INDEX:

Speaking
Read Aloud ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Repeat Sentences ………………………………….…………………………………………………………….…… 07

Describe Image …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 11

Retell Lecture…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………. 25

Answer Short Questions ………………………………………………………………………….….………….... 33

Writing
Summarise Written Text ………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

Essay ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… 46

Reading
Reorder Paragraph ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drop - Down.: ……………………………………………………………… 55

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop.: …………………….………………………………………… 62

Listening
Summarise Spoken Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 70

Listening: Fill in the Blanks …………………………………………………………………………………. 75

Highlight Incorrect Words …………………………………………………………….…………………………… 79

Write from Dictation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 84

Read Aloud:
1. The numbers on US student debt, after all, are truly staggering. The average two
thousand and fifteen US university graduate who took out loans to help pay for tuition
enters the workforce with thirty-five thousand dollars in student debt. In the US, total
student debt exceeds one point one five trillion dollars, dwarfing, for instance, the
nation's credit card debt.

2. A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized

businesses has uncovered sixty-five instances of theft in more than five years, with
more than thirty-one million dollars stolen. Of the cases identified by the research, 56
involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who
defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women
stole.

3. Our central aim is to enable you to develop knowledge and attitudes and skills that
are conducive to constructive involvement, cooperation and teamwork with others and
will serve you well in future endeavors. To succeed, the process demands all of us a
serious exercise in civic responsibility.

4. Regular exercise releases brain chemicals key for memory, concentration, and
mental sharpness at the same time as lifting your mood, and lowering stress and
anxiety all of which contribute to brain health. Studies show that regular exercise
helps you manage complex tasks, organize and razor-sharpen your focus which is
great for those long revision sessions or particularly complex exam questions.

5. In medicine, the application of information technology means the digitalization of

medical records and the establishment of an intelligent network for sharing those
records. Other benefits flow from these technological changes. In the past medicine
has taken a paternalistic stance, with the all-knowing physician dispensing wisdom,
but that is becoming increasingly untenable.

6. Along with all that they have in common, infants also show unique individual traits.
Some are more active than others, some are more sociable and some are more
interested in the world around them. Infants earlier on show consistent differences in
friendliness and anxiety level which form part of their early character.

7. The information session is a 45-minute presentation conducted by an admission

representative. Immediately following the session is a 90-minute walking tour of the
campus led by a student ambassador. Walking tours of the campus generally include
classroom buildings, a residence hall room, a dining hall, the library, athletic facilities,
performing art facilities, and the student union.

8. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of
over a mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand
Canyon are the subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the
Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.
9. Whether salamander frog or toad, amphibians are some of the most diverse and far
flung animals on the planet. However, they're disappearing, and experts are worried
since frogs are considered bellwethers for the environment. Their double life makes
them unique. It's through their skin that they breathe and drink water because their
skin is so permeable.

10. A university is a lot more than just classes and exams. University is a concept that
offers you a host of possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out
about the different projects, clubs and societies that are in your university. You will
definitely find something you are interested in.

11. Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects,
and precision is more important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too
complex; it is usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or adverbs,
and consistency of terms is often required

12. Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the
development like the Reformation that many Russians’ taking pride in their unique
culture find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of the
European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to debate,
particularly among Russians themselves.

13. It seems that language appeared from nowhere since no other species has
anything resembling human language. However, other animals do possess basic
systems for perceiving and producing sounds that enable them to communicate.
These systems may have been in place before the appearance of language.

14. Using artificial intelligence, researchers can create photorealistic images from
three-dimensional scenery, paving the way for better driving simulators and better
testing of driverless cars.

15. Efficiency is not your friend when it comes to cognitive growth. In order to keep
our brains making new connections and keep them active, you need to keep moving
on to another challenging activity as soon as you reach the point of mastery in the
one you were engaging in.

16. Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Psychologists are
involved in a variety of tasks. Many spend their careers designing and performing
research to understand how people behave in specific situations, how and why we
think the way we do, and how emotions develop and what impact they have on our
interactions with others.

17. How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United States and other
developed countries, the current growth rate is very low. In most developing
countries, the human population is growing at a rate of 3 people per second. Because
of this bustling growth rate, the human population is well on its way to reaching 9
billion within a lifetime.
18. Your body is nearly two-thirds water. And so it is really important that you
consume enough fluid to stay hydrated and healthy. If you don't get enough fluid you
may feel tired, get headaches, and not perform at your best.

19. To some extent, attendance at cultural venues and events is influenced by a

person's age and the composition of the household in which they live. For example,
those people in households with dependent children were more likely to visit
zoological parks and aquariums than people living in single person households.

20. An innovative new product or service can give a firm a head start over its rivals,
which can be difficult for a new entrant to overcome. If the new technology is also
patented, then other firms cannot simply copy its design. It is legally protected.

21. Agricultural problems due to climate change of normal weather, water depletion
and the collapse of soil have become big problems in all parts of the world. Many are
now focusing on ethics and family farming as a way to combat these issues.
Repeat Sentences:

1. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay
here.
2. The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events
3. The program depends entirely on private funding.
4. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the library.
5. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic and speech
time.
6. The gap between rich and poor is not decreasing rapidly as expected.
7. Higher fees cause the student to look more critically at what universities offer.
8. We offer many express delivery options for a small additional charge.
9. He told me it was the most important assignment of all.
10. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
11. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering
workshop.
12. At that time, people moved from towns to villages.
13. The support and advice of lecturers within the department has been invaluable.
14. Compiling a bibliography can present a major challenge for some students.
15. Accommodations on campus are limited but there are more options nearby.
16. I was inspired by the prospect of the new job ahead.
17. He was at the clinic recovering from an operation on his arm.
18. This Thursday is the last day for students to withdraw from subjects without any
penalty.
19. Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.
20. Let us see if the technology is going to cooperate with his presentation.
21. Participants are initially selected from a range of foundation subjects.
22. There is no reason to prove that boredom is necessarily bad..
23. There are places where we can get milk.
24. I'm going to transform my mathematic skills to the classroom.
25. These researches, data and collections should be analyzed.
26. Many important policies need to be made.
27. The Internet has transformed the nature of publishing.
28. Family life is difficult for parents who have shift work.
29. When sentencing, the court will depend on whether the criminal is guilty or not..
30. Education is not just about learning skills for employment..
31. Art helps us to deepen the appreciation of our world..
32. All students have their own styles of learning.
33. The technology has transformed the nature of society.
34. Every living thing begins as a cell.
35. The university sent exchange students to other countries.
36. Career management is a very important subject.
37. It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of toddlers.
38. When the roots of a plant failed, foliage suffers.
39. These three separate resources are not enough for this assessment.
40. Urban planning emphasizes on efficiency and expansion of community.
41. Experts of the financial department will give the guests a lecture.
42. Students would develop confidence on their ability to think critically.
43. The school canteen sells a large variety of water and food.
44. We are researching on the most significant challenges we are facing today.
45. History of economics is a trick subject of research. 46. The rest of the material
was deposited partway down the catchment.
47. The resources cited are not enough for this assessment.
48. It takes a long time to walk to the university.
49. Calculators allow us to add numbers without making mistakes.
50. Providers of higher education treat plagiarism extremely seriously.
51. The disease that was serious has now been eradicated.
52. There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist.
53. An effective business manager is always open to new ideas.
54. Imported packages are likely to be used in many computers.
55. Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language.
56. Philosophy uses logic and reasons to analyze human experience.
57. The skills of great stage actors cannot be taught.
58. All of your assignments should be submitted by next Tuesday.
59. Art and design is a competitive field to work in.
60. The history department is very active in research.
61. The article extrapolates a number of very interesting experiments.
62. She is an expert in the eighteenth century French literature.
63. Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how.
64. The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and tutorials per week.
65. The contest includes both land living history and the human history.
66. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice.
67. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the reader's attention.
68. The medical center is located near the supermarket on North Street.
69. The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%.
70. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
71. The part of the story is the story of my father.
72. The pharmacy was closed when I went past this morning.
73. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
74. The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology.
75. There are lots of students competing for the places in computer courses.
76. There will be a guest lecturer visiting the psychology department next month.
77. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
78. We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
79. We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture.
80. You should raise your concern with the head of school.
81. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
82. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results.
83. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon.
84. We're constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
85. I can't attend the lecture because I have a doctor's appointment.
86. I'm glad you got here safely.
87. Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president.
88. There are various approaches for plagiarism across different university
departments.
89. Rules for breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another.
90. Student discount cards can be used on campus at the coffee house.
91. The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center.
92. The U.S. ranks the twenty second in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
93. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white
photography.
94. The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.
95. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my time
table.
96. We should take gender into account when analyzing the data.
97. Companies exist to make money, not to change society.
98. To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely
impossible.
99. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts.
100. In eighteen thirty, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
101. Number the beakers and put them away before tomorrow.
102. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial
additives.
103. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
104. All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography.
105. The genetic biology technology lab is located in the North Wing of the library.
106. The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the
explosion.
107. With the development of technology, automation brings a lot of benefits to US.
108. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the
soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
109. I would never feed my dog with commercial dog food.
110. The library is deemed too dangerous for children, but there is one child that
visits it daily.
111. Our university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.
112. There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more.
113. Lecture will be available in audio or video.
114. The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday.
115. There are three separate assignments for this module.
116. Students should take advantage of the online help system before approaching
their lecturers.
117. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes.
118. By using the student identification card you can borrow books from the library.
119. The brain is our central computer of our bodies.
120. Read the safety instructions before using the equipment during the workshop.
121. It is quite clear that further research is required.
122. Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.
Describe Image:

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.
7.

8.
9.

10.
11.

12.
13.

14.
15.

16.
17.

18.
19.

20.
21.

22.
23.

24.
25.
Retell Lecture:

1. Today a hundred and fifty thousand farmers in India have committed suicide in
areas where seed has been destroyed where they have to buy the seeds from
Monsanto and by every eight very high cost and that high-cost seed is getting him
into debt and the debt is pushing them to suicide. What we've done is create
community seed banks places where we collect and save seeds rescue them from
disappearance multiply them and then distribute them according to farmer’s needs.
and about 40 community seed banks have been created across the length and
breadth of India places where these have been created farmers are not in distress
because the biggest cost today is seeds and chemicals these seed banks are now
being a new place where we can respond to the new crisis of globalization on the one
hand and climate change on the other globalization has led to farmer suicides we are
able to take seats to the suicide zones and distribute the seat so that farmers can
bring out of that dependency grow food crops get out of debt we've been able to
create community see banks to deal with climate change for the extreme flooding the
new and routes the Cyclones the Hurricanes that lead to salinization and today for us
the work on seed has become the place from where we are responding to the worst
tragedies and the worst crisis of our times.

2. Three stages of Brain development- brain development during childhood, there are
three stages, starting from the primitive brain (the action brain., limbic brain (feeling
brain., and finally to the neocortex (thought brain.. Although interrelated, the three
had its own function. Primitive brain functions to manage the physical to survive,
manage reflex, motor motion control, monitoring body functions, and process
information coming from sensing. Limbic brain functioning as a liaison to process
emotions and the brain thinks, and the primitive brain. While the thinking brain, which
is the most objective part of the brain, receiving input from the primitive brain and
the limbic brain. However, he needed more time to process information from the
primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks the merger is also a place of
experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and actions.
Nerve myelination of the brain take place in sequence, starting from the primitive
brain, the limbic brains, and brain thought. Neural pathways are more frequently used
to make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin, the faster the nerve
impulses or signals travel alone nerves. Therefore, a growing child is encouraged to
receive input from the environment in accordance with its development.

3. This busy little town is named after Sir David’s first cousin. It’s also a Welsh
language stronghold according to the 2001, census results 70 percent of the town’s
population could speak Welsh language, but even here the language may not be
completely safe. The Welch language board expects last year’s census results to show
a fall in the number of Welsh speakers living in its Northern and Western heartland.
One of the main reasons for that the board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers
are choosing to leave the country. At the same time, only small percentage of those
moving in can speak the language or choose to learn it. Historically, over the past
seventy eight years, welch people have continually left in order to find better standard
of pay maybe in quality of employment. And the thing is change was probably is that
there is a larger amount of English people now who have found Wales over last
twenty, twenty-five years, particularly this corner of Wales, and they’re regarded as a
desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas of the England that
people get the Cotswolds chief good as well.

4. The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a
typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text,
such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, “almost surely” is
a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the “monkey” is not an actual
monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of
letters ad infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by
imagining a vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey
exactly typing a complete work such as Shakespeare’s Hamlet is so tiny that the
chance of it occurring during a period of time of the order of the age of the universe is
minuscule, but not zero. But technologies can help monkeys to write. If the monkeys
are given a pen and some papers to spell the word “monkey”, they can only scratch
on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it will take them over 10
years to produce the right spelling. However, if they can use computer programming,
they can finish the task within a day.

