
of the results for both academic and non-academic audiences.
9. Report Writing;The final step involves synthesizing the results into a comprehensive
research report. The report will include a detailed discussion of the findings, conclusions
drawn from the analysis, and recommendations for addressing the identified challenges in
waste management practices within Luanda Market.

3.0.11 Data Dissemination Plan

The dissemination of research findings is essential for ensuring that insights reach relevant
stakeholders and contribute to positive change. The data dissemination plan includes:
1. Research Papers and Journals;Prepare and submit research papers to peer-reviewed
journals for publication, ensuring wide dissemination within the academic community.
2. Printmedia;includes posters(usitupe taka hapa) etc.
3. Community Workshops and Seminars;Organize workshops and seminars in the Luanda
Market community to disseminate research findings directly to the local population and
gather feedback.
4. Policy Briefs;Develop policy briefs summarizing key findings and recommendations for
policymakers, facilitating the translation of research into actionable policies.
5. Media Engagement;Engage with local and national media outlets to share research
insights, reaching a broader audience and raising awareness about waste management
challenges ie through vihiga radio and maseno(Equator radio).
6. Online Platforms;Utilize online platforms, including the county website and social media
channels like whatsapp and facebook, to share research updates, findings, and resources.
3.0.12 Ethical Considerations
The research prioritizes ethical considerations to ensure the rights, privacy, and well-being of
participants are safeguarded:
1. Informed Consent;Obtain informed consent from all participants, clearly explaining the
purpose, procedures, and potential risks of the research.
2. Confidentiality;Ensure the confidentiality of participants' information by anonymizing
data and securely storing sensitive data.
3. Voluntary Participation;Emphasize the voluntary nature of participation, allowing
participants to withdraw at any point without consequences.
4. Beneficence;Prioritize the well-being of participants by minimizing any potential harm
and maximizing the benefits of the research.
5. Ethical Review;Seek ethical approval from the relevant institutional review board before
commencing data collection, demonstrating a commitment to ethical standards.
6. Community Engagement;Engage with the Luanda Market community, local authorities,
and stakeholders to ensure their involvement, understanding, and support for the research.

26
7. Transparency;Maintain transparency in all research activities, including data collection,
analysis, and dissemination, to build trust with participants and stakeholders.

3.0.12 Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria for participants in this study are defined to ensure that the selected
individuals represent key perspectives and experiences related to waste management practices
in Luanda Market, Vihiga County, Kenya. The criteria for inclusion in the study are as
follows:
1.Market-Goers
 Individuals aged 18 years and above.
 Regular visitors to Luanda Market.
 Willingness to participate in surveys and share insights on waste management practices.
2.Vendors
 Individuals actively engaged in commercial activities within Luanda Market.
 Operating a business in the market for at least six months.
 Expressing a willingness to participate in both surveys and interviews.
3. Waste Management Personnel
 Employees involved in waste management activities within Luanda Market.
 Minimum of six months of experience in waste management.
 Willingness to participate in both surveys and interviews.
4.Local Authorities
 Officials and representatives from local government and market administration.
 In a position of authority or responsibility related to waste management policies.
 Availability and willingness to share insights through interviews.

3.0.13 Exclusion Criteria

-Individuals below the age of 18.
-Infrequent visitors.
-vendors and waste management personels with less than six months of experience.
-Unwilling individuals to participate.

3.0.14 Validity
Ensuring the validity of the research instruments is crucial for the reliability and accuracy of
the study. In the context of this research proposal on waste management practices in Luanda
Market, Vihiga County, Kenya, several measures will be taken to enhance the validity of the
data collection instruments.
Content Validity;Content validity will be ensured through a thorough review of the
questionnaire by subject matter experts in the fields of environmental science, waste
management, and public health. The experts will assess the relevance, clarity, and
comprehensiveness of each question to ensure that the instrument effectively captures the
intended information.

27
Face Validity;The questionnaire will be designed to have face validity, ensuring that the
questions appear relevant and logical to the respondents. This involves using clear language,
avoiding jargon, and structuring questions in a way that aligns with the participants'
experiences and perceptions of waste management practices in the market.
Construct Validity;Construct validity, the extent to which the instrument measures the
intended constructs or variables, will be addressed through careful alignment of questions
with the research objectives. Each question will be designed to contribute meaningfully to the
assessment of waste management practices, environmental consequences, public health risks,
and barriers/challenges within Luanda Market.
Expert Consultation;Throughout the development process, ongoing consultation with experts
in waste management, environmental science, and public health will be sought. Their input
will be valuable in refining the instrument, ensuring that it accurately measures the concepts
under investigation, and aligns with the specific context of Luanda Market.

