PROJECT

A project is an interrelated set of activities that has a definite starting and ending point and

those results in a unique product. That means projects are not repetitive.

Few examples of projects are:

1. Constructing a bridge, dam, highway or building.

2. Producing an airplane, missile or large machine.

3. Introducing a new product.

4. Installing a large computer system.

5. Redesigning the layout of plant or office.

6. Construction of a ship.

8. Maintenance of major equipment’s/Plants.

Characteristics of Project

1.Uniqueness

2.Complexity

3.Life cycle

4.Risk & Uncertainty

5.Change (in response to environment)

6.Non recurring

7.Duration of activities uncertain

8.Completion deadline

9.Involves resources

10.Performance measurement
Basic steps in project management

Managing a project, regardless of its size and complexity, requires identifying every activity

to be undertaken and planning when each activity must begin and end in order to complete

the overall project on time.

Typically, all projects involve the following steps:

1. Describe the project.

2. Develop a network model.

3. Insert time estimates.

4. Analyse the model.

5. Develop the project plan.

6. Periodically assess the progress of the project and repeat steps 2-6 as needed.

Stages in Project Management

Initiation Planning and Design execution monitoring and controlling closing

Project Management Triangle

A project management triangle is a project management model. It proposes that managing

three constraints cost, scope and time leads to a quality final deliverable. These constraints

interconnect and must continually be balanced. When a change is made to one constraint,

adjustments are required to one or both of the other constraints to maintain quality. This

model is also called the iron triangle, golden triangle, project triangle and triple constraint.
NETWORK

A network is the graphical representation of the project activities arranged in a logical

sequence and depicting all the interrelationships among them.

Terminologies used in Network diagram:

1. Activity: An activity means work/job. It is a time-consuming process. It is represented by

an arrow in the network diagram (AOA system).

2. Event: An event is a specific instant of time marks the start and end of an activity.

3. Critical path: It is the sequence of activities which decides the total project duration.

4. Duration (d): Duration is the estimated or actual time required to complete a task or an

activity.

5. Total project time: Time to complete the project. In other words, it is the duration of

critical path.

6. Earliest start time (E): It is the earliest possible time at which an activity can start. It is

calculated by moving from 1st to last event in the network diagram.

7. Latest start time (Li): It is the latest possible time by which an activity can start.

8. Earliest finish time (Ej): It is the last event time of the head event. It is calculated by

moving backward in the network diagram.

9. Latest finish time (Lj): It is the last event time of the head event. It is calculated by

moving backward in the network diagram.

10. Float/Slack: Slack is with reference to an event and Float is with reference to an activity.

11. Free float: (Latest Finish Time – Earliest Start Time) – Activity duration.

Network scheduling

(i) Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)

(ii) Critical path method (CPM)

Both are based on the use of a network/graphical model to depict the work tasks being

scheduled.

The popularity of network based scheduling can be attributed to its many benefits, especially

its ease use. Other benefits include the following.

1. It provides a visual display of needed task and their temporal ordering, which makes it easy

to see how tasks should be sequenced as shown below. This assists communication and co-

operation among task teams because each team can see how its work affects other team.

2. It provides a relatively accurate estimate of the time required to complete the project at the

proposed resource level.

3. It identified and highlights the tasks that are critical to keep the project on schedule.

4. It provides a method for evaluating the time-cost tradeoffs resulting from reallocating

resources among tasks.

5. It provides a method for monitoring the project throughout its life cycle. As the project

progresses, PERT/CPM easily identifies change in which tasks are critical and how the

expected completion date is affected.

6. It provides a convenient method for incorporating uncertainty regarding task times into the

schedule and it helps to evaluate the effect of this uncertainty on project completion time.
Difference between PERT and CPM

PERT CPM

PERT is a probabilistic model with uncertainty CPM is a deterministic model with well-

in activity duration. Activity duration is known activity duration.

calculated from t0, tp and tm.

It is an event-oriented approach. It is an activity-oriented approach.

PERT terminology uses word like network CPM terminology employs word like

diagram, event and slack. arrow diagram, nodes and float

PERT terminology uses word like network CPM terminology employs word like

diagram, event and slack. arrow diagram, nodes and float.

The use of dummy activity is required for No dummy activity required.

representing the proper sequencing.

PERT basically does not demarcate between CPM marks the critical activities.

critical and non-critical activities.

PERT is applied in projects where resources are CPM is applied to projects where

always made available. minimum overall cost is the prime

importance.

PERT is suitable in Defence project and R&D Suitable for plant maintenance, civil

where activity time can’t be readily predicted. construction projects etc. where activity

duration is known.
CRITICAL PATH METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTION

The critical path method (CPM) is a popular scheduling technique in the construction

industry due to its simplicity and effectiveness. The CPM approach to project scheduling

includes splitting a project into multiple job tasks, displaying them in a flow chart, and

calculating the duration for each task and the overall project duration based on the individual

functions.

Without proper scheduling, no construction project would be completed on time. The

foundation of that project schedule should typically be made up of the essential tasks to keep

the project moving. That brings us to the Critical Path Method, which is widely used in the

construction industry.

While smaller construction jobs allow for spontaneous planning, more significant projects

require construction project management. The construction critical path method (CPM) is a

tool that many project managers use, often with their construction management software, to

help figure out the best steps to take to finish a job efficiently. This critical path method,

otherwise known as critical path scheduling, is one of the most frequently used construction

planning techniques.

CPM for project management uses a network diagram to graphically illustrate a construction

project’s significant activities and show the links between activities. CPM assigns each

activity a single fixed duration.

What is Needed in CPM

 List of Activities. They need to have a list of all activities required to complete the

project. Managers typically use a work-breakdown structure to list all activities and

when they need to be completed.