5. Mary Mallon, better known as Typhoid Mary, was the initial person in the United
States identified an asymptomatic carrier of the microorganism associated with
typhoid fever. She was presumed to have contaminated 51 people, 3 of whom died,
during her job as a cook. She was twice times forcibly separated by public health
authorities and died after an overall of nearly 3 decades in isolation.From 1900 to
1907, Mallon worked as a cook in the New York City area for seven families. In 1900,
she worked in Mamaroneck, New York, where, within two weeks of her employment,
residents developed typhoid fever. In 1901, she moved to Manhattan, where
members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and diarrhoea, and the
laundress died. Mallon then went to work for an lawyer; she left after seven of the
eight people in that household ended up being ill.

In 1906, she took a position in Oyster Bay, Long Island, and within two weeks 10 of
the 11 family members were hospitalised with typhoid. She changed jobs again and
similar occurred in three more households. She worked as a cook for the family of a
wealthy New York banker, Charles Henry Warren. When the Warrens rented a house
in Oyster Bay for the summer of 1906, Mallon went along too. From August 27 to
September 3, 6 of the 11 people in the household fell victim to typhoid fever. The
disease at that time was "unusual" in Oyster Bay, according to 3 medical doctors who
practised there.

6. Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used

experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the
laws of physics. Major developments in this period include the replacement of the
geocentric model of the solar system with the heliocentric Copernican model, the laws
governing the motion of planetary bodies determined by Johannes Kepler between
1609 and 1619, pioneering work on telescopes and observational astronomy by
Galileo Galilei in the 16th and 17th Centuries, and Isaac Newton's discovery and
unification of the laws of motion and universal gravitation that would come to bear his
name. Newton also developed calculus, the mathematical study of change, which
provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problem.

7. Now I like the history and one thing I want to go over briefly is a history of
epigenetic research and this is from my perspective now. I got into this field in the
early 90s and what I have here is plotted publications total publications and function
of time here and on a linear graph so what I did for this is I wanted to show that
basically up untill around the year 2000. There's an inflection point right around two
thousand five right in here where it looks like basically nothing really is happening
much in the field of epigenetics. To the point where it's actually going vertical and a
lot is happening in field of epigenetics. Now if you plot this rather than on linear paper
semi-log paper what you will find is that what I'm showing is an exponential growth
curve for publications in the field of epigenetics and that in the scientific community.
There's a doubling of the epigenetics papers every one and a half to two years. Last
year alone we put into publication summers between fifteen and twenty thousand
papers which took us 15 years from 1992 to 2005.

8. Advertisers spent over 100 billion dollars worldwide in 2000, and consumer product
advertisements accounted for a little under half of that. What did they get for it? Does
advertising actually work？ Does it that is persuade customers to pay a premium price
for the extra intangible value which a brand confers on a product. Some businessmen
say that one cannot quantify the effect of advertising because it meant to have an
unquantifiable effect. Such as improving product awareness reinforcing brand loyalties
or increasing total consumption of a product category. However, that hasn't stopped
advertising executives from tying for many years to prove the clans that
advertisements have a very quantifiable effect indeed on sales. Advertising is, of
course, only a part of the total marketing mix thinking up the product or service,
naming it, deciding its price, getting it to retailers, arranging the shelf display are all
important too. Advertising was very successful in American Britain during the 1950s
and early 1960s. It slowed down in the early 1970s and totally collapsed in the
recession of 1974, 1975 with the economic recovery from 1976 through 1979 came
some improvement. But higher media prices pushed up total expenditures. By 1990,
that expenditure in most places had regained its real pre-1970 for level. The 1990s
were not good though. Although spending on advertising grew slowly in France,
Britain and Japan. Only in Germany and America did it increase significantly in real
terms and that was mianly because of the 1996 Olympics. The American elections and
export drives in Japan and Germany.

9. The world's worst recorded food disaster occurred in 1943 in British-ruled India.
Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated 4 million people died of hunger that year
in eastern India (which included today's Bangladesh.. Initially, this catastrophe was
attributed to an acute shortfall in food production in the area. However, Indian
economist Amartya Sen (recipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics, 1998. has
established that while food shortage was a contributor to the problem, a more potent
factor was the result of hysteria related to World War II, which made food supply a
low priority for the British rulers.

10. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics

resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy
needs increased. The laws comprising classical physics remain very widely used for
objects on everyday scales travelling at non-relativistic speeds, since they provide a
very close approximation in such situations, and theories such as quantum mechanics
and the theory of relativity simplify to their classical equivalents at such scales.
However, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high
velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century.

11. This is a bomb calorimeter; this is the actual piece of equipment that researchers
used to calculate the energy content of either biodiesel or maybe even the potato
chips that you had for lunch today. When they calculate the amount of energy.
They’re going to calculate it in heat unites which would either be joules or calories. I
want you to look inside the bomb calorimeter inside here, you can see that there’s a
silver bucket water goes all in here and this is actually the bomb is the smaller silver
cylinder what you do is put your fuel sample in there then these two electrodes are
connected to the bomb. These provide the spark that will ignite your sample when
your sample burns or combust that gives off energy. So how is the energy collected or
how did a scientist figure out how much energy is being given off. Well, it’s a closed
system, there’s a lid here that goes on top of this calorimeter and what’s in here in
the lid is a stirrer. The stir is going to stir the water. That’s in this big pool here so
that the heat given off from the sample is going to warm the water in a uniform way.
This is the temperature probe, this goes down in the water also and measures the
change in temperature because as the sample is burned, it will give off heat and the
temperature the water will increase. So the lid goes on the sample is prepared. The
last thing that you need to make a combustion reaction happen is oxygen and at
some point during the process, some oxygen is added by a tank. That’s connected to
the calorimeter here. So we are going to burn a sample of the biodiesel that you’ve
prepared and get some feedback on the energy content of it. You’ll be able to use this
to compare it to petroleum-based fuels like octane.

12. At last month's meeting you asked me to draw up a report about the possibility of
keeping the student center open twenty-four hours a day. I decided that the best way
to assess the need for expanded hours was to talk to the people who were still in the
student center at closing time. First, over the course of the two weeks, I interviewed
more than fifty students as they left the student center at its regular closing time of
twelve midnight. About eighty percent of them said they would prefer that the center
stay open later. Of the three main uses of the center—eating in the snack bar,
recreation in the game room or watching TV, and studying by far the most popular
late night activity is—and this may surprise you—studying. Almost all of the people I
talked to said that their main reason for being in the center after ten p.m. was to
study in groups or to find a quiet place to study because their dorm was too noisy. Of
course, many of these people used the snack bar or TV room for breaks. My
recommendation is that we ask the administration to keep the center open after
midnight for studying. The recreation room and snack bar can still close at the usual
time. This should meet the objection that it costs too much to staff the center from
midnight to eight a.m., which I'm sure will be the first response.

13. Today's world that we live, has a huge impact of biomedical engineering. Thanks
to biomedical engineering, there are now a variety of medical devices and machines
that can both improve health and save lives. MSc in Biomedical Engineering in
Ireland is the fusion of engineering expertise with the world of clinical medicine,
developing technologies such as laser systems used in corrective eye surgery and
systems for analysing blood. Doing Masters in Biomedical Engineering in Ireland is key
in the development and recreation of artificial organs, limbs and skin. The biomedical
engineer will work with healthcare professionals including physicians, doctors, nurses,
therapists and technicians after completion of MS in Biomedical Engineering in Ireland.

14. Okay, as you look at this next exhibit, you'll notice something quite common—an
ordinary bar of soap. Now, soap has been around a long time. In fact, the ancient
Phoenicians produced soap as a substance for washing the body way back in 600 B.C.
They made it by blending goat's fat with wood ash. The Phoenicians, as you may
know, regularly traded along the Mediterranean, and they were the ones who
introduced soap to the Greeks and Romans. Now, soap was not something welcomed
by all countries. In fact, during the superstitious Middle Ages, many people were
afraid to bathe their whole body too frequently. They thought it could be dangerous
for their health—that it could even kill them. And even after the production of soap
became common in some European countries in the eleventh and twelfth centuries,
even then some people in the heart of Europe refused to use it. You'll find it
interesting that when a duchess was given a box of soap as a present in 1549, she
was so insulted that she had the gift-giver thrown off her estate! But by the
nineteenth century the attitude toward soap had changed drastically. In some regions
of Europe the tax on soap was so high that people secretly made their own. A baron
went so far as to suggest that the wealth of a nation could be judged according to the
amount of soap it used. Now, if you turn your attention to the next exhibit, you can
see how soap is manufactured today.

15. Super Symmetry: Super-symmetry is a mathematical idea that people have

developed an effort to understand the sharpest organising principle for the
fundamental constituents of matter. You see, we have learned that particles that
seem to be different, can actually secretly be united by certain symmetry principles.
So we use the fact that there are symmetric objects in the world like a sphere or
basketball. You turn a sphere, and even though you've transformed it, it looks the
same fundamentally. We found that certain particles when you transform one particle
into another, even though looks like the identity of the particle has changed, overall
the equations describing it they don't change at all at an underlying level of
symmetry, but we've not been able to do is find a symmetry that would relate certain
kinds of particles, namely matter particles and force particles. Matter particles are
particles like electron, muons and corks, force particles are like photons and gluons
and WZ bosons. Super-symmetry is a symmetry that actually relates to these two
kinds, these two classes of particles. And people have proven that super-symmetry is
the last possible symmetry of the fundamental particles that are mathematics, reality
has not yet been shown to make use of it. So people are now trying to see whether
that symmetry might actually be working in the world can be found evidence for it in
our understanding of fundamental particles.

16. Conduct disorder in children is very serious. It's a disorder of childhood and
adolescence that is long term, that's chronic, where children have very aggressive
impulses, where children are involved in difficulties with the law and really seem to
have no regard for the rules or for authority. When children have conduct disorder
they are definitely at risk of carrying these difficulties into adulthood which also brings
about a myriad of different problems. Children with conduct disorder often have
difficulties in schools, have difficulty with relationships and have difficulty with
employment and lifelong long-term relationships. It's important to recognize that if
your child is not doing well in school, if your child has had difficulty where legal action
was necessary, if your child is bullying, getting into fights and this is constant and
ongoing, if your child does not get help these complexities will really exacerbate into
other major difficulties. Look for signs of your child's grades dropping, look for signs
of repeated detentions, suspensions and brushes with the law. Parents please
recognize that if your child has signs of conduct disorder the sooner you get help, the
sooner your child can start to learn more adaptive behaviors.

17. If you liked the colorful animals we just saw, you're going to love these next
animals: frogs. You might not normally think of frogs as being colorful, but these frogs
definitely are. They are the dart-poison frogs of Central and South America. Look at
their striking colors, often yellow with black stripes or deep blue with black spots.
Beyond being nice to look at, these markings have a purpose. They warn predators
that these frogs are poisonous. When threatened, these frogs secrete a substance
through their skin that would easily kill whatever animal might try to eat them. Their
bright colors communicate this, and so most animals tend not to hunt them. Now,
speaking of hunting, for centuries these frogs were sought after by hunters. As you
might think, the hunters didn't want to eat the frogs, but rather, they captured them
for their poison. They would add the poison to the tips of their hunting arrows. Of
course, nowadays most hunters use guns. These days, dart-poison frogs are of less
interest to hunters than to medical researchers. Researchers believe that they can
make new heart medicine from the poison, because it acts as a stimulant on the
body's nervous system. Researchers think they could use it to stimulate a weak heart.
There is, however, a problem with doing research on these frogs. Those that are
caught in the wild will produce their poison until they die. However, those that are
born in captivity, like the ones you see here, will not produce any poison at all.

18. In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle
of the last century and what has created these changes. So. urn — by the 1950s, air
pollution was very visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many
large cities around the world. The main source of this pollution was from factories and
it caused severe health problems. For example, a particularly severe smog in London
in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously, something had to be done and
in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed the pollution from
factories and the smog’s soon disappeared. However, as you know, these days air
pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and the 1950s is that
you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars and
lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs. this air pollution is still a
significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution
is that we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars
and lorries, trains and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air
pollution around the world.