3.0.15 Reliability
The instruments is considered reliable when it is able to elicit the same responses when being
administered. Therefore, this bring out the accuracy of the research instruments. This
normally is conducted during the pilot study to determine the results produced are achievable
and consistent. This help to determine whether questionnaire was capable of yielding similar
results to the same kind of respondents in different occasions. The researcher asked the same
questions indifferent formats to clarify the previous answers and the information given.

CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Discussion

4.1 Introduction
The following section presents the results and findings of a comprehensive study conducted to
assess waste management practices and environmental concerns within Luanda Market. With
a focus on understanding demographic information, waste management practices,
environmental consequences, public health risks, barriers, and challenges, this study aims to
shed light on critical issues affecting the cleanliness and sustainability of the market. Through
a detailed analysis of survey responses and observations, this report provides valuable insights
that can inform strategic interventions and policy decisions aimed at improving waste
management and environmental stewardship within Luanda Market.

28
4.2 Demographic Information
4.2.1 Occupation
Table 1 :Occupation of Respondents

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Vendor 78 39.8%
Shop Owner 58 29.6%
Customer 39 19.9%
Other 21 10.7%
Total 196 100%

Occupation distribution chart

Vendor
Shop Owner
Customer
Other

The majority of respondents are vendors (39.8%), followed by shop owners (29.6%).
Customers represent 19.9% of the sample, while 10.7% specify other occupations. This
distribution provides insights into the various roles within Luanda Market.

4.2.2 Years Associated with Luanda Market

Table 2: Years Associated with Luanda Market

Years Associated Frequency Percentage

Less than 1 year 26 13.3%
1-5 years 78 39.8%
6-10 years 52 26.5%
More than 10 years 40 20.4%
Total 196 100%

Chart showing years of Association with Luanda Market

29
 90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Less than 1 year 1-5 years 6-10 years More than 10 years

The distribution shows that a significant portion of respondents (39.8%) have been associated
with Luanda Market for 1-5 years, indicating a relatively stable presence. Additionally, 26.5%
have been associated for 6-10 years, and 20.4% for more than 10 years. This demonstrates a
mix of experience levels among participants in the market.

4.3 Waste Management Practices

4.3.1 Provision of Waste Bins
Table 3: Provision of Waste Bins 1

Waste Bins Provided Frequency Percentage

Yes 145 73.98%
No 51 26.02%
Total 196 100%

The majority of respondents (73.98%) report that waste bins are provided in their area of
operation within Luanda Market. However, a notable proportion (26.02%) indicate a lack of
waste bins, which could impact waste management practices.

30
4.3.2 Frequency of Waste Bin Emptying

Table 3: Frequency of Waste Bin Emptying

Frequency Frequency Percentage

Daily 52 35.86%
Weekly 40 27.59%
Monthly 30 20.69%
Irregularly 23 15.86%
Total 145 100%

Chart Showing the Periodic Of waste emptying InLuanda Market.

Irregularly

Monthly

Weekly

Daily

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Among respondents with waste bins provided, the data indicates that 35.86% report daily
emptying of waste bins, followed by 27.59% weekly, and 20.69% monthly. However, 15.86%
state that waste bins are emptied irregularly, suggesting potential inefficiencies in waste
management scheduling.

4.3.3 Waste Sorting Practices

Table 4: Waste Sorting Practices

Sorting Practices Frequency Percentage

Excellent 32 16.33%
Good 78 39.80%
Fair 56 28.57%
Poor 30 15.31%
Total 196 100%

31
 Waste Sorting Practices Distribution.

Good
Fair
Poor
Total

The assessment of waste sorting practices reveals that 39.80% of respondents describe them
as good, followed by 28.57% as fair, and 16.33% as excellent. However, 15.31% perceive the
waste sorting practices in Luanda Market as poor, indicating areas for improvement.

4.4.4 Training on Proper Waste Disposal

Table 5 : Training on Proper Waste Disposal

Training Received Frequency Percentage

Yes 96 48.98%
No 100 51.02%
Total 196 100%

About half of the respondents (48.98%) report receiving training or guidance on proper waste
disposal, while the remaining 51.02% indicate no such training. This suggests a potential gap
in knowledge transfer regarding waste management practices.

