Ont-4 G77ready Agorth

DAEDUIUTN
htrod uction rrendy veprna
Ophmtaakon Problens a OPbmal Souhan»
nzakon pnblom ovolves_soding The beu souk whn
mm a sel o possible 9oLuhan Subjeltcertar,
certar
Congtminks Ti nnatues tnding the bel uwat
0ranize_and pmplement_an aigorithm fn order
Enpmve Hs pememar The dbieckve onChon ioTth
cabes fs ypcauy The ime or spa2 Camplet 2
The algomn The con&Arainds 'ma nuwde he
amount memer or Conputatondl leuxog Qva?s

e , a Common opimizahon Pblom s theKnapsaa

Pdblem" Whfch fovolves ttndi The mo proftase
Cwawab@) get of terns to Pnciude o the &taeR knapsaty
Subjec t a Cweht Constyant A Conmon 2Ppnaes
t aolving this_Pmblem 1s USing dynarmie_Pran
0r gredey augorithms
Ao ophmal Sototon ?s The oneTha ach.eves the le-
Perrorimanc CaorolPng tD TheChosen_0 echvefonc
ObjeChve nChon Pshe _mothermahca) enpme9sin th
qpresends he measue el qual ethe suhn
Ao earmpe oophma Soiwkn sth ong_th mot
fho'Jca tot
A Locaiuy ophmaL Solyhn ong uuhere fhove d
asfbte sotuiog n The neighbouthood wth beter 0
nCdo yave
Alsbayy opkmasotubn fs_one_uwhee fhere
abe tnutim uh eHes rbjaedive va
clAsSmAte
PAGE
 DATEIIITLI
educhon n_to 7zele, Agovhns
190Tithms Solve pmblons bymaking bepi cho?a
be1 cho?o
e d
redy
2hal Seams at the par}feular omend deesgive
nd
hinK
hat s about the utureand ! mayor may Dot
he bess outpuk
otherC20rs a gaeody algithn maveg The_locauu
besd choite each tae torth Hhe hopeemdinagltas
Solwnn
Ps a methd o &olve oPhmizuhm pgblemg
aveedy aug orithn wpTLS a poblem endhib?sfotndin pragea
T Theve s
poblem has an ophmal fubstrothre
a_grendey Cho?ce_pmpey (H meang gsbauy opkn
be furd by maciny 7 lo Caiuy dptmal greadey)Chote.
lcolohon con

ore anea) of Aeplfcakon Pndpng dhorletpath behwa

na
Hunverhices Using DeZkastros aLgothm, Pnd NST
Prach ma
naph ustng ms kvskals dalgoritam,
nap Sackpmblem Huftmao Entading algovthm
me elormen!s lCempment e eedy laalee
ALanclidete set: eaiuson cseated drm This se
selechon unCha: used o cboose the bed Candidak
e added to the Soruhm»
teasbifon Chn lxed to delermire_whethey a
olicale_can be_uted Conrbule to the Sorusio
o a So tukr
objedve_uncho Used t ass2n vawe

w hether
a
m pnch 2 Used h Pndrcade
plede Soun hag beon realhee
nThePblem Canke
pkma/ Sousn
enproo n prblamg erstr@ thal
ePblam
d frm Can
opkmal Soloh
be Solved by Sry a Yeurtive appma&
 DATEJUUTn
42read Aghng
mttional_Knapsacy_ potble
Puen_a sel ellems each _whb a weght and
Le Cpnst, delermine the number of eaeh
ems to ocucle Pothe CoIectims, hal thevt
lehE Ps lessthan_or egualtr a gven JPmit and tr
a e Pms+) i3 _allonge a9_ posgTblo ie Manim/o
7hepst eame
Nole:n4rathonalKnapsakpmblom, tlems Can be
DroXon Phto gmauer pfaccg,'andyo0 nude7
rachan o an tem the Knapsack.h may
O Can tave a_ patof an iem The thel
o whole flem cam
The xnaps aok
134n_ol2 knzp8a0k problom, Hermg mo be
eph je yoo Can eYther intuude an Chose
Pfem oy 1eoe
out_Cmpley
he on bothonethod Ps
yae pmanimi ze the tovel
lpeht) eThe items_zn the _knapsnek
here ae Teo wayS
(nrerdy about pmhl,8nvinq KnapgaaK_pob
KnapsaoK_psbOlom
nreedy about pht readabou coéfbE a
by weyht rato:
The ppt by
hNOHhod_ves
So lets use aLjonthm
sor Thet
the opkmal S

clasSmate

GE
 W20
rle) ObjeO 1

utPif4
SLO

6ady abaut Pust (max pro4+)