19. Australia’s location is important for the world to export and its international trade
is also important. since Australia has a broad territory, old towns scattered around.
That is a huge expense for transportation for trains and ferries. The government also
pay large amounts for its telecommunication to build up the connection among
regions. Australian people are mainly living in five cities and they are Melbourne,
Sydney, Perth and Brisbane, and so on. The most special one is Perth which is one of
the most isolated cities in the world. However, this does not affect its states to be the
largest city in Australia. The largest companies, like the two leading companies Telstra
and Qantas that based in Perth.
Answer Short Questions:

1. What do we call a person who does a job without being paid? – volunteer

2. What do we call a person who is registered for the election? – candidate

3. What are the animals that have fins? – fish

4. What do you call the case you use to carry documents? – briefcase

5. What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken? – stairs

6. What is the cooking process to make cakes or bread? – baking

7. How many legs does a tripod have? – three

8. What is the opposite of white? – black

9. Who prescribe patients medicine? – Doctors

10. What does 'MBA' stand for? – Master of Business Administration

11. If a figure is pentagon, how many sides does it has? – Five

12. What is the conservation of non-renewable energy? – Reuse / recycling

13. What do you call the dark shape your body make on the ground in the sun? –
Shadow

14. What is the portable breathing apparatus for divers? – Aqualung

15. In which direction does the Sun rise from? – East

16. Where does camel normally appear? – Desert

17. In the sentence: “He has been quite upset since he went back to school.”, which
word uses a past tense? – Went

18. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is
most likely to be picked, white or black? – Black

19. What do we call a plan made by bad people to do a bad action? – Conspiracy.

20. What is the name of the green pigment in plants that helps in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll

21. In what you record your personal experience? – Diary.

22. What do you eat when you are sick? – Medicine

23. What do we call a person looking for a job? - job seeker.

24. What is the upper part of a leg? – Thigh.

25. What do we call the bags that contain possessions and people take with when
traveling? - Luggage

26. What do you call the brother of your father or mother? – Uncle.

27. What do we call a large container used for storing oil? – Drum/barrel.

28. What do we call the behavior of making birds or animals get together? – Herd.

29. What is a text that you send to your friends to invite them to a party? –
Invitation.

30. What do we call the potential benefits of alternatives when a decision is made? –
Opportunity cost.

31. What shows how many people can be in a place like an apartment? – Capacity.

32. What is the upper part that protects a building? – Roof.

33. Who is the main journalist responsible for producing a newspaper or magazine? –
Editor.

34. What is the name for a person who pays rent to a landlord? – Tenant.

35. What is the summary for an academic paper showing what the essay is talking
about? – Abstract.

36. What do we call the different forms of money that a country uses? – Currency.

37. What do we call a person who writes biographies of others? – Biographer.

38. What do we call someone who travels and works in a spacecraft? – Astronaut.

39. What do we call the ceremony where people get married? – Wedding

40. What is a painting of a person's head called? - Portrait

41. What is the force that draws objects toward a planet's center? - Gravity

42. What's the last paragraph of an essay? – Conclusion

43. Where do people go to watch plays? - Theatre

44. What do we call the ship that runs underwater? – Submarine

45. What is the opposite word of subtraction in mathematics? – Addition

46. How many sides are there in a pentagon? - five

47. How many years are there in a bicentennial? - Two hundred

48. What do we call the thing we use to put into the lock and open it? – Key

49. What do we call the tall buildings that stick into the sky? – skyscrapers

50. Who takes care of people who are sick and stay in hospital?

51. How do you call the doctor who treats sick animals? - Veterinarian

52. What do we call the legal document that states how people’s property should be
allocated after their deaths? – Will

53. What do we call stop or comma? – Punctuation

54. What do you call the female partner in a marriage? – Wife

55. What document would doctors give patients for them to buy medicines? –
Prescription

56. What is the room that is under the ground floor? – Basement

57. What is the opposite of ending in a film or movie? – Prologue

58. What do you call the horror of being trapped in a closed space? – Claustrophobia

59. When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or slow? – Quick

60. What is the collection of maps called? – Atlas

61. If a car is not stationary, what it is doing? - Moving

62. Which systems do planets such as earth; moon belong to? - Solar system

63. What part of a room is over your head? – Ceiling.

64. If a figure is hexagonal, how many sides does it have? – Six.

65. What do people cast in an election? – Vote.

66. What is the name of ceremony in which two people get married? – Wedding.

67. Which one word is used for a brother or sister? – Sibling.

68. What is the word in geometry for a shape that has three sides? – Triangle.

69. How many sides are there in a bilateral agreement? – Two.

70. What is the word for a period of one hundred years? – Century.

71. In which direction does the sun come up? – East.

72. How many days are in a week? - Seven days.

73. What is the meeting point of sea and sky called? – The horizon.

74. What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk? - elephants.

75. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas, mitigation or
migration? – Migration.

76. What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related words? –
Thesaurus.

77. A dozen is a grouping of which number? – Twelve.

78. If a couple have a pair of children, how many children do they have? – Two.

79. Why plants need bees? - Pollination/pollinating.

80. What does the sun do during dawn? – Sunrise.

81. What do we call the liquid which is in a car? – Gasoline

82. Which sense of human relates to the Soft and roughness?- Touch

83. What is the opposite of stale?- Fresh

84. What do we call the sport of riding on waves while standing on a narrow board? –
Surfing.

85. What do we call the lizard that can change its color according to the surroundings?
- Chameleon

86. What is the opposite of 'simplify'? – Complicate.

87. What is the layer of tissue that covers our body? – Skin.
88. What do we call a person that has won the first prize in a competition? -
Champion

89. What is the thick forest in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of rain? –
Rainforest.

90. Who is trained to treat people who are ill in a hospital? - Doctor.

91. What do we call the container that is used for heating or boiling water? - Kettle

92. Which type of meal is usually eaten outdoors, picnic or buffet? – Picnic.

93. What do we call the restaurant that serves buffet? - Cafeteria.

94. What is the opposite of compulsory subjects? - Optional.

95. What do we call the subjects that are taught in a school or college? -Curriculum

96. What do we call one of the parts of a school year? – Term.

97. What do we call a structure made for bees to live in? –beehive.

98. Which one is the unit of capacity: centimetre or litre? – Litre.

99. What do we call the series of pages showing the days, weeks and months of a
particular year? – Calendar.

100. What do we call a public event at which things are sold to the person who offers
the highest price? – Auction.
Summarise Written Text:
1.
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been commercially
viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to demonstrate that these
technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally beneficial, and suitable to be
insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering
has led on research into straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has
included developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-Mark
certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety, durability and
weather-resilience and means that developers and homebuyers can now get insurance
and mortgages for straw homes and buildings. The innovative straw walls in the new
houses provide two times more insulation than required by current UK building
regulations. Based on monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds, fuel
bill reductions up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell
technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame infilled with
straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-based system or
ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology combines the lowest carbon
footprint and the best operational CO2 performance of any system of construction
currently available. In fact, as an agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be
carbon negative as straw absorbs CO2 when it grows.

2.
Current research into the nature of the relationship between participation in physical
activity/sport and educational performance has produced mixed, inconsistent and
often non-comparable results. For example, some cross- sectional studies illustrate a
positive correlation between participation in sport and physical activity and academic
success (e.g., math’s, reading, acuity, reaction times.. However, critics point to a
general failure to solve the issue of direction of cause — whether intelligence leads to
success in sport, whether involvement in sport enhances academic performance, or
whether a third factor (e.g. personality traits. explains both. Longitudinal studies also
generally support the suggestion that academic performance is enhanced, or at least
maintained, by increased habitual physical activity. Yet such studies are criticized for
not being definitive because some do not use randomized allocation of pupils to
experimental and control groups (to control for pre- existing differences., others tend
to use (subjective. teacher-assigned grades to assess academic achievement, rather
than standardized and comparable tests; and some programmers include parallel
interventions, making it difficult to isolate specific effects. More generically, one key
piece of research illustrates that both acute exercise and chronic training
programmers have small, but beneficial, positive impacts on cognitive performance.
However, this study concludes that as experimental rigor decreased, effect size
increased. Further, generalization is limited because effect size is influenced by the
nature and type of exercise, the type of participants, the nature of the cognitive tests
and the methodological quality of the study.
3.
Humans love to complain to each other. It helps us feel less alone. Think about what
happens when a family member or friend is going through a tough time; they call up
someone who will listen to their tale of woe. Unfortunately, negative bonding is the
default for many groups. In some families, complaining is the only way to get
attention. When one person says, I had a bad day; the other person has to top it,
"You think you had a tough day. I had to do three TPS reports!" The same thing
happens at work and social settings. "Your child didn't sleep through the night until 6
months? Mine was a full year old before she went over six hours." It's a race to the
bottom, and the worst situation wins. In Bitching is Bonding, A Guide To Mutual
Complaint, Irene S. Levine, Ph.D., a professor of psychiatry at the NYU Langone
School of Medicine says, "The reason why these conversations feel good is because we
feel understood." People raised in negative environments learn early on. Being
positive gets you thrown out of the club. When family dinner is a complaint fest,
you’re not going to risk alienation saying, "Wow, I had an awesome day. Don't you
just love life?" Translate this into a work setting: people, often unconsciously, believe
being positive keeps you out of the cool club. When negativity provides bonding,
humans are reluctant to abandon the behavior that brings them comfort.

4.
As economic troubles stops flare up around the globe, the earning estimates of
American firms who do business abroad begin to flatten. Without these international
consumers to buy their products, there are fewer sales, which means that inventories
pile up. When there is more supply than demand, prices go down. Lower prices would
normally cause demand to pick up, but in an uncertain economy people tend to
postpone purchases. We see this tendency in the American economy with computer
products where consumers believe that the prices will go down if they wait another six
months, so they decide to hold off. This tendency causes further gluts in the market,
which eventually leads manufacturers to slow production. They lay off workers,
causing domestic consumption to fall further since there is less money to buy goods.
These effects ripples throughout the economy and create a deflationary spiral that can
lead to a recession or even a depression.

5.
With a good system of crop rotation, and especially with the addition of any sort of
fertilizer you may be able to come up with, it's possible to grow crops on a plot of land
for upwards of 2 - 3 years at a time with good results. Ultimately, though, you must
let the land rest if you hope to continue farming there in the long-run. Allowing a plot
of land to rest for a period of time is known as letting the field go fallow, and there
are several reasons for this. Allowing a field or plot to lie fallow means that you don't
grow anything new on it, don't harvest anything and don't graze any animals on the
land for at least a year. Sometimes a field will lay fallow for two, three or even four
years, but the traditional standard on many farms was to let a field lie fallow once
every 2 - 3 years. This fallow period allows the land to replenish many of its nutrients.
The root networks of various grasses or groundcovers (like clover. have a chance to
expand and grow, which further strengthens the soil and protects it from erosion.
During the fallow period, there are many beneficial flora and micro-fauna, including
cyanobacteria, which live in the soil. These microorganisms continue to be active at
the root level, steadily improving the quality of the soil so that when you come back in
a year or two, you can begin planting food or cash crops anew.

6.
The colors that we see are a result of the light reflected within a narrow range of
wavelengths – what we call the visible spectrum. But sunlight also spans wavelengths
that we cannot see. Humans can’t see ultraviolet wavelengths, which many other
animals can see. But there’s one set of wavelengths that elude all of us – these are
near infra-red (NIR. wavelengths. And understanding how bird feathers interact with
these wavelengths is important, not just for birds, but also for humans through the
potential for improvements in thermal efficiency. Our research in the School of
BioSciences at the University of Melbourne suggests that some Australian birds can
control their temperature and avoid overheating by reflecting near-infrared
wavelengths of sunlight. We collected information on 90 species of Australian birds
and found a very strong link between living in hot, arid regions and reflecting a higher
proportion of near-infrared light. Researchers in the field of animal colouration have
largely ignored near-infrared light, because it isn’t easy to measure and there’s no
evidence that animals can see these wavelengths. Because these wavelengths are
invisible, they don’t affect camouflage or sexual attractiveness, which are very
important in the animal world. This means that many animals can control their
temperature by altering reflection of near-infrared light without compromising their
ability to hide.

7.
Alexis de Tocqueville, as we have noted, appears to have had some appeal to both
ends of the political spectrum — left and right. Or rather, both have found him to be
useful for their purposes in certain circumstances. His rational acceptance of the new
forces of democracy brought about by the American and French revolutions made him
an icon of left-wing liberals. However, during the Cold War - that is, from the end of
World War Il until the collapse of communism - he was adopted by some leading
thinkers on the right. So, there are two sides to his political philosophy, and the man
himself that we need to look at. Now, I would suggest that de Tocqueville's biography
is important here. You must always bear in mind when reading him that he was an
aristocrat, and one whose family had suffered in the French Revolution. He wasn't
your typical aristocrat because his politics differed from others of his family and social
rank. He abandoned the Catholic church and married beneath his class. Yet he never
quite threw off the prejudices of that class. However, and what is important, he did
recognize and believe that the tendency of history, which in those days could be
traced back to the Middle Ages, was towards the leveling of social ranks, and more
equal and democratic conditions. The French Revolution had in the end brought
Napoleon, whom he hated, but democracy would inevitably come to France. His trip to
America was to see democracy in practice, make note of its shortcomings and errors,
and then find safeguards against them.
8.
On October 12, 1492 (the first day he encountered the native people of the Americas.,
Columbus wrote in his journal: They should be good servants. I, our Lord being
pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for your Highnesses.
These captives were later paraded through the streets of Barcelona and Seville when
Columbus returned to Spain. From his very first contact with native people, Columbus
had their domination in mind. For example, on October 14, 1492, Columbus wrote in
his journal, with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required
of them. These were not mere words: after his second voyage, Columbus sent back a
consignment of natives to be sold as slaves. Yet in an April, 1493, letter to Luis de
Santangel (a patron who helped fund the first voyage., Columbus made clear that the
people he encountered had done nothing to deserve ill treatment.

9.
Negotiation is a common process in business to mainly solve business conflicts
between both parties. Compromise is a basic negotiation state in which both parties
give up something that they want in order to get something else they want more.
Compromise usually occurs in unfair parties when there is a fixed pie to be divided up,
and whatever on one side gets, the other side loses. In compromise situations, neither
side gets all of what they really want, but they each make concessions in order to
reach an agreement that is acceptable to both. Both parties usually can reach win-win
concept through compromise. However, negotiation cannot resolve all the conflict if
one party is unwilling to resolve the problem.