 The Work-Breakdown Structure is a breakdown of a project into smaller components.

These smaller components are organized by hierarchy, or what needs to be completed

first.

 The project managers or superintendents must have the duration of each activity. This

is important in determining the overall schedule. While using PERT, they should be

able to get a reasonably accurate estimate for the total length of each part.

 Project managers or superintendents must consider the various dependencies between

activities. In construction, there are specific tasks that MUST happen before other

functions because it would be impossible to start them without them. These are

dependencies and need to be considered when planning the project.

 Milestones and Deliverables. To know when a task or activity is complete, the project

manager must know when the project should end and what the end looks like. Also,

many subcontractors are paid based on their deliverables, so knowing what the

deliverable would look like is essential for many factors.

ORACLE PRIMAVERA P6

Oracle Primavera P6 is a project, program and portfolio management tool that is used for

planning, managing and executing your project work. It is designed to handle large and small

projects in many diverse industries. Such as construction, manufacturing, energy and IT. It is

been doing so for more than 30years in projects across the globe.

Primavera P6 can trace its origins to 1983 when it was first established under the name

Primavera Systems. In the next 15years, it rapidly gained popularity. By the late 90s,

advancements in server technology drove the company to split primavera systems into two

versions of the software: a desktop application (which is preferred by contractors, suppliers

and manufacturing companies) and a web-based enterprise option.

In 2008, Primavera systems was bought out by oracle, which then developed the tool into the

Primavera software that’s used today. It can be used to schedule, monitor and planning of

projects. Primavera can handle complex projects due to its capacity of organizing 100000

activities and assigning unlimited resources. It can handle more than one project at a time.

Moreover, it allows users to arrange activities and allot resources in number of ways. It can

also be used to control and manage the delays in project during execution of work.

Primavera P6 Features

Project Timelines: A Traditional Gantt Chart to schedule tasks on a bar graph

Information Dashboard: A dashboard to tack key project metrics

Reporting & Analytics: Ability to generate status reports for stakeholders.

Risk management: Identify, track and resolve risks before they become issues.

Information Dashboard: A dashboard to track key project metrics.

Reporting & analytics: Ability to generate status reports for stakeholders.

Calendar & activity views: View project tasks set over a calendar view.

Scheduling alerts: Keep the project on track by always knowing what’s due when.

Project network view: Project network diagrams allow users to visualize their project

schedules by sequencing project activities.

Work breakdown structure: P6 allows users to create a work breakdown structure that lets

them group related tasks together and establish a hierarchy.

Critical path method (CPM): Oracle primavera lets users find the critical path of their

projects. The critical path method is an important project scheduling technique that allows

project managers to estimate the total duration of a project and determine which project tasks

must be completed on time for the project to be delivered on schedule.

Organizational Breakdown Structure

Organizational Breakdown Structure(OBS) is a global Hierarchy that represents the managers

responsible for the projects in enterprise. The OBS usually reflects the management structure

of the organization from top level personal down through the various levels constituting in

business

Enterprise Project Structure

Enterprise Project Structure (EPS) forms the hierarchy structure of database of the projects.

Each EPS can be sub – divided into multiple levels to presents the work that needs to be done

in the organization. You can use the EPS to perform top-down budgeting & resource and

Cost Analysis. Manage multiple projects from the highest level of the organization to the

individual that perform specific project task

Work breakdown structure

A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved

in a project that defines the total scope of the project • It is a foundation document in project

management because it provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules,

costs, and changes.

METHODOLOGY

All necessary data including drawing and bill of quantities, resources available and other

related data was collected from site.

Primavera P6 software was used for proper scheduling.

Methods

Based on data available activities involved were identified and listed down.

Steps followed for schedule are :

Make EPS

Enterprise project structure is made first it is basically structure of company with its all

branches involved in project.

Create OBS

Organization break down structure is created for every section it is the hierarchical structure

of organisation which demonstrates the responsibility of every individual.

Create new project

A project is a sum of different activities that create a deliverable and plan to execute these

activities to achieve desired goal. In primavera a project can be created for relevant branch of

EPS and allot the person responsible from OBS. For creating new project the project menu

bar in main menu bar is used. Allocation of calendar, start and finish dates allocation was

done at this stage.

Create WBS

Work breakdown structure (WBS) is main part of schedule it is hierarchical structure of work.

WBS is different for every project. It mainly defines duration and constraints of activities. It

subdivides a project into logical sections.

Add activities

Activity is basic unit of project. All activities sum up to create a deliverable. An activity have

its identification (ID), codes, name, constraints, calendar, start and ending dates, relationship

with previous and former activities, cost and resource

1.Enterprise Project structure example

Company
name

Branch 1 Branch 2

Construction IT Construction IT

software
Building Building Road
development

Project 1

2.Organizational breakdown structure example

CEO

Director 1 Director2

Project Project Project

Manager 1 Manager 2 manager 3

Senior
Construction Structural Project Planning
QA/QC planning Site engineer
manager engineer Engineer engineer
engineer
3.Work breakdown structure example

Construction
of G+2
Residential
Building
Project

Preliminary
Construction Closing
work

Foundation Ground floor First floor Roof

Structure Structure Architecture Structure Architecture Structure Architecture

Earthwork MEP MEP MEP
work work works work works work works

4.Basic Activities example

Preliminary works

 Start of project

 Contract agreement

 Mobilization and temporary facilities

 Initial survey

 Site clearance

 Final survey

Foundation- Earthworks

 start of earthwork

 excavation layout

 excavation for foundations

 termite proofing

 backfilling

 finish of earthwork
Foundation structure works

Start of foundation structure work

Layout for pcc

Pcc under footings

Column footings

Wall footings

Column upto plinth

Plinth beams

External and internal water proofing

Horizontal DPC

Finish of foundation structure works