P1
ptla,objeei L haj manimu)P5 So place PA To bay
nd fs weht i's , So emaining epacit is 20J9-2.
dbjedbje 2 hog neat mad. p So pla 2 pod

eobje ihba
Xf Yemaininq bag capaak
20

OTatal Pst: Jy2 2 4 + OXiS :282

Deady about weht (min

weizh
hg minimu wegh So pla@ } n bag.
Hove obielt 3
Ane s dejrhi P's Jo, So emaininin capacih 20-Jo-Jo
NOw,_0bjeat 2 hag n e min weia S pa lo pod
Objets weih in bag.
2TotalPw:0X 2+ 10x 24 + JX Ir- 34
Tad)
JTreocdyabout popt by wehtmza Pw
X2 3
Ohjeu 2 3

J 16JS
o, pu
Put 2 Po bag. So vemaining capacih- 20-1S:S
Y in bag ie

GRP4 0Xor+ JX2y4 3S

potfl Sa qn vides
cCa
fae,1 a e mza smal 65wton PAGE
 auen m tuleiir
DATE

Agortm
)
6redyknapSaawALpmthn (

Compute Pi/wr
ort obects in non-Pntr ealimg oroler o P /
4oP too

h w-W
P:Pt
Pp
ele bme 7Ki

Pwo)
P:P:Pr[

Anauyhs_
Fo7 1 Jp vtamputy Pi/)
FoY Sorhng Tn: 0 (n To0Cn)
loqn)
For 2ndJp Tm 0ln)
-or Jaß+ *f lm"
Ttn O(1)
Tm Ol+0(nloqn) + d(n) ol1)
Ol1)
Oln Logm)

elAsSmAte
PAGE
 tAIE OIJUTOL
PdR the 5 7ems almg with htheid
e i Nes pech ve
o n s i d e p

vawe lprnh. 7he knapsack Caácity

w dthe
w e t h l s

the o
A6
nd
n d 0pkmal_popt eainad by U krapsa

3o,4
J S S, Jo, 20,
3 0 2D,J00)90)JSo
D:

T 2 T3 T
30 4o
Jo 20
20 J n 90 6o
35
2 3 4
p6
the dbjeds ?n doeveaging ordor 6 PPAU
Aary e

T Tr
5 20 40
Jn 760 Jo 2
P 30

P 6 S 3
Knapsau aAsrdry fothe vawe sq PT/si
OLW, Sn Pnthe
iven, Cap aay 26o
put,T, Remaining czpach= 60 S: SS
nd P u t , D2, Remai ning capach: S-20 : 3

3TOpu I3, weight

elasSMAte PAGE
 DATE IDITN
b Seqvencine cth Deadun

t h e pmblemt o whh each_fr hasap

and a deadlre by which ?t mu,be_Cmpioted
he goal s to nd a saquena foks 7had
mandtmzesThotodat pnf whrla ensuafng at
are lamploBea betore The vespelhve deadli re
oherea a noner dgbs T:Aja a
eadsne ef gok: d»dood, dy,-- dn tohru diz
he p can be earned b b fs Cmpwe whn
hersdeadlze - pp2.Pa.-Po uhh pro
Here, evey_fob Can be Camp ledesd tn onH dme
(ie. J ob°beging at timel 0 y fnidhed at Am i,
Fhe nd fob beging at bm Ix intthes a dne 2uk
Lwe_ have a Stngle_malhine(PD
to2fo)
he maln_am oThis_problen 3- tndhe feasbe
Sequena _fobs That marimiw ho profA ear
0 adine