10.
Brand loyalty exists when consumers repeat-purchase your brand rather than
swapping and switching between brands. It is widely agreed that it is far more
expensive to have to find a new customer than to keep existing ones happy, so brand
loyalty is crucial for achieving high-profit margins. For charities, it is important to set
a marketing objective of improving brand loyalty. If existing donors can be persuaded
to set up a direct debit to the charity, its cash flow will improve significantly. Although
some brands stay fresh for generations (Marmite is over 100 years old. others become
jaded due to changes in consumer tastes and lifestyles. At this point, the firms need
to refresh the brand image to keep the products relevant to the target market. A clear
objective must be set. For instance: what brand attributes do we want to create?
What do we want the brand to stand for? This occurs when a firm aims to a change a
brand’s image, so that the brand appeals to a new target market. Twelve years into
its life cycle, McVitie's decided to reposition its Hobnobs biscuit brand. Hobnobs had
been positioned as a homely, quite healthy biscuit for middle-aged consumers.
Research pointed McVitie's in a new direction: younger, more male, and less dull. So
new packaging was designed and then launched in conjunction with a new, brighter
advertising campaign. In 2013 Hobnobs sales were worth 36 million pounds, 9 percent
up on the previous year.
11.
When people start thinking about language, the first question which often occurs to
them is this: is language natural to humans? - in the same way that grunting is
natural to pigs, and barking comes naturally to dogs. Or is it just something we
happen to have learned? - in the same way that dogs may learn to beg, or elephants
may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to play the guitar. Clearly, in one sense,
children 'learn' whatever language they are exposed to, be it Chinese, Nootka or
English. So no one would deny that 'learning' is very important. But the crucial
question is whether children are born with 'blank sheets' in their head as far as
language is concerned - or whether humans are 'programmed' with an outline
knowledge of the structure of languages in general. This question of whether language
is partly due to nature or wholly due to learning or nurture is often referred to as the
nature- nurture controversy, and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it
was the topic of one of Plato's dialogues, the Cratylus. Controversies which have been
going on for literally ages tend to behave in a characteristic fashion. They lie dormant
for a while, then break out fiercely. This particular issue resurfaced in linguistics in
1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a devastating and witty review of Verbal
Behavior, a book by the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner (Skinner 1957; Chomsky
1959.. This book claimed to 'explain' language as a set of habits gradually built up
over the years. According to Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms
are needed. All that is necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the
external world which prompt the speaker to utter sounds.

12.
We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed
countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledged.
Global communication is "shrinking" the world, and global ageing is "maturing" it. The
increasing presence of older persons in the world is making people of all ages more
aware that we live in a diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible
to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one views it positively or negatively.
Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a
demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will
undergo a historic crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of
change in the world's population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution
traditionally considered the most significant social and economic breakthrough in the
history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked the beginning of a
sustained movement towards modern economic growth in much the same way that
globalization is today marking an unprecedented and sustained movement toward a
"global culture". The demographic revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as
powerful. While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one where both
the challenges as well as the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which
exploration and research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social
and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of diminishing
young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present themselves in the
sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to gain from
their contribution.
13.
We can't see it, but brains hum with electrical activity. Brain waves created by the
coordinated firing of huge collections of nerve cells pinball around the brain. The
waves can ricochet from the front of the brain to the back, or from deep structures all
the way to the scalp and then back again. Called neuronal oscillations, these signals
are known to accompany certain mental states. Quiet alpha waves ripple soothingly
across the brains of meditating monks. Beta waves rise and fall during intense
conversational turns. Fast gamma waves accompany sharp insights. Sluggish delta
rhythms lull deep sleepers, while dreamers shift into slightly quicker theta rhythms.
Researchers have long argued over whether these waves have purposes, and what
those purposes might be. Some scientists see waves as inevitable but useless by-
products of the signals that really matter — messages sent by individual nerve cells.
Waves are simply a consequence of collective neural behavior, and nothing more, that
view holds. But a growing body of evidence suggests just the opposite: instead of by-
products of important signals, brain waves are key to how the brain operates, routing
information among far-flung brain regions that need to work together. MIT’s Earl
Miller is among the neuroscientists
Essay:
1. Nowadays, the mass media including TV, radio, and newspaper have become an
essential part of our lives. What is your opinion?

2. "The information revolution by modern mass media has both positive and negative
consequences for individuals and for society.” To what extent do you agree?

3. Some universities deduct students’ marks if the assignment is given late. What is
your opinion and suggest some alternative actions?

4. It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars
who study locally. To what extent do you agree with this?

5. Some people think human behavior can be limited by laws, while others think laws
have little effect. What is your opinion?

6. There are both advantages and disadvantages of company workers assessing their
own products and services. Discuss.

7. People dispute whether travel is or is not a component of a quality education. Some

believe travel is overrated. What is your opinion?

8. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do
you think this is a good or bad change?

9. Parents should be held legally responsible for children's act. What is your opinion?
In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this phenomenon?

10. Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Do you think adults
need games? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

11. Some people are always in a hurry to get somewhere and get things done. Others
prefer to take their time and live a slow-paced life. Will you prefer the slow-paced life
and why?

12. Some people say involvement of youth in crimes is increasing at an alarming rate.
What is your opinion?

13. As a result of advances in medical care, average life expectancy is increasing for
men and women. Do you think most people will see this as a positive development?
What are the disadvantages of an aging population for individuals and society?

14. Travelling to study is discussed to be overrated; there are many brilliant scholars
who study locally. Is travel really necessary for higher achievement.

15. Mass media including the Internet, the television, and newspaper in influences our
society and shapes our opinions and characters. What is your opinion?

16. It is argued that getting married before finishing your study or getting established
in a good job is foolish. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
17. Television serves many useful functions. It helps people to relax. Besides, it can
also be seen as a companion for lonely people to what extent do you agree with this?
Explain it with your own experience.

18. Should there be a maximum wage for highly-paid people? Is it good or bad?

19. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive to
individuals and society?

20. Employers involve employees in the decision-making process of products and

services. What are the advantages and disadvantages?

21. In general, people are living longer now. What are the cause and problems it may
bring?

22. Should marketing in companies produce consumer goods like food and clothing,
place emphasis on reputation of the company or short-term strategies like discount
and special offers? Why?

23. Animal rights have been a subject of debate since the 1970s. Are zoos helping or
hurting animals?
Reorder Paragraph:
1.
A. He began by taking DNA samples but found that they all had a very different
genetic make-up.
B. So he then looked at the East African way of life and found that as Children, 68
percent of all top Ethiopiann or Kenyan runners ran, rather than walked, to school and
back home,from the age of live onwards.
C. Dr Pitsiladis has spent years trying to identify why Ethiopian runners from the
mountain region are so successful.
D. He tested those children and found that their bodies processed oxygen more
efficiently than many adult elite athletes in Britain.
E. From this he concluded that there was nothing that could be identified genetically
as East African.

Answer: CAEBD

2.
A. Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic
contexts.
B. Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughout their artwork.
C. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorative objects.
D. As a term, art history (its product being history of art. encompasses several
methods of
studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture.
E. Art historians compare different time periods in art history.

Answer: ACBED

3.
A. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility and the land
seems refreshed and newly-washed.
B. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of
perspiration that we began to unpack.
C. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for
only three Weeks.
D. As a result, dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if
they had been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.

Answer: ACDB
4.
A. For days before it starts on a journey, a camel does nothing but eat and drink.
B. So the camel’s hump is a storage place for fat, which the camel’s body will use up
during the journey.
C. Where other animals would die for lack of food and water, the camel gets along
nicely because it carries its food and water with it.
D. The camel is called ‘the ship of the desert’ and there is a good reason for it.
E. It eats so much that a hump of fat may be weighing as much as 100 pounds, rises
on its back.

Answer: DCAEB.

5.
A. These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and
waterways and on its native plants and animals.
B. Some have also had to face new predators.
C. Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced
animals for habitat, food and shelter.
D. Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over
millions of years.

Answer: DCBA

6.
A. Thus begins the search for relief: painkillers, ice, yoga, herbs, even surgery.
B. Most computer users develop disorders because they ignore warnings like tingling
fingers, a numb hand or a sore shoulder.
C. They keep pointing and dragging until tendons chafe and scar tissue forms, along
with bad habits that are almost impossible to change.
D. But cures are elusive because repetitive stress injuries present a bag of pills that
often defy easy diagnosis.

Answer: BCAD

7.
A. Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood
clot.
B. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
C. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
D. The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.

Answer: ACDB
8.
A. That’s where you’ll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are
species that could probably survive on Mars as well.
B. They’re hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds
of biology that could help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable planets
and moons.
C. If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.
D. For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that
inhabit the Acigol, Salda and Yarisli lakes.

Answer: CADB

9.
A. Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this
special diet.
B. These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of
vegetarians.
C. Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
D. Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also
attract those who are not vegetarians.
E. This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not
managed well.

Answer: CEADB

10.
A. In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native
speakers in the country.
B. A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English. that developed for some practical
purpose, suchas trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who
did not know each other’s languages.
C. This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier
as a kind of contact language called a pidgin.
D. For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok
Pisin.

Answer: ADCB

11.
A. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
B. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.
C. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
D. Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys were
covered with strips of ivory, but since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and
protected by
treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively used.

Answer: BADC

12.
A. When the plastic litter in our waterways and on the ground gets weathered and
degrades, it eventually breaks down into millions of smaller and smaller pieces.
B. Plastic specks smaller than five millimetres are called microplastics.
C. While exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts,
including higher risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer, science
still lacks evidence about how microplastics and nanoplastics are affecting the human
body.
D. Plastic bottles, bags and containers float in the sea and clog landfill sites.
E. Nanoplastics are even smaller (some are 500 times smaller than a human hair..

Answer: DABEC

13.
A. Digital marketing is the component of marketing that uses internet and online-
based digital technologies to promote products and services.
B. Its development during the 1990s and 2000s changed the way brands and
businesses use technology for marketing.
C. The extension to non-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing from online
advertising.
D. Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such
as television and mobile phones.

Answer: ABDC

14.
A. Such as washing machine, video game players, etc.
B. The amount of e-waste has been growing by 3% to 5% every year.
C. The invention of electronic devices is a huge step and advancement of humans.
D. But how to deal with e-waste has become a problem.

Answer: CADB

15.
A. Sea level raise led to 36 thousand people died every year.
B. This number can be raised if sea level ceaseless goes up, scientists notified.
C. If Sea level raises 1 meter, 168 million people will die all around the world.
D. According to the research, if sea level raises 50 centimeters, 86 million people will
die.
Answer: ABDC

16.
1. Above all, Marx’s fresh perspective on 19th-century events encouraged his readers
to think, and his writing is surprisingly relevant today.
2. During his 11 years of writing for the New York Tribune, Marx tackled an abundance
of topics, from issues of class and the state to world affairs.
3. Particularly moving pieces highlight social inequality and starvation in Britain, while
others explore his ground breaking views on the slave and opium trades – Marx
believed Western powers relied on these and would stop at nothing to protect their
interests.
4. Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he was
also, one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth century.

Answer: 4,2,3,1

17.
1. She refused to give her bus seat to a white man.
2. Her arrest was opposed by Martin Luther king.
3. Rose Parks has a great impact on the civil rights movements.
4. The bus driver arrested her.
5. King then a boycott on the bus system.

Answer: 3,1,4,2,5

18.
A. A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English. that developed for some practical
purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who
did not know each other s languages.
B. In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native
speakers in the country.
C. For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok
Pisin.
D. This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier
as a kind of 'contact' language called a pidgin.

Answer: BCDA

19.
A. Other ports, both major and minor, have spurred into action.
B. The impetus for change in cargo handling, after years of operational inefficiency
has come from new private sector facilitators.
C. And the government agrees this is having a cascading effect on the functioning of
other ports.
D. In terms of cargo handling efficiency, some of India's ports have lately undergone
a sea change.

ANSWER: DBCA

20.
A. Meerkats, a small group-living mongooses in southern Africa, have been so
extensively studied and filmed that we can follow individuals through their lives like
characters in an animal soap opera.
B. The Kalahari Desert meerkats, Suricata Suricatta, have been followed over
generations.
C. They are so habituated to humans that they will climb on and off weighing scales
when a scientist wants to weigh an animal.
D. It is remarkable that behavior, which at one time could only be observed by
dedicated
field workers, is now readily available for all of us to see.

Answer: ABCD

21.
A. In addition, researchers and scuba divers have observed sea turtles respond to the
stimulation of being touched on the skin of their heads and their flippers.
B. The bony shell of a sea turtle can actually sense when something touches it.
C. The nerves do not contain pain receptors so scientists do not think sea turtles feel
pain when touched on the shell, but these thin nerves could transmit information to
other parts of the sea turtle's body.
D. A series of thin nerves run along with the shell and detect pressure changes
associated with touch.

Answer: BDCA

22.
A. Uguisu also attended public kindergarten for two hours every day, and later
elementary school, but with no tutoring in English syntax.
B. The data to be reported here come from a longitudinal study of the untutored
acquisition of English as a second language by a five-year-old Japanese girl whom we
shall call Uguisu, nightingale in Japanese.
C. The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
D. Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was
a visiting scholar at Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-
class neighborhood.

