~

S T D - B S I BS E N 1127-1-ENGL 1 7 7 8 W L b 2 4 b b S Ob73040 170 W

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
1127-1: 1998

Explosive atmospheres -
Explosion prevention and
protection
Part 1. Basic concepts and methodology

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The European Standard EN 1127-1 : 1997 has the status of a

British Standard

ICs 13.110;13.230

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 BS EN 1127-1:1998

National foreword
This British Standard is the English ianguage version of EN 1127-1: 1997.
The UK participation in its p r e p d o n was entrusted to Technical Committee
FsH/23,Fire precautions in industriai and chemical plant, which has the
responsibility to:

- aid enquirers to understand the text;

- present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpreîaíion, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
- monitor related intemationaland European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A iist of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to

its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Sîandards which implement internationai or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI StandardsCatalogue under the
section entitled 'International Sîandards Correspondence Index', or by using the
'Fïnd' facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legai obligations.

Summary of pages
"his document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN titie page,
pages 2 to 34, an inside back cover and a back covw

This British standard, having Amendments issued since publication

beenprepared under the
cliredion of the Consumer
productsandseMcesSector
Board, was pubiished under the
authority of the Stanàards Board
AmdNo. lm I Te*aEected
and comes into effect on
16 Janua~y1998

UBN O õâû 28941 9

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 ~ ~

S T D - B S I BS EN 1127-I-ENGL 1 9 9 8 D 1b24bb9 üb73042 T 4 3 D

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1127-1

NORNE EUROPÉENNE
EXJROP- NORM August 1997

ICs 13.110;13.230

Descriptors: Safety of machine, accident prevention, explosion proofing, fire protection, hazards, dangerous areas, operating stations,
explosive atmospheres, safety measures, utilization, information

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English version

Explosive atmospheres -
Explosion prevention and pmWon -
Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology
Atmosphères explodves - Prévention de ExplosiomEhge Aîxwqhären -
l’explosion et protection contre l’explcsion - Explcsionsschutz -
Partie 1: Notions fondamentaies et méthodologie Teil 1: Grundìagen und Methodik

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-OS26.CEN members are

bound to comply with the CENEENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Uptoaate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Centsal Secretariat or to any CEN member.
The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German).
Aversion in any other language made by tramhiion under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CENmembers are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

European Committee for Stanb-on

Comité Européen de Norn-dkti on
Europäisches Komitee für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, €3-1050Brussels

O 1997 CEN - Ail rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worlwide for CEN nationai
Members.
Ref. No. EN 1127-1 : 1997 E

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 S T D - B S I B S EN LL27-L-ENGL L798
~ ~ ~~~~

L b 2 4 b b 9 Ob73043 98T = ~

Page 2
EN ll27-1:1997

Foreword page
6.2.2 Concentration of fiammable
This European Standard has been prepared by substances 9
'lèchnid Committee CENRY: 114, Safety of machine%
the secretariat of which is held by DIN. 6.2.3 Amount of explosive atmosphere 10
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 6.3 Determining the presence of effective
national standard, either by publication of an identical ignition sources 10
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 1998, 6.3.1 General 10
and conflictingnational standards shall be withdrawn 6.3.2 Hot surfaces 10
at the latest by February 1998. 6.3.3 Flames and hot gases (including hot
This standard is a general guideline for explosion particies) 11
prevention and protection by design and construction 6.3.4 Mechanically generated sparks 11
of equipment, protective systems and components.
6.3.6 Electrical apparatus 11
Detailed infomation on specinc equipment, protective
systems and components is comprised in appropriate 6.3.6 Stray electric currents, cathodic
individual standards. The design and construction of corrosion protection 11
explosion prevention and protection measures need 6.3.7 Static electricity 12