A1ggrith) Ts(D.Jn)
DCo:T[o]-o'
foT P:2 to n do K TU):l
DED
Cwhie DT(OOnd DCJCY)#Y o
4DCTCr)LDTP) ad DEI>YFho
o f k to ) do
elasSmate I+):TJT PAGE L
Ttru) Kak+1;
 bT: LIL
: U are Ushg tuD Arps,one wPthin anchus
LplenUt z 0(n2). Tho _wworkt Cage happeng
hase Same deadleneg
ohen auobs

Seguen due s
ao

asson There ane 9_fobs prd the

hch maruimi22heprt b_uhnpeb sen cig
Tth depnte aygoridhm

J2J3 J Tr T Ta J
obs J J8 Jo 23 16

2 4 2
Deasuine 7

Soodhe johs dM fho bass pr+h deviy

J J
Jhs 73 1 I T2 Jy r J 10
Paeh 3o2s 23 220 3J 1g4 2
DadtlaS 3 2
Tal p
Powshm squenk
foa ble
aibla
Leahbu
I2UA19D
NO Feas
Lea JSJ2,JI 132

LRohbe
 DATEJJUT
J
Tobs JJ2
Deaduine
JopJo
SoPo descerdtng Orden
basd on Pop

J J3J
Tobs 2 J
2
eadune
OD 20 J Jd

Leag biriny Procos singseqvenla YGaL pn

To
Faastba
feasb STu 00+29-124
Not feaibu A
J2 Not eag?bk STT)

hus,tho 0phmalpSE J29 wh pMAI H19

Sequente su,_
 DATE

yAaaySis

thS 2om
algotn ,we a2 USPng two lrrps, one
i's
lofthin
anothen Hence, he Complority is OCn2)
4 Caje haPpeng, Chen au 7hs hane Same
e
T eadtine.

Hnayhs 7 adgo m irety fm numavas Suu

J J 2 Ja TS Jr
S
deodtu'ne S
21 12 9
pm 20

2 3

h1we reate an array SSiot = O(J)

paSopingthe_ Pobs Pn descending order- o(nXoqo)
ppinq /4job eguie = ne cmpan g

Pkin 2nd pT2 Yegureg cmpaibm Ama2

PIcKng
3 me
obJ Patng in amroy Yegui ef Cmpartu

Pio
o np
for n6bs +2+3tyAS Cmpcn
nin 41) Oln)
2
40 Toel me Comploh: o()4OO(n ojn) + 2(n2)
= O ln2) in ce o ? Cage

elasSate when du
fshs have s a r e deadA
PAGE
 DATE UUT

Anothen algothm

DTn)
Tsthe sel Tb. thal Can be Complaeddbytherda
/!n Ps the no go%s
I1Dste dladina e4 johs

eT f-2 ton do
u fo bs in Tu} Can be
by fhelr deadting) Complakd
fhn T:Tuu

Timt Complesuk_0ln2)_
 Kmis a s V/mmy.
Pmae

DATE

KusLas
1gorihm ax Mhimum Pannin9 Tre
aLgorthm s The minemumSpannfn e
ushm hal lakes a gaph a8 npu E aad fmd ho
aLgonifhmh

edges_of hal raph Whcs

SsekThe

That fnuudes eue verfe

wmataee
wehis_amn au the
ho he mfnimum Sum
vL_Thad an b e p m s J a m hagaph
Hgozithm

m low wzhk o h?%_

Don au_edges oth_Kouwe we~ht_and adA L L
Taue he edge
Spannngdra h e edge creaded a qtu
T adding
hon raecd bis edp vekas
e d g e _ u i I we leach u
addn

Pseudo Ca Undivalerap b
L n beThe welhtes
Connecte

wh n veyhce.
krogal Ms (G1)

v _ / /cone chm afn verkces graph (ie 75es

T
Sel elpe Sedes in fnoreasin Ovder weihl
whiteIT| L n-J_and EP
Selees (0v) m E Po orda
Rernove (Ov) m E
cycte T))
( (ov) doesnt Creak z

TTuSloy
clasStLe 3
PAGE
 DAED UIn
lAnaysi
CYeakng a trea wh o vehcas tacos Ofu) hre
OlU)
Serhng dgei in_aicendag ta olElog E)
hie Lp exewtg 0) im
T n ) o ELoE)

E: Fnd HST USina Kuskal method

36

20

Hak a ee with au
venkg Sur4 he eslges
ag cending ovd

J.2)-So
(34) 2o
J13) 3d
2-
(2:-40
(2u)c6o

H8T wezht:_3o (4S) 9o

clasSmate
 DATE

Haka frel uth au veks

&tod the edges in
(An 2 aserdiy or
B,D 4
:4
(AD)5
(C F)-r

DRs te NH ith ueght: JS

CDIe)
A»):9

Pm'S alg onthm Ps a HT UOnhm hal tag

Same a VnsKol.