Answer: BDCA
Reading and Writing: Fill in the Blanks:

1.
Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too many ______
to pay and not enough time or money — is a common emotion that knows _____
borders. About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Britain reported experiencing stress on a
daily basis, according to AP-Ipsos _____. Anxious feelings were more intense during
the holidays. Germans feel stress more ______ than those in other countries polled.
People in the United States ______ financial pressures as the top worry. About half
the people polled in Britain said they frequently or sometimes felt that life was beyond
their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed.

1. practices, bills, money, time

2. printed, solid, dash, few
3. series, news, polling, pants
4. intensely, openly, early, traditionally
5. enjoyed, cited, created, exited

Answer: bills, few, polling, intensely, cited

2.
In these distant times, the sun was seen to make its daily _______ across the sky. At
night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a
few nights, it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted
with tiny specks of light. They ______ known as the stars. It was thought that every
star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the _______ of the universe could
be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were
wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbours
and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact, it took millennia, for
man to _______ the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of
the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
1. journey, voyage, travel, flight
2. had become, has become, is becoming, became
3. prediction, prophecy, secrets, system
4. distinguish, determine, distribute, dedicate

Answer: journey, became, secrets, determine

3.
The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air
moves slowly, giving a ________ breeze. At other times it moves rapidly creating
gales and hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun
moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others.
The air above theses _____ spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding
air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it’s heavier. Winds blow
because- air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air.
Winds will blow wherever there is a ______ in air temperature and pressure, always
flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local
name — North America’s chinook and France’s mistral. Others are part of a huge
circulation pattern that sends winds over the _____ globe.
1. Heavy, pressure, gentle
2. fierce, weighted, hot
3. difference, expected, heavier
4. entire, workers, balance
Answer: gentle, hot, difference, entire

4.
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes eat only eggs as part of their ______.
Some eat only small eggs which are ______ to eat, while some snakes eat bird’s
eggs, which they have to swallow ________, as the snake has no teeth. Instead,
these snakes have _______ that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the
egg _________ as it passes through the throat. Once the egg is punctured, muscles
in the snake’s body work in waves to squeeze out the contents, which then move
down into the stomach. The snake then forces the shell back into its mouth by
bending its body into an ‘S’ shape. The shell is now drained and flattened into a
compact shape. Egg eating snakes sometimes have to go for a long time without any
food. So, they eat as many eggs as they can when they get them!
1. Eat, stick, diet
2. moved, easy, swallow
3. whole, part, side,
4. money, payroll, spines
5. open, new, instant

Answer: diet, easy, whole, spines, open

5.
Joseph Engel Berger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once marked, “I can’t ______ a
robot, but I know one when I see one.” If you consider all the different ________
people call robots, you can see that it’s nearly impossible to come up with a
__________ definition. Everybody has a different _______ of what constitutes a
robot.
1. Call, constitutes, define
2. machines, contact, robot
3. definition, comprehensive, make
4. machine, idea, tools

Answer: define, machines, comprehensive, idea

6.
During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land. Water is a
good
absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs much of the sun's energy as
well. However, water heats up much more slowly than land and so the air above the
land will be _____ compared to the air over the ocean. The warm air over the land will
rise throughout the day, causing low pressure at the surface. Over the water, high
surface pressure will form because of the colder air. To _________, the air will sink
over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower
pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary
depending on the temperature __________
between the land and the ocean.

1. warmer, more frigid, freezer, more sizzling

2. cover, compensate, concentrate, precipitate
3. variation, distinction, differentiation, difference

Answer: warmer, compensate, difference

7.
So why is it a concern? It is because _________ is invisible and un-sensed, and for
that reason is perceived as scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the
radiation
__________ to which people can be exposed without ________, and those levels, are
_______ of magnitude above the typical background levels.
1. Radiotherapy, amplification, radioisotopes, radioactivity
2. altitude, size, length, levels
3. dangerous, harm, burned, paying
4. borders, full, orders, part

Answer: radioactivity, levels, harm, orders

8.
Reading is an active process, not a ________ one. We always read within a
____________context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We
always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we __________ it.
Our purpose and background knowledge will also _________ the strategies we use to
read the text.
1. passive, positive, objective, proactive
2. explicit, implicit, specific, general
3. approach, close, grasp, near
4. conclude, determine, undermined, detect

Answer: passive, specific, approach, determine

9.

Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the ‘coffee experience’ has
become a staple of our modern life and ____________. While the current body of
research related to the effects of coffee _____________ on human health has been
contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science
and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT.,
found that the potential ___________ of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks
in adult consumers for the majority of major health ___________ considered.
1. customs, countries, culture, behaviour
2. consuming, consumes, consumption, is consuming
3. drawbacks, demerits, downsides, benefits
4. incomes, outcomings, outstanding, outcomes

Answer: culture, consumption, benefits, outcomes

10.
Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a
complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on _________ around
the world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to
_________ the right school and course for you and unravel the application and
funding process. “Probably the ________ of people applying to business school are at
a point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don’t
know exactly what they want to do with their professional lives,” says Stacy
Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. “If that’s the case
with you, look at other ________: culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a
place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management program. Super-
defined career goals don’t have to be a part of this process.”
1. offer, provision, charge, change
2. lead, choose, engage, induce
3. major, minor, majority, minority
4. qualification, criteria, credentials, quota

Answer: offer, choose, majority, criteria

11.
Everybody needs fresh water. _______ water people, animals and plants cannot live.
Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a
constant supply of freshwater if they are to stay ______ and healthy. Of the total
supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is
stored as ice and snow at the poles, or is so _____ under the surface of the Earth that
we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a
million cubic miles of it that we _____ use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of
fresh water to share out between most of
the plants, animals and people on the planet.
1. Lacking, With, Use, Without
2. hit, well, take, fit
3. creepy, shallow, dark, deep
4. must, should, could, can

Answer: Without, fit, deep, can

12.
Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To satisfy their
_________ and wants, consumers sometimes choose to substitute ____________ on
a
particular product or service with spending on an alternative product or service in
response to a relative price ______________ of the items. All other factors being
equal, consumption expenditure volumes would be expected to rise more strongly on
spending options subject to lower rates of price inflation.
1. needing, needs, works, working
2. spend, spending, spent, spends
3. accessory, movement, acts, regulations

Answer: needs, spending, movement

13.
When our skin is directly __________ to the sun, our bodies make vitamin D, a vital
tool that helps with calcium _________ and building strong bones. Some of it comes
from diet, but a good portion also comes from the sun. And according to the Mayo
Clinic, as little as 10 minutes of sun ________ can provide us with our daily dose.
According to the vitamin D council, “your body can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IU of
vitamin D in just a little under the time it takes for your skin to _____ pink.
1. expounded, expostulated, exposed, deposed
2. quantity, absorption, level, degree
3. exposure, extension, radiator, light
4. push, pull turn, ample

Answer: exposed, absorption, exposure, turn

14.
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes
______ the Greek root “to build.” Putting these two words together, we get the term
plate tectonics, which ______ to how the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The theory
of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer is ________ into a dozen or
more large and small plates that are moving ______ to one another as they ride atop
hotter, more mobile material.
1. from, towards, with, for
2. refers, responds, presumes, accords
3. extended, fragmented, exposed, stretched
4. relevant, relative, refer, up

Answer: from, refers, fragmented, relative

15.
The skills you will develop on this course will help you become more confident and
competent in managing written and social aspects In your current career. It will
________ you for further study in your area of interest. We plan to provide you with
the opportunity to hear about the work of professors who have been involved in the
past. We have had confirmation that they will give talks on their subjects
___________ to your group, and help you to clarify potential future directions you
might take in your study and career. There are also dedicated careers services
available at the University, ___________ you will be entitled to use. The assessments
for the first part of the program are designed to develop key study skills and to
provide you with the opportunity to brush up on skills you haven't used for a long
time, or feel you do not have. This will include some written work essays, as well as
group work (short presentations. and you will be taught how to do these. ________ of
the
assessment for each module will be explained in your first session.

1. send, fund, prepare, protect

2. specially, excessively, generally, exclusively
3. that, which, as, what
4. Dots, Fields, Details, Portraits

Answer: prepare, specially, which, Details

16.
The supply of a thing, in the phrase "supply and demand," is the amount that will be
offered for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be
bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply and
demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought if the
price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is __________. Therefore, sellers, if
they wish to induce buyers to take more of a commodity than they are already doing,
must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will sell less. If there is a general
falling off if in demand-- due, say, to trade
depression -- sellers will either have to ________ prices or put less on the market;
they will not be able to sell the same _________ at the same price. Similarly, with
supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price
more will be offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offer a
higher price; if they want less, they will probably be able to force prices down. That is
the first result of a change in demand or supply.

1. higher, kept, folded, raised

2. trade, treat, describe, reduce
3. quantity, patch, amount, deal

Answer: raised, reduce, amount

17.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and
nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a ____________
point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard
English, as selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our
sense of __________ usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to
be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be
approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or
ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of
that found in Middle English, when dialled variation in literature was widespread and
uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in
a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language
which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic ____________ which
will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an inferiority complex
about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to ______ off.
1. transitional, transgenerational, transcend, conventional
2. acceptable, applicable, additional, appropriate
3. contribution, constitution, consequences, contemporary
4. Shake, mix, compulsory, masterpiece

Answer: transitional, acceptable, consequences, shake

Reading: Fill in the blanks:
1.
When our skin is _______ exposed to the sun, our bodies make vitamin D, a vital tool
that helps with calcium absorption and building _____ boxes. Some of it comes from
diet, but a good portion also comes from the sun. And according to the Mayo Clinic, as
little as 10 minutes of sun exposure can provide us with our daily ______. According
to the vitamin D council, “your body can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IU of vitamin D in
just a little under the time it ________ for your skin to turn pink.

Options: 1. takes 2. dose 3. strong 4. directly 5. sophisticated 6. consumes 7. routine

Answer: directly, strong, dose, takes

2.
Everybody needs fresh water. ______ water people, animals & plants cannot live.
Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a
constant supply of fresh water to stay ____& healthy. Of the total supply of water on
the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, & most of that is stored as ice & snow at the
poles, or is so _____ under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite
so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that
we ______use. That’s about 4,300,000 cubic kilometres of freshwater to share out
between most of the plants, animals & people on the planet!

Options: unless, fit, sound, depth, further, without, deep, can

Answer: without, fit, deep, can

3.
The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and _____ up the
coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not _____ to have been
native to the British Isles. As its name _____ it can be found in montane habitats up
to 2,500 meters in _____ but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will use a
_____ of water-bodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing
streams (Griffiths, 1995..

Option: occurs, appear, certainty, grows, suggests, height, altitude, variety

Answer: occurs, appear, suggests, altitude, variety

4.
What are your bad habits? I think everyone has bad habits. Not ____ agrees on what
bad habits are. Some _______ don’t think smoking is a bad habit. Young people don’t
think listening to loud music on the _____ is a bad habit. In japan, slurping your
noodles is a sign that you enjoy your food, but making a noise while eating in ______
is not good. Have you ever tried to break your bad habits? I have quit ______ and
have stopped leaving things laying around the ____. I wish other people would stop
their bad habits.
Option: everyone, smokers, drinkers, ground, train, England, smoking, house,
Answer: everyone, smokers, train, England, Smoking, house

5.
There are ____ out there, somewhere. I strongly believe this. Not sure what they look
like, though. I really _____ they are green, like are in science _____ movies. I also
don’t think they look like us. But I’m sure they exist. I just don’t think we’ll see any or
find any. They live too far away. If you think about it ______. There has to be aliens
out there. All a _____ needs is to be warm and have water and life will exist. There
are billions and billions of planets in the _______, so there are probably millions and
millions that have life. Alien life. It’s also likely that some of the aliens are much more
intelligent than we are. I wonder what we’d do if really intelligent aliens visited Earth.
What would we ask them?

Option: logically, universities, aliens, alleviate, doubt, fiction, apart, planet, universe
Answer: aliens, doubt, fiction, logically, planet, universe

6.
People are living longer and this longevity is good news for sales teams. It results in a
much more precise ______ base for them to work from. Why we are living longer is
not the issue for anyone involved in drawing ___ plans to market a product. What
they focus on is the fact that there are now more age groups to target, which means
that a sales pitch can be re-worked a number of times to more exactly fit each one.
For example, rather than referring _____ to ‘adults’, there are now ‘starting adults’,
‘young adults’ and ‘established adults’. Similarly, markets no longer talk about
‘children’, but tend to refer to a fuller range of categories that _______ ‘kids’,
‘tweens’, ‘pre-teens’ and ‘teenagers’, we now have a very diverse population in _____
of age, and that can only be a bonus for business.

Options: Up, terms, includes, simply, customer, according,

Answer: Customer, up, simply, includes, terms

7.
_____ or fierce, wind always wind always starts in the same way. Wind is formed by
the circulation of air. The sun heats up some parts other sea and the land. The air
among the_____ spots warms up and rises. The cold air drops because it is ______
some wind circulated within a small area. Others blow in the entire _____.

