XII-CHEMISTRY

REASONS

1. Saturated and unsaturated OR Alkane and Alkene OR Ethane and Ethene

Saturated and unsaturated organic compounds are differentiated by reaction
with KMnO4. This process is known as Bayer’s test. In this method alkaline
KMnO4 solution is added in given sample.
Saturated Compound Unsaturated Compound
Saturated compound for When unsaturated compound for example Alkene (Ethene)
example Alkane (Ethane) reacts with KMnO4, decolorization of KmnO4,
cannot oxidized with KMnO4 decolorization KMnO4 take place due to oxidation.
therefore no decolonization of CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O + O ⎯KMnO
⎯⎯4 → HO − CH 2 − CH 2 − OH
KMnO4 take place.

2. Alkane and Alkyne OR Ethane and Ethene

Alkane and Alkyne are differentiated by reaction with cold KMnO4. In this
method cold alkaline KMnO4 solution is added in given sample.
Alkane Alkyne
Alkane (Ethane) cannot oxidized with Alkyne (Ethyne) reacts with cold KMnO4 ,
KMnO4 therefore no decolonization of decolrization of KMnO4 take place due to
KMnO4 take place. oxidation.
C2 H 2 + H 2O + 3O ⎯KMnO
⎯⎯4 → 2HCOOH

3. Alkene and Alkyne OR Ethene and Ethyne

Method No. 1:
Alkene and Alkyne are differentiated by the reaction with ammonial silver
nitrate. This is an example of substitution reaction. In this method ammonical
silver nitrate is added in the given sample
Alkene Alkyne
Substitution is not possible in Alkene When Alkyne (Ethyne) reacts with
(Ethene) therefore it cannot react with ammonical silver nitrate, white precipitates
ammonical silver nitrate and no precipitates of silver acetylide are formed.
are obtained. C2 H 2 + 2 AgNO3 ⎯NH ⎯⎯3 →C2 Ag2 + 2HNO3

Method No.2:
Alkene and Alkyne are differentiated by the reaction with ammonial cupreous
chloride. This is an example of substitution reaction. In this method ammonical
cupreous chloride is added in the given sample.
Alkene Alkyne
Substitution is not possible in Alkene When Alkyne (Ethyne) reacts with ammonical
(Ethene) therefore it cannot react with cuperous chloride, red precipitates of copper
ammonical cupreous chloride and no acetylide are formed.
precipitates are obtained. C2 H 2 + 2CuCl ⎯NH
⎯⎯3 → C2Cu2 + 2 HCL

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REASONS

4. Alkane and Alkyl Halide OR Ethane and Ethyl Chloride

Alkane and Alkyl halide can be differentiated by the reaction with silver oxide.
In this method silver oxide is heated with given sample.
Alkane Alkyl Halide
Alkane (Ethane) cannot reacts with Alkyl halide (Ethyl Chloride) reacts with silver
silver oxide therefore no precipitates are oxide, white precipitates are formed.
formed. 2C2 H 5Cl + Ag 2O ⎯⎯→ 2 AgCl + C2 H 5 − O − C2 H 5
5. Aliphatic and Aromatic compounds OR Hexane and Benzene
Aliphatic and Aromatic compounds are differentiated by flame test. In this test
given compound is burn on direct flame in air.
Aliphatic Compound Aromatic Compound
Aliphatic compound (Cyclohexane) burn Aromatic compound burn with smoky (sooty)
without smoky (sooty) flame due to less flame due to greater percentage of carbon.
percentage of carbon. 2C 6 H 6 + 90 2 ⎯
⎯→ 6CO2 + 6 H 2 O + 6C
C6 H12 + 902 ⎯
⎯→ 6CO2 + 6 H 2O

6. Alcohol and phenol OR Ethyl Alcohol and Carbolic acid

Method No. 1:
Alcohol and Phenol are differentiated by the reaction with (conc.) HNO3. In
this test (conc.) HNO3 is treated with given sample.
Alcohol Phenol
Alcohol cannot reacts with (conc.) When phenol reacts with (conc.) HNO3, yellow
HNO3 therefore no precipitates precipitates of picric acid is formed.
are formed C 6 H 5 − OH + 3HNO3 ⎯ ⎯→( NO2 ) 2 C 6 H 2 − OH + 3H 2 O