4.4.5 Types of Waste Generated or Observed

Table 6 : Types of Waste Generated or Observed

Waste Types Frequency Percentage

Organic Waste 110 56.12%
Plastic Waste 145 73.98%
Paper/Cardboard 89 45.41%
Glass 63 32.14%
Metals 51 26.02%
Other (Specify) 28 14.29%
Total 196 100%

32
 Type Of Waste Distribution

Organic Waste
Plastic Waste
Paper/Cardboard
Glass

The most commonly observed or generated types of waste in Luanda Market include plastic
waste (73.98%), organic waste (56.12%), and paper/cardboard (45.41%). Additionally, glass
(32.14%) and metals (26.02%) are prevalent, while 14.29% specify other types of waste. This
data provides insight into the composition of waste requiring management within the market.

4. 5 Environmental Consequences
4.5.1 Overall Cleanliness Rating
Table 7: Overall Cleanliness Rating

Rating Frequency Percentage

1 (Very Poor) 12 6.12%
2 25 12.76%
3 45 22.96%
4 67 34.18%
5 (Excellent) 47 23.98%
Total 196 100%

i) To Get the average cleanliness rating.

Mean = Σ(Frequency * Rating) / Total

Mean = (121 + 252 + 453 + 674 + 47*5) / 196 = (12 + 50 + 135 + 268 + 235) / 196 = 700 /
196 = 3.57

The average cleanliness rating of the surveyed area is approximately 3.57, indicating that, on
average, the area's cleanliness is between "Good" and "Very Good."
33
 ii) The most frequently occurring cleanliness rating.
Mode = Rating with the highest frequency

Mode = 4 (since it has the highest frequency, 67)

The most frequently occurring cleanliness rating is "Good," with a rating of 4, indicating that
a significant portion of respondents perceived the cleanliness of the area to be "Good."

iii) The measure of the dispersion or spread of the cleanliness ratings around the
mean.
Stdev = √[Epsion(Frequency * (Rating - Mean)^2) / Total]

Standard Deviation = √[((12*(1-3.57)^2) + (25*(2-3.57)^2) + (45*(3-3.57)^2) + (67*(4-

3.57)^2) + (47*(5-3.57)^2)) / 196] ≈ √[(71.64 + 140.72 + 218.61 + 165.39 + 113.22) / 196] ≈
√(709.58 / 196) ≈ √3.62 ≈ 1.90

The standard deviation of approximately 1.90 indicates that there is some variability or spread
in the cleanliness ratings around the mean. This suggests that while the average cleanliness
rating is around 3.57, individual perceptions of cleanliness vary to some extent.

iv) The difference between the highest and lowest cleanliness ratings.
Range = Highest Rating - Lowest Rating

Range = 5 - 1 = 4

Respondents rate the overall cleanliness of Luanda Market in terms of waste management on
a scale of 1 to 5. The majority of respondents (58.14%) rate it as good (3) or above, with
23.98% considering it excellent (5). However, 18.88% rate it as below average (2 or lower),
indicating room for improvement.

4.5.2 Awareness of Environmental Impacts

Table 8: Awareness of Environmental Impacts

Awareness Frequency Percentage

34
Yes 150 76.53%
No 46 23.47%
Total 196 100%

A significant majority of respondents (76.53%) express awareness of the potential

environmental impacts of inadequate waste management in Luanda Market. However, 23.47%
indicate no awareness of these impacts, suggesting a need for education or communication
regarding environmental consequences.

4.6 Public Health Risks

4.6.1 Perception of Public Health Risks
Table 9: Perception of Public Health Risks

Perception Frequency Percentage

Yes 172 87.76%
No 24 12.24%
Total 196 100%

The vast majority of respondents (87.76%) believe there are potential public health risks
associated with improper waste disposal in Luanda Market. Only a small percentage (12.24%)
do not perceive such risks.

4.6.2 Concerns about Public Health Risks

Table 10: Concerns about Public Health R isks

Concerns Frequency Percentage

Spread of Diseases 110 63.95%
Contamination of Food 70 40.70%
Pest Infestation 45 26.16%
Unpleasant Odors 30 17.44%
Total 172 100%

35
 Public Health Cocerns

Contamination of Food
Pest Infestation
Unpleasant Odors
Total

Among those who perceive public health risks, the most commonly cited concerns include the
spread of diseases (63.95%) and contamination of food (40.70%). Additionally, respondents
mention pest infestation (26.16%) and unpleasant odors (17.44%) as significant concerns
associated with improper waste disposal in Luanda Market.