Options: heavy, Soft, hot, Warm, light, entire, all, weighted, Cold, cool, Gentle, globe.
Answer: Gentle, hot, heavy, globe.

8.
The American cabinet, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and
this lack of _________ between executive and legislature is one of the __________
features of American federal government. It came as a reaction against George Ill’s
very intimate relations with the House of Commons. The constitution guarded ______
executive control through “place –men by __________ federal officials.
Option: reliance, coordination, distinctive, frontiers, against, disqualifying
Answer: coordination, distinctive, against, disqualifying

9.
Education is generally considered to be a key ______ in improving outcomes for
Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved ____ and
socioeconomic status are directly ______ to educational participation and
achievement. There is a range of issues _____ participation in education for
Indigenous Australians, including ______ to educational institutions, financial
constraints, and community expectations.

Option: factor, morality, health, trajectory, associated, linked, affecting, access

Answer: factor, linked, health, affecting, access

10.
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes
occur as the ____ of chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes
include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s membrane, causing a _____ to pass
from one end to the other. Other examples include the _____ of oxygen in the blood
by a protein as it _____ through the lungs for usage throughout the body.

Option: goes, result, neuron, signal, storage, rectifies, passes

Answer: result, signal, storage, passes

11.
Green spaces contribute significantly to a ___________ of soil and aerial
temperatures during spells of hot weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the
garden _________, there is, however, little information as to what extent various
types of plants ________ in their cooling potential and how certain planting
combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario of low _______ and minimal
water inputs.

Options: addition, focus, background, rainfall, differ, context, penetration, reduction

Answer: reduction, context, differ, rainfall

12.
Education and well-being have often been __________. The idea that education can
promote individual well-being indirectly, by _________ earnings and promoting
_________ mobility, is an old one; so are notions of education helping to promote the
good society by _____________ to economic growth and equality of opportunity.

Options: local, improving, resorting, associated, demonstrating, social, contributing,

discriminated.
Answer: associated, improving, social, contributing

13.
Fingerprints, referred to as 'finger-marks' in forensics, are formed when residue from
the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is _________ onto a surface, leaving behind an
impression. Finger-marks are often made of sweat and
colorless_______________materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These
finger-marks are described as 'latent' as they are generally invisible to the naked eye,
which means that __________ them at a crime scene can be challenging.

Options: purging, contaminating, locating, deleting, transferred

Answer: transferred, contaminating, locating

14.
At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the
North Atlantic and ________ a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even though
the rest of the planet was warming ______, the North Atlantic region remained in a
cold period for 1300 years. The same thing happened ________ 8000 years ago,
when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it _______ happen again today.
Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a dramatic effect on the
wildlife, and the human populations, living there.

Options: forwent, up, never, caused, could, around

Answer: caused, up, around, could

15.
Carbon prices in the European Union also reached their highest level in a decade this
summer following a series of ________ meant to limit the oversupply of _______ and
expand many industries subjected to the cap. The biggest development of all may be
in China, the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter, which has taken steps toward its
own _____________ trading program. China's move has the ____________ to
narrow the gap between global carbon prices and climate costs to 63 percent in the
early 2020s, OECD found.

Options: missions, reforms, potential, emissions, points

Answer: reforms, credits, emissions, potential

16.
One of the best studied applications of plasmonic materials is sensors for _________
chemical and biological agents. In one approach, researchers coat a plasmonic
nanomaterial with a substance that __________ to a molecule of interest--say, a
bacterial toxin. In the absence of the toxin, light shining on the material is
_____________ at a specific angle. But if the toxin is present, it will alter the
frequency of the surface plasmon and, thus consequently, the angle of the reflected
light. This effect can be measured with great accuracy, _____________ to even trace
amounts of the toxin.

Options: rejected, enabling, reemitted, revolves, detecting, binds

Answer: detecting, binds, reemitted, enabling

17.
Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and
evolutionary psychology have resulted in new _____ of thinking about human nature.
Can we explain the mind and consciousness in ________ of brain function? Can we
understand modern human behavior as our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the
right _______ to start if we want to understand human nature? Come along the Great
Debate, hear the arguments and have your _______.

Options: place, beliefs, extent, ways, terms, say, end

Answer: ways, terms, place, say

18.
Eutrophication is a process when bodies of water ________ to a high nutrient level
due to extensive fertilizer in the soil. The water becomes overly enriched with
minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of _________ and other
aquatic species which may ______ minerals in the water, thus endanger other
species.

Options: reach, deplete, accumulate, destroy, maximize, algae, pesticide

Answer: accumulate, algae, deplete

19.
Most of us are _______ of open conflict and avoid it if we can. And there is a ______
to expressing and working through conflict. If the working through involves harsh
words and name-calling, people feel deeply hurt and relationships can be ______.
Sometimes permanently. Some group members may be afraid that if they really
_________ their anger, they may go out of control and become violent, or they may
do this. These fears can be very _______ and based on experience.

Options: routine, rein, damaged, culminated, scared, real, reminiscent, express, risk,
Answer: scared, risk, damaged, express, real

20.
Deforestation can disrupt the lives of local communities, sometimes with devastating
__________ forests provide a vast array of _________ to all of us, including food,
wood medicine, fresh water, and the air we breathe. Without the trees, species can
disappear, the natural water balance can become disrupted and the ecosystem that
supports the human population can fall ____.

Option: facilities, resources, off, apart, consequences, prerequisites

Answer: consequences, resources, apart

21.
To be called a “haute couture” house, a business must belong to the Syndical
Chamber of Haute Couture in Paris, which is _________ by the French Department of
Industry. Members must __________ 15 or more people and present their collections
twice a year. Each _________ must include at least 35 separate outfits for day and
evening wear.

Option: inspiration, employ, endorse, presentation, empathize, regulated

Answer: regulated, employ, presentation

22.
How does a T-shirt originally sold in a U.S shopping mall to ___________ an
American sport team end up being worn by an African teen? Globalization,
consumerism, and recycling all _____________ to connect these scenes. Globalization
has made it possible to produce clothing at increasingly lower prices, prices so low
that many consumers consider this clothing to be _________ Some call it ‘fast
fashion’ the clothing __________ of fast food.

Option: equivalent, diverge, affordable, disposable, converge, propel, egalitarian,

promote
Answer: promote, converge, disposable, equivalent

23.
While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial ____________
and records across the business world, finance uses this same information to project
future growth and to __________ expenditure in order to strategize company
finances. By studying this major you get to have a better insight on the market, with
the right____________ and skills acquired you should be able then when you
graduate to advise others in making strong investments. This major will help you gain
responsibility of predicting and ______________ the potential for profit and growth,
assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting statistics and reports, and also
looking externally for future funding options.

Option: analyze, credits, allegation, reports, analyzing, knowledge

Answer: reports, analyze, knowledge, analyzing

24.
Monitoring animal’s hard work. Field biologists have to follow ________ made by the
animals and __________ out for fruit that they might like in order to find the animals,
whether it be walking through rivers, up and down slippery hillsides with _______
vegetation or through thick mud and swamps.

Option: whereabouts, tracks, dense, stick, look,

Answer: tracks, look, dense

25.
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's
health and ________. Regular _________ ctivity is important in reducing the risk of
_______diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms
of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults __________ at least 30
minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, ________ every day of the week, to
_______ health benefits.

Option: recommend, exploit, chronic, preferably, wealth, physical, obtain, wellbeing

Answer: wellbeing, physical, chronic, recommend, preferably, obtain

26.
Fingerprints can _________ that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As
long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the
police to______ an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help
_______ DNA and be used to match with the _________taken from the crime scenes.

Option: retain, prove, reserve, determine, evidence, identify, samples

Answer: prove, identify, reserve, samples

27.
For a start, we need to change our _________ of ‘retirement’, and we need to change
mind- sets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high
unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to think of retirement as a phased
process, where mature age workers __________ reduce their hours, and where they
consider flexibility in how they combine their work and non-work time. We also need
to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live.
Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education,
training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving,
study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the ________ between the different
segments of people’s lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave
entitlements. They take individualised approach to workforce planning and
development so that the need so employers and employees can be met ___________.
This approach supports the different transitions that occur across the life course – for
example school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the car of older
relatives, and moving from work to retirement.

Option: mind, gradually, barriers, concept, simultaneously, extend, similarities, delay

Answer: concept, gradually, barriers, simultaneously

28.
Gunpowder, also referred to as 'black powder', was the only ______ chemical
explosive until the midnineteenth century. It ________ potassium nitrate, or
'saltpeter', which is an oxidiser, and a combination of charcoal and sulphur serves as
fuel. There is an _________ consensus that gunpowder was initially invented in China
as early as the ninth century. This _______ to its use in fireworks and in gunpowder
weapons.

Options: includes, contains, caused, academic, known, led

Answer: known, contains, academic, led

29.
Reading is an active process, not a _______ one. We always read within a ________
context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a
purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we _________ it. Our purpose and
background knowledge will also ________ the strategies we use to read the text.

Options: predominate, specific, approach, digital, determine, passive

Answer: passive, specific, approach, determine

30.
The formation of an atmospheric river shirts near the equator. The sun heats the
earth most directly at the equator, and these warm ____________ cause water to
evaporate and ____________ into the atmosphere. Some of that water vape is pulled
away from the equator by atmospheric circulation, forming a narrow band that can
___________ the water vapor to other regions like a conveyor belt.

Option: confine, regions, rise, transport temperatures, surge

Answer: temperatures, rise, transport

31. Technology and flexible work ______ have had a significant impact on today's
busy companies. In terms of productivity, it seems the ______ has shifted from
managing employees in the workplace to monitoring their total ______ no matter
where they choose to work. Whether this trend will continue depends to some ______
on how well it works for everyone concerned.

Option: focus, deals, way, practices, selling, output, extent

Answer: practices, focus, output, extent
Summarise Spoken Text:
1.
Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one
called the oyster, sits on the sea floor, and opens and closes as waves pass over it.
Cables attach it to generators on the shore. Since the November 2009, it's been
powering 9000 homes in the Orkney Islands. Another device looks like a snake. The
anaconda is made from a rubber tube filled with water that floats just below the
surface. When the swell hits the front of it, the tube squeezed above ripples done its
links and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes are currently being tested, but the
full-scale version will be 2000 meters long. This system also looks like a snake. But
this one is made of steel. It floats near the surface, where waves make its joints
move, this drive hydraulic system that power electrical generators, like the anaconda.
It's still being tested; results will prove that these devices are up to the job of
supplying variable sources of green energy.

2.
Well an historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking
for basic vocabulary. All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have
words for eye and head and nose and ear and for sky and earth and for water, sand
and for sibling, mother and father. They may not have words for uncle and aunt. It
becomes much vaguer because in one culture an aunt is different when it comes from
your father's side than from your mother's side. You don't include snow. Most people
know what snow is but in the tropics you don't have it. So you look for notions that
are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in the world. You can the hundred
or two hundred most universal notions in a human life, those which you call the basic
vocabulary. So you take basic vocabularies and languages that you think are related.
You look for words that sound the same and basically you're not fooled by a hundred
per cent identical words but you are really looking for words that sound the same.

3.
What is Globalization? Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process (or set of
processes., which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social
relations, and transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and
networks of activity, interaction and power. It is characterized by four types of
change: First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across
political frontiers, regions and continents. Second, it suggests the intensification, or
the growing magnitude, of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment,
finance, migration, culture, etc. Third, the growing extensity and intensity of global
interconnectedness can be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and
processes, as the evolution of world-wide systems of transport and communication
increases the velocity of the diffusion of ideas, goods, information, capital, and
people. Fourth, the growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions can
be associated with their deepening impact such that the effects of distant events can
be highly significant elsewhere and even the most local developments may come to
have enormous global consequences. In this sense, the boundaries between domestic
matters and global affairs can become increasingly blurred. Globalization has three
definitions. There are more trade transactions, communications, services and
multinational companies across the border. There are more travels and cooperation
between different countries. A global and integrated economic system has been
formed in the world. One country does not depend on itself only, but countries
interact more with each other in terms of production and consumption.

4.
People these days increasingly complain of suffering from allergies - to pollen, to cats,
to dust, to certain foods like peanuts or shellfish, for example. But what exactly are
allergies and why do we develop them? Well, an allergy is the body reacting to
something that is trying to harm it Sometimes the reaction is mild - sneezing or a
rash, perhaps - but in extreme cases it can be life-threatening. In an allergic reaction
the body is stimulated to produce histamines, which help to get rid of what is harmful.
So, your eyes and nose may stream as a way of losing irritating particles or your skin
may itch in order to make you scratch it and so remove any harmful parasites. In
some societies these days allergic reactions occur without the person being in a
harmful situation. However, in situations where, say, hygiene is less developed, then
the body's immune system spends its early years fighting off genuine problems and so
does not tend to over-react to harmless irritants at a later stage. So, how to deal with
an allergy? The first step has to be to ascertain what triggers the allergic reaction and
then to avoid contact with that allergen as far as is possible. If avoidance is
impossible, anti-histamines can be prescribed to minimize the symptoms experienced
by the sufferer.