Ayorthm
art
inalze The mfnimun Spaning ree tha vo
Choosen a Yandom
Pnd au the edca tha Comneet to The fre new
ræ
add Ptb the
oen nd the Minimum
Ceale a y unt. we s a M&T n
Kap Yepeaty ep3 vAha

asS e
PAGE
 Kmxkal T A n_ Vew
outvre sa
371 edge add JT JG
but, not )n PmmI h T : l $? DATE
PrmsHs7(G)
T: TB the Set edges e H re Trea
Jvea
s lS?s Vandam y chasen Vesta 9S isassetueh
uhtte s|:V) o T
Coio

(0v an edge min cwept Pncident veasx

T not qormiy a qclo PT added
-Tlu}
S:SuV
nh vie

Hna
Cwhi op ezeules Olv)
Edge o min weig+ Pneident to veen Con be 6lE)
So tdtal Smo i's OEv).
we Can
Ympmve by Choosing bede dada &hchme
Gueue thon, T
OEJv
th Pnd N ST USin primg

Por ms HT
a t 4yee Comnes
22
12

clASSMAte
PRGE
 DATE

Choose a
Yandom vetex 5'E &7 rayph

Jo

22

e FPrd NST US Prm E:Fno HST

10-

So

Yo
20

20

w e i g . Is

elassmat
PAGE
 DATE

* KaRra's_ algofhm
t h e a 3ngle. Source &hordeg4 path phn
adzected raph 61a(v. E)_wPth _nonnagahve_eda
wePgh Zecasse_ auuays Chooses h lh
Lihk
or "close4" verdes Po V-go Pnse 2 se
Sel s, cauee greedy Rdaaey
LPsaduatages
oes bi?nd seaneh,so wada a lg ime pMCeIRN
oan't hande negakveedges
oWened o knap tratw e Ursled verre
oads o deyuie_graph y mo4 en (art bton
ALgothm
DrTkgra |.wt)/h:latan raph, w-weghi mabs
SSoo& nade
each veer ve V/V= veuka gaph
d
dts:0
S /Cmin heap, epro nk gue
| S=set o ho Vesh path e
Whi != ¢
OTave minmurn pm and delat
S:SUU
Soy eaeh Vested V
adsacant U
dtv) »dto]+ w{u,U) tho
d dCu3+ w(u,v)

Anay hs: J Lnp OU) 5me

TniNa zattn Pron Q = ovrnt
clAsSmAt Chine LpolU)
or Joy inhde unles olvl) 1( o(v
 OATE TICLL
e p D I j k A a : a

Shok
pah pumm S e
nle » au Veh
Cnel
9

Z e
Lel's Cengct adabu
vede be a.

SoorL2
T
e
Verden
AD
COO
u
22
C
2p
C2.0 20

C20

o b - 2 6 ) Loth weight ?
pat» hm a
kenee, he &horde w'h weisht 9
a o c a,i3
with wegh ¢
20

7 to d Sa, C,d}
ith ezht 2
a o e a e
4w t weght J
zc
hr
 Aorthm
Hoftman C

Buld mBn Hezp whC

fol to (ng)

allocaBe a nw nade z
2-1e X= Cdrod Ho ( )
2.h-yY= Exrad-Hinl
2:4re2_ X
X.reg+Y freg
sed G,z)

Yehn/Extrot-Hn{

Hnays n hinawe 0ad to sod the gveg oput

Sumbo/s ascendng orctan bases on herr eguen
he o p Oncuky a molt O(n) Ane

Tn 0/nlegn) +0 (n)
clASSMAte
PAGE