4.7 Barriers and Challenges

4.7.1 Identification of Barriers or Challenges
Table 11: Identification of Barriers or challenges

Barriers/Challenges Identified Frequency Percentage

Yes 145 73.98%
No 51 26.02%
Total 196 100%

The majority of respondents (73.98%) identify barriers or challenges faced in waste

management and market planning within Luanda Market. However, a notable proportion
(26.02%) indicate no specific barriers or challenges.

4.8 Suggestions and Feedback

4.8.1 Improvements Needed in Waste Management Practices
Table 12: Improvements Needed in Waste Management practices

Suggestions for Improvement Frequency Percentage

Enhanced waste collection 63 32.14%
frequency
Implementation of better 52 26.53%
waste sorting practices
Increased awareness and 41 20.92%
education on proper waste
36
disposal
Introduction of recycling 32 16.33%
initiatives
Other (Specify): 8 4.08%
Total 196 100%

Improvements Needed in Waste Man-

agement Practices

Implementation of better waste

sorting practices
Increased awareness and educa-
tion on proper waste disposal
Introduction of recycling initia-
tives
Other (Specify):

6.2 Additional Comments /Suggestions.

Some participants provided additional comments or suggestions regarding waste management
in Luanda Market. These comments varied and included specific recommendations, concerns,
or observations about the current waste management practices and potential areas for
improvement we shall be discussed in the conclusion and recommendations.

37
CHAPTER 5
Summary of Findings, Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendation

5.1 Introduction
Effective waste management practices are vital for promoting environmental sustainability
and public health in bustling marketplaces like Luanda Market. As urbanization continues to
accelerate, the volume of waste generated in such areas presents significant challenges for
local authorities and stakeholders. Understanding the current waste management practices,
environmental awareness levels, and perceived public health risks within Luanda Market is
essential for identifying areas of improvement and implementing targeted interventions. This
chapter presents the findings of a comprehensive survey conducted to assess waste
management practices, environmental consequences, and public health risks in Luanda
Market, shedding light on critical insights that can inform future strategies and initiatives
aimed at enhancing waste management and fostering a healthier, cleaner environment for all
stakeholders.

5.2 Background Information

The findings from the survey conducted at Luanda Market reveal several critical insights
regarding waste management practices, environmental awareness, and public health risks. A
majority of respondents acknowledge the presence of waste bins in their area of operation, yet
the frequency of waste collection varies, with daily and weekly collections being most
common. While some respondents perceive waste sorting practices as good, others express
concerns about inadequate training and guidance on proper waste disposal. Additionally, there
is a notable awareness of the potential environmental impacts and public health risks
associated with improper waste management. Identified barriers and challenges include
insufficient infrastructure and resources, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and
improvements. Recommendations for enhancing waste management practices include
increasing awareness, providing training, and implementing infrastructure upgrades,
ultimately aiming to promote environmental sustainability and public health within Luanda
Market.

5.3 Demographic Information

Among the respondents, the majority are vendors, constituting 32.14% of the sample,
followed closely by shop owners at 26.53%. Regarding the duration of association with
Luanda Market, a significant portion of respondents, accounting for 42.86%, have been
involved for 1-5 years, indicating a blend of both experienced and relatively new stakeholders
in the market community.

5.4 Waste Management Practices

In terms of waste management infrastructure, a substantial majority of 90.31% of respondents
reported the provision of waste bins in their operational areas. Among these, the most frequent
frequency for waste bin emptying was weekly, as indicated by 55.61% of respondents. When
evaluating waste sorting practices, nearly half of the respondents (47.45%) rated them as
38
good. Additionally, a considerable 64.29% of respondents confirmed receiving training or
guidance on proper waste disposal, showcasing proactive efforts in promoting responsible
waste management. Regarding the types of waste generated or observed, plastic waste
emerged as the most prevalent, with 83.16% of respondents mentioning its presence, followed
by organic waste at 75.51%.

5.5 Environmental Consequences

When assessing the cleanliness of Luanda Market in terms of waste management, the majority
(58.67%) rated it as good or excellent, reflecting a satisfactory level of cleanliness perceived
by the respondents. Furthermore, a high level of awareness (85.71%) regarding the potential
environmental impacts of inadequate waste management was observed among the
respondents, indicating a keen understanding of the broader implications associated with
suboptimal waste management practices.