5.
Class, we are going to distinguish the difference between fiction and nonfiction.
Basically, fiction is the storytelling of imagined events, and nonfiction is fact or reality.
Specifically, fiction is imagined stories such as novels, fables, fairy tales, cartoons,
and comics. These can contain some factual events that are revised with imaginary
contents. M: What about movies? W: Excellent question. What do you think? M:
Fiction. W: Very good! Movies and video games, the ones you guys always play after
school, are fiction. Most of them are made up stories. Some are based on true stories,
but they have added imaginary stories to grab people's attention. Fiction has the
ability to stir people's emotions. It can give us hope and make us laugh or cry. I'm
sure you have cried, laughed hard, or felt so sorry for the characters in the fiction you
have read or seen. Finally, contrasted with fiction, nonfiction deals with facts.
However, the facts could contain false information. M: How? W: Well, the author
believes that what he or she has written is true at that time, but the facts that he or
she wrote could be proven false afterwards. Common examples of nonfiction works
are essays, journals, documentaries, photographs, and biographies.

6.
Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would like to know, ought to
know about Shakespeare if they're getting into his works. The first thing to say is that
he did live quite along time ago. He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading
Shakespeare or listening to Shakespeare, you're listening to somebody whose
language is not quite the language of our current. You're listening to someone who
was writing in a language which is a bit out of date for now. It needs a little bit of
effort to understand that language but the understanding will be done partly for you
by the actors if you're hearing it, or if you're seeing it performed. Another thing is that
Shakespeare was a very great poet. He wrote poems are at narrative poems and
sonnets but he was also, and this is my third point, he was also a great theatre poet.
His poetry is dramatic poetry in the plays. He's not just writing static poetry, lyric
poetry in the plays, which is therefore declamation. He's writing dramatic poetry
which consists of interaction between the characters of the plays.

7.
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation, sharing some of
the problems. And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that -- being honest about
what was going well, what wasn't, and making it kind of an annual thing. A goal I had
there was to draw more people in to work on those problems, because I think there
are some very important problems that don't get worked on naturally. That is, the
market does not drive the scientists, the communicators, the thinkers, the
governments to do the right things. And only by paying attention to these things and
having brilliant people who care and draw other people in can we make as much
progress as we need to. So this morning I'm going to share two of these problems
and talk about where they stand. But before I dive into those I want to admit that I
am an optimist. Any tough problem, I think it can be solved. And part of the reason I
feel that way is looking at the past. Over the past century, average lifespan has more
than doubled. Another statistic, perhaps my favorite, is to look at childhood deaths. As
recently as 1960, 110 million children were born, and 20 million of those died before
the age of five. Five years ago, 135 million children were born -- so, more -- and less
than 10 million of them died before the age of five. So that's a factor of two reduction
of the childhood death rate. It's a phenomenal thing. Each one of those lives matters
a lot.

8.
Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would like to know, ought to
know about Shakespeare if they're getting into his works. The first thing to say is that
he did live quite along time ago. He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading
Shakespeare or listening to Shakespeare, you're listening to somebody whose
language is not quite the language of our current. You're listening to someone who
was writing in a language which is a bit out of date for now. It needs a little bit of
effort to understand that language but the understanding will be done partly for you
by the actors if you're hearing it, or if you're seeing it performed. Another thing is that
Shakespeare was a very great poet. He wrote poems are at narrative poems and
sonnets but he was also, and this is my third point, he was also a great theatre poet.
His poetry is dramatic poetry in the plays. He's not just writing static poetry, lyric
poetry in the plays, which is therefore declamation. He's writing dramatic poetry
which consists of interaction between the characters of the plays.

9.
The Civil War occurred from 1861 to 1865 and was fought between the Union and the
Confederacy. Although many people think that the Civil War's main objective was to
free the slaves, the war began to preserve the authority and unity of the Union. The
Civil War also marked the beginning of a whole new generation of modern wars. The
Civil War introduced brand new war plans, weapons, communications, and
transportation. M: I once heard that the war brought changes to the public as well. W:
That's correct. The war advanced hygiene, medicine, social services, and such. The
war was modern not only because it involved a wide variety of resources but the
public as well. The people behind the war front received much more detailed
information and learned about the horrors of the war. M: Why was that? W:
Photography had been recently invented. Therefore, for the first time in history, many
aspects of the war, such as dead bodies and tensions, were witnessed by the general
public. As the war came close to an end, the Confederacy suffered a great deal of
economic difficulties, and its stand on racism, poverty, and dishonesty also suffered.
M: How was the Union's condition? W: The Union lost many of their people, but since
they won the war, their ego and pride were sometimes viewed as conceited.

10.
OK. In the last class we talked about the classification of trees, and we ended up with
a basic description of angiosperms. You remember that those are plants with true
flowers and seeds that develop inside fruits. The common broadleaf trees we have on
campus fall into this category, but our pines don't. Now, I hope you all followed my
advice and wore comfortable shoes because, as I said, today we're going to do a little
field study. To get started, let me describe a couple of the broadleaf trees we have in
front of us. I'm sure you've all noticed this big tree next to Brant Hall. It's a black
walnut that must be 80 feet tall. As a matter of fact, there's a plaque identifying it as
the tallest black walnut in the state. And from here we can see the beautiful archway
of trees at the Commons. They're American elms. The ones along the Commons were
planted when the college was founded 120 years ago. They have the distinctive dark
green leaves that look lopsided because the two sides of the leaf are unequal. I want
you to notice the elm right outside Jackson Hall. Some of its leaves have withered and
turned yellow, maybe due to Dutch elm disease. Only a few branches seem affected
so far, but if this tree is sick, it'll have to be cut down. Well, let's move on and I'll
describe what we see as we go.

11.
Today we're going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing
groups—the voice. There are three main elements that combine to create either a
positive or negative experience for listeners. They can result in a voice that is pleasing
to listen to and can be used effectively. Or they can create a voice that doesn't hold
attention, or even worse, causes an adverse reaction. The three elements are volume,
pitch, and pace. When evaluating volume, keep in mind that a good speaker will
adjust to the size of both the room and the audience. Of course, with an amplifying
device like a microphone, the speaker can use a natural tone. But speakers should not
be dependent on microphones; a good speaker can speak loudly without shouting.
The second element, pitch, is related to the highness or lowness of the sounds. High
pitches are, for most people, more difficult to listen to, so in general speakers should
use the lower registers of their voice. During a presentation, it's important to vary
pitch to some extent in order to maintain interest. The third element, pace, that is
how fast or slow words and sounds are articulated, should also be varied. A slower
pace can be used to emphasize important points. Note that the time spent not
speaking can be meaningful, too. Pauses ought to be used to signal transitions or
create anticipation. Because a pause gives the listeners time to think about what was
just said or even to predict what might come next, it can be very effective when
moving from one topic to another. What I'd like you to do now is watch and listen to a
videotape and use the forms I gave you to rate the speaking voices you hear. Then
tonight I want you to go home and read a passage into a tape recorder and evaluate
your own voice.

12.
You'll recall that in last week's class I talked about how the sound made by most
animals, though sometimes complex, are different from human language. Only in
humans do these sounds represent objects and events. Keep in mind that most
animals can only repeat their limited utterances over and over again, while humans
can say things that have never been said before. Today I want to focus on human
language and how it developed. I doubt you'll be surprised when I say that the
evolution of language was slow and laborious. There's some reliable evidence that
language began with early humans a million and a half years ago. Through the study
of the size and shape of brain fossils, scientists have determined that early human
brains, like modern brains, had a left hemisphere slightly larger than the right
hemisphere. We know that in modern humans, the left hemisphere's the seat of
language. We also know that early human brains had a well-developed frontal section,
known as Broca's area, which coordinates the muscles of the mouth and throat. It's
clear, then, that early humans had a speech apparatus. They could produce any sound
that we can. What we don't know is whether early humans used what they had. Since
scholars know virtually nothing about prehistoric speech patterns, all they can do is
speculate about how language actually originated. Let me give you a brief summary of
some of these theories.
Listening: Fill in the Blanks
1.
Does an ice cold drink actually taste better than the same beverage at room
temperature? Depends on what its taste is: a new study finds that the intensity of
some flavours varies with temperature. The work is in the journal Chemosensory
Perception. Researchers took solutions that tasted bitter, sour, sweet, or astringent —
a flavour found in legumes and raw produce that creates a dry, puckering feel in the
mouth. They either chilled the solutions to 5 degrees Celsius, the recommended
temperature for keeping food cool… or heated the solutions to 35 degrees Celsius, a
couple degrees below human body temperature Volunteers then rated the tastes. Both
sour and astringent solutions tasted stronger at warm temperatures, and the intensity
lasted longer than it did with chilled drinks. Bitter flavours came through best
when chilled and temperature had no effect on perception of sweetness. For most
people, temperature can enhance flavours. But for some, dubbed thermal tasters,
temperature alone can be a flavour. Heating or cooling parts of the tongue creates the
sensation of taste without food— a finding that’s hard to swallow.
2. Does your puppy turn his nose up at his own chow- because he wants some of
whatever it is that you’re having? A new study finds that, when it comes to food, dogs
recognize human social signals about what’s good. The work is in the journal Public
Library of Science ONE. Researchers let pet dogs choose between two plates, one with
a single piece of food and the other with six pieces. Unsurprisingly the animals
generally went for the larger portion. But when a human being showed a clear liking
for the smaller plate, the canines likewise went for the skimpier choice. The dogs
apparently recognized and responded to the humans ‘social cues. And not all cues
were equally effective. When the human approached but did not touch the smaller
portion, dogs ignored the attention drawing gesture. For a social signal to influence
behavior, it had to demonstrate intention. And the most effective cues also involved
communication such as looking from the food to the dog and back while talking
encouragingly. For dogs, choosing a bite may depend on another’s bark.
3.
As it ages, white paper turns a distinctive yellow. But why? To find out, scientists
artificially aged modern paper to reveal the changes on the molecular level. The
research is in the journal Physical Review Letters. For 48 days, three unbleached
paper samples aged rapidly in reactors that simulated different environmental
conditions. The researchers then compared the artificially aged samples to the real
deal: three pieces of paper crafted in 15th century Europe. This technique allowed
them to gauge the types and amounts of changes going on. About 90 percent of the
weight of old paper is cellulose, the sturdy material that makes up plant cell walls. But
over time cellulose fibres oxidize. The process modifies parts of various molecules and
turns them into what are called chromophores, which absorb light. White paper is
white because it reflects all colours of light. Aging paper filled with chromophores
reflects wavelengths that make it look yellow. The non-destructive technique used in
this study could inform research to preserve and even whiten ancient texts and art.
And give paper conservation a brighter outlook.
4.
If you enjoy sharing all your likes and dislikes on Facebook, you’re definitely not
alone: research finds that broadcasting personal opinions gives people the same sense
of reward as earning money. The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences. Study subjects had their brains scanned while they either talked about
their opinions or judged the beliefs of another. And sharing their own point of view
stimulated more activity in the reward processing parts of the subjects ‘ brains. In
another experiment, participants got to choose among reporting their own opinion,
judging someone else’s opinion or answering a true or false question. And for each
choice, they could earn varying amounts of money. Rather than maximize their
winnings by answering the questions that were worth the most cash, people preferred
to talk about themselves — even though they sacrificed an average of 17 percent of
their potential earnings to do it. For the participants, sharing personal information was
its own reward. Which means that people like comedian Patton Oswald, who tweets
photos of what he’s having for launch, probably feel like a million bucks.
5.
Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs
are less likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how— if results from
mice apply to us. The work was presented at a meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology. The study tests what’s called the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that
extreme cleanliness may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust
from homes that had a dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the
mice with a common childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus —or RSV.
Mice who ate the dog dust were protected against RSV infection symptoms, like
inflamed, mucus coated airways, suggesting exposure helped them stave off the virus.
Those mice also had more diverse communities of gut bacteria than control mice did.
The researchers say our pet’s microbes may colonize our gut too, and help the
immune system learn to respond to infections. That’s important because when kids
develop severe RSV their risk of asthma goes up. So next time buster sheds all over
the couch, think of it as a bonus dose of probiotics.
6. Asteroid collisions can be – just ask the dinosaurs – but they also bring
key ingredients for life. Super-Earths can draw them to nearby worlds. Super-Earths –
planets that are up to 10 times more massive than Earth — might play billiards with
planetary systems. New simulations suggest that if a super-Earth existed in our own
solar system, say between Venus and the Earth, far more asteroids would collide with
us. But that isn’t necessarily a bad thing, if the timing is right. Understanding the
effect of these massive planets on others nearby could help direct the search for life
on exoplanets.
7. Historians can represent events that have happened in past centuries on a timeline,
showing the four major periods of human history. A timeline is a good way to help us
get history into perspective. It shows events from the past in a
clear chronological order – that is, from the earliest to the latest event.
8. All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are by pollution,
neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we come
to understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so that
future generations can come to understand their heritage.

9. We've decided to adopt, just as a loose the me forthe course, abiological theme so
that you can see the connections between chemistry and biology and the things you
might consider doing in the future. We want you to think about the molecules that are
relevant to your body, the processes that occur in your body, the chemistry that's
going on and how energy plays a role. And we've divided the course into four sections
and after each section there will be a mid-term. The first one is about matter.

