5.

5 Averaged Model of the Converter 147

The steady state solution (X) is obtained from Eqn. [58] and used in Eqn.
[59] to get the following small signal dynamic model of the converter.

x̂˙ = A x̂ + b v̂g + f dˆ (5.60)

vo = q x̂ + (q1 − q2 ) X dˆ (5.61)
A = A1 D + A2 (1 − D) ; b = b1 D + b2 (1 − D) ; q = q1 D + q2 (1 − D) ;
" ! ! #
f= A1 − A2 X + b1 − b2 Vg ; X = A−1 bVg ;

5.5.3 Transfer Functions of the converter

From the above linear small signal model of the converter we may define the
following transfer functions of the converter.
Input Transfer Functions (dˆ = 0)
x̂(s)
= (sI − A)−1 b (5.62)
v̂g (s)

v̂o (s)
= q (sI − A)−1 b (5.63)
v̂g (s)
Control Transfer Functions (v̂g = 0)

x̂(s)
= (sI − A)−1 f (5.64)
ˆ
d(s)

v̂o (s)
= q (sI − A)−1 f (5.65)
ˆ
d(s)
Nonidealities in the converter such as the winding resistance, ESR of the ca-
pacitors, switch drops etc. may be readily incorporated in this averaging
method. The idealized transfer functions of the basic converters are given
here.

Buck Converter:

î(s) D (1 + sCR)
= " # (5.66)
v̂g (s) R L 2
1 + s + s LC
R

î(s) Vg (1 + sCR)
= (5.67)
ˆ
" #
d(s) R L 2
1 + s + s LC
R
148 DC-TO-DC Converter – Dynamics

v̂o (s) 1
= D" # (5.68)
v̂g (s) L
1 + s + s2 LC
R
v̂o (s) 1
= Vg " (5.69)
ˆ
#
d(s) L
1 + s + s2 LC
R

Boost Converter:
î(s) 1 (1 + sCR)
= " # (5.70)
v̂g (s) R(1 − D)2 L LC
1+s + s2
R(1 − D)2 (1 − D)2
î(s) Vg (2 + sCR)
= (5.71)
ˆ
" #
d(s) R(1 − D)3 L 2 LC
1+s +s
R(1 − D)2 (1 − D)2
v̂o (s) 1 1
= " # (5.72)
v̂g (s) (1 − D) L LC
1+s 2
+ s2
R(1 − D) (1 − D)2
L
1−s
v̂o (s) Vg R(1 − D)2
= (5.73)
ˆ
" #
d(s) (1 − D)2 L 2 LC
1+s + s
R(1 − D)2 (1 − D)2

Buck- Boost Converter:

î(s) 1 (1 + sCR)
= " # (5.74)
v̂g (s) R(1 − D)2 L 2 LC
1+s +s
R(1 − D)2 (1 − D)2
R
(1 + sC )
î(s) Vg (1 + D) (1 + D)
= (5.75)
ˆ
" #
d(s) R(1 − D)3 L 2 LC
1+s +s
R(1 − D)2 (1 − D)2
v̂o (s) D 1
=− " # (5.76)
v̂g (s) (1 − D) L LC
1+s 2
+ s2
R(1 − D) (1 − D)2
L
1 − sD
v̂o (s) Vg R(1 − D)2
=− (5.77)
ˆ
" #
d(s) (1 − D)2 L 2 LC
1+s +s
R(1 − D)2 (1 − D)2