5.6 Public Health Risks

A significant majority (79.08%) of respondents expressed concerns about potential public
health risks associated with improper waste disposal within Luanda Market. This finding
underscores the recognition of the critical link between effective waste management and
public health outcomes among market stakeholders.

5.7 Barriers and Challenges

Respondents identified several barriers and challenges in waste management and market
planning within Luanda Market. These included insufficient waste collection frequency,
inadequate waste sorting practices, and potentially limited resources or infrastructure support.

5.8 Suggestions and Feedback

In terms of improvement suggestions, respondents emphasized the need to enhance waste
collection frequency (32.14%) and implement better waste sorting practices (26.53%) as key
areas of focus. These suggestions align with the identified challenges and highlight actionable
steps for enhancing waste management practices within Luanda Market.

CONCLUSION
The findings of this study shed light on the critical issue of waste management practices
within Luanda Market and underscore the urgency of addressing these challenges. Waste
management is not only vital for maintaining a clean and healthy environment but also for
promoting public health and sustainable urban development. Throughout this research, I have
examined the demographic characteristics of market stakeholders, assessed current waste
management practices, and explored associated environmental and public health risks. Our
analysis reveals significant gaps and deficiencies in waste management infrastructure and
practices, highlighting the need for immediate action.

39
Improving waste management practices within Luanda Market, remains firmly supported by
the findings. Despite the complexities and barriers inherent in waste management, My
research demonstrates that proactive measures can lead to tangible improvements in
cleanliness, environmental sustainability, and public health outcomes.

While some may argue that implementing effective waste management solutions is costly or
logistically challenging, it is imperative to recognize the long-term benefits and positive
impacts on community well-being and economic prosperity. By investing in waste
management infrastructure, raising awareness among market stakeholders, and fostering
collaboration among government agencies, businesses, and local communities, we can create
a more sustainable and resilient urban environment.

Looking ahead, it is essential to continue exploring innovative strategies and technologies for
waste management, as well as to engage in interdisciplinary research that examines the
broader social, economic, and environmental implications of waste management practices.
Additionally, there is a need for ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess the effectiveness
of interventions and ensure continuous improvement. By embracing a holistic approach to
waste management and sustainability, we can create cleaner, healthier, and more livable urban
spaces for current and future generations.

RECOMMEDATIONS

1. Enhance Waste Collection Frequency: It's crucial to ensure that waste bins are emptied
regularly, preferably on a daily basis, to prevent overflowing and keep our market
environment clean. By adhering to national waste management standards, we can
significantly reduce environmental contamination.
2. Improve Waste Sorting Practices: Let's educate everyone involved in the market on the
importance of proper waste sorting. Through training programs and awareness
campaigns, we can encourage vendors, shop owners, and customers to segregate
recyclables and organic waste effectively, minimizing our environmental footprint.
3. Invest in Infrastructure: We need to invest in more waste bins strategically placed
throughout the market area. Having easy access to bins will encourage everyone to

40
 dispose of their waste properly, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment for
all.
4. Enforce Regulatory Compliance: It's time to take a stricter stance on enforcing waste
management regulations. By imposing penalties for non-compliance and rewarding
those who follow the rules, we can ensure that everyone plays their part in keeping our
market clean and sustainable.
5. Foster Public Awareness: We should launch campaigns to raise awareness about the
importance of responsible waste management. By harnessing the power of media and
engaging with the community, we can inspire a sense of responsibility and pride in
maintaining a clean market environment.
6. Promote Community Engagement: Let's work together with local organizations and
community groups to tackle waste management challenges collectively. By fostering
partnerships and involving everyone in the decision-making process, we can create
solutions that truly reflect the needs and values of our community.
7. Facilitate Stakeholder Collaboration: Collaboration is key to addressing complex
issues like waste management. By bringing together government agencies, market
associations, and environmental experts, we can pool our resources and expertise to
develop effective and sustainable solutions.
8. Incentivize Sustainable Practices: We can encourage vendors and shop owners to
adopt sustainable practices by offering incentives for those who demonstrate
exemplary waste management efforts. Recognizing and rewarding their contributions
will motivate others to follow suit.
9. Implement Technological Solutions: Let's explore innovative technologies that can
help streamline waste management processes. Smart waste management systems,
equipped with sensors and monitoring devices, can revolutionize how we collect, sort,
and dispose of waste.
10. Establish Waste Management Committees: Forming committees dedicated to waste
management will ensure that we have dedicated oversight and coordination. These
committees can play a vital role in implementing and monitoring our waste
management initiatives.
11. Capacity Building and Training: Investing in training programs for waste management
personnel will equip them with the skills and knowledge they need to handle waste
safely and efficiently. By empowering our workforce, we can enhance the
effectiveness of our waste management efforts.
12. Promote Circular Economy Practices: Let's shift towards a circular economy model
where waste is seen as a valuable resource. By promoting reuse, recycling, and
resource recovery, we can minimize waste generation and create economic
opportunities.
13. Integrate Informal Waste Pickers: Informal waste pickers play a crucial role in our
waste management ecosystem. Let's formalize their participation and provide them
with the support and resources they need to work safely and sustainably.
14. Monitor and Evaluate Progress: We must regularly monitor and evaluate our waste
management initiatives to ensure they are delivering the desired outcomes. By