10.What was interesting and revealing about younger and middle-aged views on old
age was how relative these were to the individual’s own age. Those in their teens
regarded 40 as old whereas those in their 40s thought 70 or 80 was old. For many,
health was seen as a determining factor in deciding who is old, and many young
participants commented on how fit and active their grandparents are, while others
thought ill-health and dependence were an inevitable part of aging. The majority of
participants, however, regarded old age as something negative, and many expressed
fear of growing old.

11. All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are by pollution,
neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we come
to understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so that future
generations can come to understand their heritage.

12. So in a very important tense, um, memory is the cognitive function that stores
knowledge that we've acquired through learning and perception, but also memory is
important because memory frees our behavior from being controlled by the present
stimulus environment. If you didn't have memory, all you'd be able to do was react to
whatever is currently in the environment now, whatever it is that you're experiencing.
But memory allows us to respond to past events as well as events in the current
stimulus environment. And memory also gives us the means to reflect on our
experiences so that we plan for future encounters.

13. Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this complex life
cycle. That means that if you're going to eliminate it, you have to be able to target
cute parasites and humans. You have to be able to target parasites in the mosquitoes,
that mosquito population. And so that requires a lot of resources. It requires really
good planning and a health system across all these different levels. And so I think the
political capital that you need for that, the educational infrastructure you need for
that, the economic resources you need for that are quite a challenge.

14. In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord

called the central contract pattern generator (CPG.. This produces signals that drive
muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking,
depending on the pattern of pulse. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to
switch between modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
15. For a long time now, it's been a widely accepted and rarely questioned belief that
a strong corporate culture goes hand in hand with success. However, a recent study
has cast some doubt on this principle. After all, the authors of the report argue for
culture. A company's build-up may be strong, but wrong. There is little point in every
employee marching to the same tune if they are all marching in the wrong direction.
Highlight Incorrect Words:
1. Question:
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s
actually the networks and resources that people use to deliver social outcomes. For
instance, it might be holding a sporting event, running a community fete, being part
of a club. It is difficult to measure social capital and one way of looking at it is the
extent that people volunteer in their local community. So you can consider the
volunteering rate as an index indicator for how healthy a community. You can also
look at something called a wellbeing index- the way people think about their loves and
how accepting trusting they are of theirs. Their general perception of the value of
their life.
Transcript:
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s
actually the networks and reserves that people use to deliver social outcomes. For
instance, it might be holding a sporting event, running a community fair, being part of
a club. It is difficult to measure social capital and one way of looking at it is the
amount that people volunteer in their local community. So you can consider the
volunteering rate as an index indicator for how healthy a community. You can also
look at something called a wellbeing index- the way people think about their loves and
how accepting trusting they are of theirs. Their general perception of the value of
their life.
Answer:
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s
actually the networks and reserves resources that people use to deliver social
outcomes. For instance, it might be holding a sporting event, running a community
fair fete, being part of a club. It is difficult to measure social capital and one way of
looking at it is the amount extent that people volunteer in their local community. So
you can consider the volunteering rate as an index indicator for how healthy a
community. You can also look at something called a wellbeing index- the way people
think about their loves and how accepting trusting they are of theirs. Their general
perception of the value of their life.

2. Question:
Conducting a video conference is now a popular means of communication in the
business world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations to
communicate by simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve
conferences or meetings in multiple locations. The advantages are obvious: no more
lengthy phone call or complex correspondence with business contacts. Partners or
offices aroad overseas. This relatively low cost. Fast. Effective communication method
had made significant in not just a business context but also education, medicine and
media.
Transcript:
Conducting a video conference is now a popular method of communication in the
business world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations to
communicate by simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve
conferences or meetings in many locations. The advantages are obvious: no more
lengthy phone call or complicated correspondence with business contacts. Partners or
offices abroad. This relatively low cost. Fast. Effective communication method had
made significant in not just a business environment contxt but also education,
medicine and media.
Answer:
Conducting a video conference is now a popular method means of communication in
the business world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations
to communicate by simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve
conferences or meetings in many multiple locations. The advantages are obvious: no
more lengthy phone call or complicated complex correspondence with business
contacts. Partners or offices abroad overseas. This relatively low cost. Fast. Effective
communication method had made significant in not just a business environment
context but also education, medicine and media.
3.
Question:
Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who
eat chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those ho hardly rarely eat it. The
findings may seem surprising in that chocolate has a great many calories and, in
general. The more calories people conain consume, the more likely they are to put on
weight. The recent studies emphasize that it is more the regularity with which people
eat chocolate that is significant rather than the amount they consume. Whether they
eat a little or lot seems to make no difference, whereas eating it frequently appears to
reduce weight more than only having it occasionally.
Transcript:
Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who
eat chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those who rarely eat it. The findings
may seem suspicious in that chocolate has a great many calories and, in general. The
more calories people contain, the more likely they are to put on weight. The recent
studies establish that it is more the regularity with which people eat chocolate that is
important rather than the amount they consume. Whether they eat a little or lot
seems to make no difference, whereas eating it freely appears to reduce weight more
than only having it occasionally.
Answer:
Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who
eat chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those who hardly rarely eat it. The
findings may seem suspicious surprising in that chocolate has a great many calories
and, in general. The more calories people contain consume, the more likely they are
to put on weight. The recent studies establish emphasize that it is more the regularity
with which people eat chocolate that is important significant rather than the amount
they consume. Whether they eat a little or lot seems to make no difference, whereas
eating it freely frequently appears to reduce weight more than only having it
occasionally.
4.
Question:
When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste disposal was hardly an
issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because
there was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became
predominantly urban and industrial that problems arose —mainly to do with health.
City authorities had a hard time trying to find efficient ways of getting rid of all the
rubbish. One of these was to get people to sort out their rubbish into different types,
just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into different categories
for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set aside and
used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it
wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and ut
ploughed into landfills.
Transcript:
When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal was hardly an
issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because
there was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became
predominantly urban and industrious that problems arose —mainly to do with wealth.
City authorities had a hard time trying to find effective ways of getting rid of all the
rubbish. One of these was to get people to set out their rubbish into different types,
just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into different categories
for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set aside and
used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it
wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and put into
landfills.
Answer:
When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal disposal was
hardly an issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly
because there was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became
predominantly urban and industrious industrial that problems arose —mainly to do
with wealth health. City authorities had a hard time trying to find effective efficient
ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of these was to get people to set sort out
their rubbish into different types, just as these days we are encouraged to separate
our rubbish into different categories for easier removal and recycling. So, for example,
kitchen rubbish was set aside and used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease
put an end to that. In fact, it wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply
thrown together and put ploughed into landfills.
5.
Question:
So far in our discussion of chemical reactions we read it in an equation. That's why
our arrow points from left to right: reactants react together to make products.
However, this is not exactly how things occur in nature. In fact, practically every
chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to
reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow
facing from left to right, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one
going from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually —
continuously — reacting to form products. But at the same time as those products are
formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each
other. This is what we would call a state of equilibrium.
Transcript:
So far in our discussion of chemical equations we read it in an equation. That's why
our arrowhead points from left to right: reactants react together to make products.
However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality. In fact, practically every
chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to
reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow
facing from right to top, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one
going from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually —
continuously — reacting to form produce. But at the same time as those products are
formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each
other. This is what we would call a state of equality.
Answer:
So far in our discussion of chemical equations reactions we read it in an equation.
That's why our arrowhead arrow points from left to right: reactants react together to
make products. However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality nature. In fact,
practically every chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react
together to reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that
single arrow facing from right left to top right, a more appropriate symbol would be a
double arrow, one going from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants
are continually — continuously — reacting to form produce products. But at the same
time as those products are formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going
simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call a state of equality
equilibrium.
6.
Question:
French, on the other hand, is a highly centralized language, with the Parisian accent
setting the standard for the world. If other French-speaking political entities had risen
to rival France, the situation might be different. If for instance, Quebec had remained
a separate county, or if Haiti had been a larger country, then perhaps other French
dialects might have become more accepted.
Transcript:
French, on the other hand, is a highly gentrified language, with the Parisian accent
setting the standard for the world. If other French-speaking political abilities had risen
to rival France, the situation might be dissident. If for instance, Quebec had remained
a separate entity, or if Haiti had been a larger country, then perhaps other French
dialects might have become more accepted.
Answer:
French, on the other hand, is a highly gentrified centralized language, with the
Parisian accent setting the standard for the world. If other French-speaking political
abilities entities had risen to rival France, the situation might be dissident different. If
for instance, Quebec had remained a separate entity county, or if Haiti had been a
larger country, then perhaps other French dialects might have become more accepted.
7. Question:
Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how time would soon expand the economists'
horizons. The link between security and poverty logically applied to developing
countries as well as the developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could see this.
The economic health of every country is a proper matter of concern to all its
neighbors, near and distant.
Transcript:
Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how fine would soon expand the economists'
horizons. The link between security and property logically applied to developing
countries as well as the developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could check
this. The economic health of every country is a proper matter of concern to all its
behaviors, near and distant.
Answer:
Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how fine time would soon expand the
economists' horizons. The link between security and property poverty logically applied
to developing countries as well as the developed ones, and the statesmen of the time
could check see this. The economic health of every country is a proper matter of
concern to all its behaviors neighbors, near and distant.

]
Write from Dictation:
1. Animals raised in captivity behave differently with their wild counterparts.
2. While reconciliation is desirable, the basic underlying issue must first be addressed.
3. Climate change is becoming an acceptable phenomenon.
4. Clinical placement for nursing prepares students for professional practice.
5. Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposite.
6. An aerial photograph was promptly registered for federal evaluations.
7. Synopsis contains the most important information.
8. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
9. Student concession cards need to be obtained by completing an application form.
10.Many graduates studying journalism get jobs in a communications field.
11.Our professor is hosting a business development conference.
12.It is absolutely vital to allocate your resources.
13.It is important to exercise regularly for a healthy lifestyle.
14.The internet has revolutionized communication and information sharing.
15.It is clear that national trading system is a good thing.
16.Learning a new language can expand your horizons and open doors.
17.Recycling helps protect the environment by reducing waste and conserving
resources.
18. Technology advancements have improved our daily lives in many ways.
19. Education is the key to personal growth and future success.

20. Global warming poses a serious threat to the planet and its ecosystems.
21. The economy is influenced by factors such as supply, demand, and market trends.
22. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are sustainable alternatives.
23. Effective time management is essential for productivity and achieving goals.
24. Health and safety regulations ensure a safe working environment for employees.
25. Good nutrition is vital for maintaining a balanced and healthy diet.
26. It is hard to anticipate all the characters that were in react.
27. It is hard to observe the reaction of the characters in the act.
28. This paper challenged the previously accepted theories.
29. When workers ask for raises in wages, the companies raise prices.
30. When workers ask for higher wages, the companies raise prices.
31. Control systems in manufacturing require a high level of accuracy.
32. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental factors in that economics.
33. Demand and supply are fundamental elements of economics.
34. Review all materials (sources. before drawing your conclusions.
35. Celebrated theory is still a subject to a great controversy.
36. A celebrated theory is still a source of great controversy.
37.The morning's lecture on economic policy has been cancelled.
38. The local government has adopted a plan for infrastructure development.
39. Scientists were unsure when the early man first left Africa.
40. There is no ideal debate on this topic.
41. Any game must be properly elaborated.
42. Theatre study courses encourage students to enhance their ability of creativity.
43. I cannot hand out my student dissertation this week.
44. New media has transformed traditional national boundaries.
45. A wide range of courses covered different aspects in this subject.
46. The university will seek a colossal renovation to the faint empty theatre.
47. The university should invest in new technology to support learning.
48. A good academic paper should present a clear argument.
49. All lectures and learning materials can be found on the internet
50. The momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity.
51. Democracy is constantly offering the most stable form of government.
52. The college operates a system of continuous assessments.
53. The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the
end of the semester.
54. His appointment as Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion.
55. Good nutrition is crucial to the general health and vitality.
56. You should submit our team papers to the general office.
57. You are able to contact a number of research subjects.
58. 58. There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore.
59. In language learning, a systematic method of categorizing new vocabulary is
essential.
60. Students will focus on reporting news on changing the media world.
61. Key business partners are often intertwined in expense accounts.
62. Be careful when you use English translators.
63. Many governments found that it was difficult to reduce poverty in our society.
64. The new lecture theater accommodates a large number of students.
65. The election of president is held once every four years.
66. A good academic essay should have a clear argument.
67. Before writing down your notes, check the accuracy of your data.
68. Certain films are hard to be classified into one single genre.
69. Marketing is a very important activity for many businesses.
70. All of your arguments must be supported by evidence and relevant theories.
71. A treaty deal built between two countries was just announced.
72. Political assumptions are based on voting behaviors.
73. I cannot hand out my dissertation this week.
74. Average earning has risen slightly over the decades.
 "- Download PTE Tutorials App
Flexible PTE Practice

can this QR Code and Scan this QR Code and

Download app in your Pho Download app in your Phone

COMPARE & CHOOSE

BEST HEALTH INSURANCE PLAN
BUY NOW

Professional Year
australia
.com.au
OccuSearch
•

www.ptetutorials.com O f) C, 0 0 0