Method No. 2:
Alcohol and phenol can be differentiated by the reaction of HCl in presence of
ZnCl2. This test is known as Lucas test. In this Lucas reagent (HCl/ZnCl2) is
treated with given sample.
Alcohol Phenol
When Alcohol (Ethyl alcohol) reacts with Phenol cannot reacts with Lucas reagent
Lucas reagent white precipitates are formed. therefore no precipitates are formed.
C 2 H 5 OH + HCl ⎯ZnCl
⎯⎯2 → C 2 H 5 Cl + H 2 O

7. Aldehyde and Ketone OR Formaldehyde and Acetone

Method No. 1:
Aldehyde and Ketone are differentiated by Fehling’s test. In this test Fehling’s
solution A and B ae added into given sample and after reflux.
Aldehyde Ketone
Aldehyde (formaldehyde) reacts with Fehling’s solution A Ketone (Acetone) cannot
and B to form red precipitates of Cu2O. give red precipitates with
HCHO + NaOH + Cu(OH ) 2 ⎯ ⎯→ Cu2 O + HCOONa + 2H 2 O Fehling’s solution.

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REASONS

Method No. 2:
Aldehyde and Ketone are differentiated by Tollen’s test. In this test Tollen’s
reagent (ammonical silver nitrate) is added into given sample.
Aldehyde Ketone
Aldehyde (Formaldehyde) reacts with Tollen’s reagent and Ketone (Acetone) cannot
form silver mirror with is deposited on inner wall of produce silver mirror with
container. Tollen’s reagent.
HCHO + 2[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]OH ⎯
⎯→ 2 Ag + HCOONH 4 + 3NH 3

8. Carboxylic acid and Phenol OR Acetic acid and Carbolic acid

Method No. 1:
Carboxylic acid and phenol can be differentiated by the reaction with ethyl
alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4. This test is known as Esterification.
Carboxylic acid Phenol
When carboxylic acid (Acetic acid) reacts with ethyl alcohol Phenol cannot react with
in presence of conc. H2SO4, ester is formed with fruity smell. ethyl alcohol in presence of
CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5 OH ⎯H⎯ ⎯→ CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O
2 SO4 conc. H2SO4

Method No. 2:
Carboxylic acid and phenol both are acidic in nature. They can be
differentiated by the reaction with NaHCO3
Carboxylic acid Phenol
Carboxylic acid (Acetic acid) reacts with NaHCO3, brisk Phenol cannot react with
effervescence are formed due to liberation of CO2 NaHCO3 therefore no
CH 2 COOH + NaHCO3 ⎯ ⎯→ CH 3COONa + H 2 O + CO2 effervescence are produced.

9. Reducing and Non-reducing Sugars

Reducing and Non-reducing sugars are differentiated by Fehling’s test. In this
test Fehling’s solution A and B ae Added into given sample.
Reducing Sugar Non- Reducing Sugar
Reducing sugar (Glucose) reacts with Fehling’s solution A Non-reducing sugar (starch)
and B to form red precipitates of Cu2O. cannot give red precipitates
CHO + NaOH + Cu (OH ) 2 ⎯ ⎯→ Cu 2 O + HCOONa + 2 H 2 O with Fehling’s solution.

(CHOH )4 (CHOH )4
CH 2 OH CH 2 OH

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REASONS

10. Benzene and Toluene

Benzene and Toluene are differentiated by reaction with cold KMnO4. In this
method KMnO4 solution is added in given sample.
Benzene Toluene
Benzene cannot oxidized with Toluene reacts with KMnO4to form benzoic acid due to
KMnO4 therefore no decolorization oxidation and decolonization of KMnO4 take place.
of KMnO4 take place. C 6 H 5 − CH 3 + 3[O] ⎯KMnO
⎯⎯4 → C 6 H 5 − COOH + H 2 O

11. Acetone and Other Ketones

Acetone and other ketones can be differentiated by iodoform test. In this test
given sample is heated with iodine in presence of sodium carbonate.
Acetone Other Ketone
Acetone form yellow precipitates of iodoform by the reaction Other ketones cannot give
with iodine in presence of sodium carbonate. yellow precipitates of iodoform
in this test.
CH 3COCH 3 + 3I 2 + 2 Na2 CO3 ⎯ ⎯→ CHI 3 + 3NaI + 2CO2 +
H 2 O + CH 3COONa

12. 1-butyne and 2-butyne

1-butyne and 2-butyne are differentiated by the reaction with ammonical silver
nitrate this is an example of substitution reaction. In this method ammonical
silver nitrate is added in the given sample.
1-butyne 2-butyne
1-butyne reacts with ammonical silver nitrate 2-butyne cannot reacts with ammonical silver nitrate
to form white precipitates. therefore no white precipitates are form.

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