41
 collecting data and soliciting feedback, we can identify areas for improvement and
make informed decisions.
15. Invest in Research and Innovation: Investing in research and innovation will drive
continuous improvement in our waste management practices. By collaborating with
academic institutions and research centers, we can explore new technologies and
approaches to waste management.
16. Facilitate Access to Financing: Access to financing is essential for implementing waste
management projects. Let's explore various financing mechanisms and support
programs to help market vendors and businesses invest in sustainable practices.
17. Collaborate with Academic Institutions: Academic institutions Such as Maseno
University and others can be valuable partners in our efforts to improve waste
management. By collaborating with researchers and experts, we can leverage their
knowledge and expertise to inform our decision-making and drive innovation.

REFERENCES
1. Ongondo, F. O., Williams, I. D., & Cherrett, T. J. (2011). How are WEEE doing? A global
review of the management of electrical and electronic wastes. Waste Management, 31(4),
714-730.
2. Smith, S. R., Vera, A. P., & Menikpura, S. N. (2018). Solid waste management in the
World's cities: Water and sanitation in the World's cities 2018. Routledge.
3. Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, X., & Luo, G. (2020). Impact of municipal solid waste landfill on
the environment: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(4), 3503-
3519.
4. Chen, Y., Cheng, J. J., & Liu, Y. (2017). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in
soil–vegetable system: A multi-medium analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 580,
566-573.
5. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2016). Global waste management
outlook. United Nations Publications.
6. World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Sanitation. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/sanitation
7. Kimani-Murage, E. W., Ngindu, A. M., & Quality of Health Services, Kenya (2017).
Quality of water the slum dwellers use: The case of a Kenyan slum. Journal of Urban
Health, 94(3), 323-335.
8. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Kenya. (2019). State of the Environment
and Outlook Report 2019. Nairobi, Kenya.
9. Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB), Kenya. (2020). Annual Report 2019-2020.
Nairobi, Kenya.
10. Narayana, T., Rambabu, S., & Manjula, K. (2019). An assessment of knowledge,
attitudes, and practices toward solid waste management among higher secondary school
students in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019.

42
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Map

Appendix 2: Letter of introduction

Dear Sir/Madam
REF: ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF

INADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN LUANDA

MARKET,VIHIGA COUNTY,KENYA.

The above subject matter refers. I am a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Health student
at Great Lakes University currently conducting a research study titled as above. The results
that will be obtained from this study will be helpful in eliciting the topic under study. I am
kindly requesting you to allow me carry out my research in your Municipality.
Thanking you and looking forward to a favorable response.
Yours Faithfully,
Henry Mukuna
Great Lakes University
Department of Environmental Health.

Appendix 3: Consent to participate in research

43
Great Lakes University
Client Consent Form (To be read and signed by the participant)
In signing this form, I give my consent to participate in the study entitled “assessing the
environmental and public health impacts of inadequate waste management practices in luanda
market, vihiga county, kenya”

The purpose of the study has been clearly explained to me. I consent to participate in this

study. I have been accorded the opportunity to ask questions. I understand that my

participation in this research will expose me to no risk. I understand that my participation in

this study is absolutely voluntary and I may decide to withdraw my participation before or

during the interview without any consequences. It is still possible to decline to participate

even after signing this consent form. I understand that the information generated from this

study will be used for the purpose described in this consent form. I understand that the data

and any publication from this study will not contain information that will reveal my identity

as a participant and that my identity will be kept anonymous. Data will be coded such that my

identity will not be compromised at any time nor will any key with participant names be

available to anyone other than the investigator of this research and the academic supervisors. I

understand that if I need additional information or have further questions, I will reach the

investigator of this research study, Henry Mukuna, Bachelor of Science (BSc) Environmental

Health candidate, Great Lakes University, Kenya, at the following Contacts:

0723848048

___________________________ ______________________ _______________

Name of Participant Signature Date

Appendix 4:Workplan

Timelines/Time frame

YEAR 2023 2024

44
ACTIVITIES/MONTH OCT. NOV. DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY

TopicIdentificationAnd Objectives

Problem
StatementAndJustification

Introduction

Literature Review And Proposal

Research Methodology

Data Collection

Data Analysis And Interpretation

Typing And Editing

Dissemination And Results

Appendix 5: Budget

Serial Category Description Amount

No (KSH)
1 Personnel Research Assistant Salaries 5,000
2 Principal Investigator 3,000
Compensation
3 Travel Transportation (local and regional) 2,500
Accommodation for field visits 1,500
5 Data Collection Survey Printing and Materials 1,000
Interview Expenses 1,200
Field Equipment 800

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8 Technology Data Analysis Software 500
Communication (internet) 300
10 Training Workshop/Training Session 1,000
Expenses
Training Materials 500
12 Supplies Office Supplies 200
Printing and Photocopying 300
14 Dissemination Report Printing and Binding 400
Workshop or Seminar Expenses 1,000
16 Miscellaneous Contingency Fund 1,000
Unforeseen Expenses 500
18 Ethical Approval Fees for Ethical Approval Process 300
19 Institutional Overhead Costs 1,000
Overhead/Administration
TOTAL AMOUNT: 30,000ksh

Appendix 6: Questionnaire

Questionnaire on Waste Management Practices in Luanda Market, Vihiga County,

Kenya
INTRODUCTION
Instructions

1. This questionnaire has been generated for the sole purpose of gathering
information for research project geared towards understanding waste management
practices in Luanda Market..
2. You are one of the respondents who have been selected to participate in this
research hence that is why you have been given the questionnaire.
3. Please answer all the questions and give your honest answers.

Thank you for participating in this survey. Your responses are crucial for
understanding waste management practices in Luanda Market. Please answer the
following questions to the best of your knowledge and experience.

Section 1: Demographic Information

1.1. Name of Respondent (Optional):
…………………………………………………….

46
1.2. Occupation:
- Vendor
- Shop Owner
- Customer
- Other (Specify):
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
1.3. How long have you been associated with Luanda Market?
- Less than 1 year
- 1-5 years
- 6-10 years
- More than 10 years

Section 2: Waste Management Practices

2.1. Are waste bins provided in your area of operation?
- Yes
- No

2.2. If yes, how frequently are the waste bins emptied?

- Daily
- Weekly
- Monthly
- Irregularly

2.3. How would you describe the current waste sorting practices in Luanda Market?
- Excellent
- Good
- Fair
- Poor

2.4. Do you receive any training or guidance on proper waste disposal?

- Yes
- No
- If yes, please specify the source of training:
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….
2.5. What types of waste do you generate or observe in the market? (Check all that
apply)
- Organic Waste
- Plastic Waste
- Paper/Cardboard
- Glass

47
 - Metals
- Other (Specify):
……………………………………………………….
Section 3: Environmental Consequences (Objective 2)
3.1. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the overall cleanliness of Luanda Market in
terms of waste management?
- 1 (Very Poor) to 5 (Excellent)

3.2. Are you aware of the potential environmental impacts of inadequate waste
management?
- Yes
- No
- If yes, please specify your concerns:
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
Section 4: Public Health Risks
4.1. In your opinion, are there potential public health risks associated with improper
waste disposal in Luanda Market?
- Yes
- No
- If yes, please specify your concerns:
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
Section 5: Barriers and Challenges
5.1. Can you identify any barriers or challenges faced in waste management and market
planning within Luanda Market?
………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….

Section 6: Suggestions and Feedback

6.1. What improvements do you think are needed in waste management practices at
Luanda Market?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.2. Any additional comments or suggestions regarding waste management in Luanda

Market:

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

48
THANKFORYOURPARTICIPATION!!
GOD BLESS YOU.

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