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safety relevant data of flammable substances and 6.3.8 Lighhing 12
explosive atmospheres. Detailed infomation is
available from appropriate standards. 6.3.9 Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic
waves nom 104 HZ to 3 x 1012 HZ 12
This European Standard has been prepared under a
6.3.10 Electromagnetic waves from
mandate given to CEN by the European Commission 3 x 1011 HZ to 3 x 1015 HZ
and the European Free W e Association, and 12
supporis essential requirements of EU Dire&ve(s). 6.3.11 Ionizing radiation 12
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative 6.3.12 Ultrasonics 12
annex ZA, which is an integrai part of this standard. 6.3.13 Adiabatic compression and shock
According to the CENKENELEC intemai Regulations, waves 13
the nationai standards organizations of the following 6.3.14 Exothermic reactions, including
countries are bound to implement this European self-ignition of dusts 13
Stan- Austria, Belgium,Czech Republic, Denmark, 6.4 Estimating the possible effects of an
Finland, France, ,- Greece, Iceland, Ireland, explosion 13
I*, Luxembourg,Netherhds, N o m , Portugal,
Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. 6 Eliminatonorminimisati 'on of risk 13
6.1 Fundamental principles 13
6.2 Avoidance or reduction of the amount
Contents of explosive atmosphere 14
page 6.2.1 General 14
Foreword 2 6.2.2 proCessparameters 14
O introduction 4 6.2.3 Design and construction of equipment,
1 Scope 4 protedive systems and components 16
2 Normative references 5 6.3 ClassifiCaton of hazardous places 16
3 Deñniîions and abbreviations 6 6.3.1 General 16
4 Hazard identification 8 6.3.2 Zones for gaseshrIipours 16
4.1 General 8 6.3.3 Zones for dusts 16
4.2 Combustion properties 9 6.4 Requirements for the design and
construction of equipment, protective
4.3 Ignition requirements 9 systems and components by avoidance
4.4 Explosion behaviour 9 of effective ignition sources 16
6 Elements of risk assessment 9 6.4.1 General 16
6.1 General 9 6.4.2 Hot surfaces 18
6.2 Deteminhg the amount and 6.4.3 h e s and hot gases 18
likelihood of an occurence of an
explosive atmosphere 9
6.2.1 Degree of dispersion of flammable
Substances 9

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S T D - B S I B S EN LL27-L-ENGL L778 l b 2 4 b b 7 Ob73044 8 L b 9

Page 3
EN 1127-1: 1997

page
6.4.4 Mechanicaìly generated sparks 19
6.4.6 Electrical apparatus 19
6.4.6 Stray electsic currents and cathodic
corrosion protection 19
6.4.7 Static electricity 20
6.4.8 Lightning 20
6.4.9 Radio frequency (RF)electromagnetic
waves from io4 fi to 3 x 1012 HZ 20
6.4.10 Electromagnetic waves from
3 x 1011 HZ to 3 x 1015 HZ 21
6.4.11 Ionizing radiation 21
6.4.12 Ultrasonics 21
6.4.13 Adiabatic compression and shock
waves 21
6.4.14 Exothermic reactions, including
self-ignition of dusts 22
6.6 Requirements for the design and
constniction of equipment, protective
systems and components to reduce
the explosion effects 22
6.6.1 General 22
6.6.2 Explosion-resistant design 22
6.6.3 Explosion relief 23
6.6.4 Explosion suppression 24
6.6.6 Prevention of explosion propagation
(explosion decouphg) 24
6.6 Provisions for emergency measures 25
6.7 Principles of measuring and control
systems for explosion prevention and
protection 25
7 Information for use 25
7.1 General 25
7.2 Information on equipment, protective
systems and components 26
7.3 Information for commissioning,
maintenance and repair to prevent
explosion 26
7.4 Qualifications and training 26
Annexes
A (normative) Tools for use in potenMy
explosive atmospheres 26
B (normative) Relationship between
categories and zones 27
C (informative) Concepts for the use of
measuring and control systems to avoid
effective ignition sources 28
D (informative) index 29
ZA (iormative) Clauses of this European
Standard addressing essential requirements
or other provisions of EU Directives 32

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 O Introduction
CEN and CENELEC are producing a set of standards
to assist designers, manufacturers and other interested
bodies to interpret the essential safety requirements in
order to achieve conformity with European legislation.
Within this series of standards CEN has undertaken to
draw up a standard to give guidance in the field of
explosion prevention and protection, as hazasds from
explosions are to be considered in accordance
+th 4.8 Of EN 292-1 : 1991.
The present standard was drawn up on request and by
man& of CEC and EFI’A to fullil:
- the Council directive on the Approximation of the
Laws of the member states relating to Machinery
(89/392/EEC) which demands in its Annex I,
Section 1.5.7 that machinery shall be so designed and
constructed to avoid any risk of explosion; as well
This standard has been prepared to be a harmonized
standard in the sense of the appropriate Directives of
the EU and associated EFI’A regulations.
This standard describes the basic concepts and
methodology of explosion prevention and protection.
CENPIY:305 has a mandate in this area to produce
Btype and C-type standards, which will allow
veriûcation of conformity with the esential safety
requirements.
Explosions can occur fi-om
- materials processed or used by the equipment,
protective systems and componentq
- materials released by the equipment, protective
systems and components;
- materials in the vicinity of the equipment,
protective systems and components;
- materials of construction of the equipment,
protective systems and components.
Since safety depends not only on equipment, protective
systems and components but also on the material
being handled and its use, this standard includes
aspects reiated to the intended use, i.e. the
manufactum shouid consider how and for what the
equipment, protective system and components will be
used and take this into account during its design and
construction. only in this way can hazards inherent in
equipment, protective systems and components be
reduced
NOTE 1. This standard may also serve as a guide for users of
equipment, proteclive systems and components when assessing
the risk of explosion in the workplace and selecting the
appropriate equipment, protective syst~msand components.
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NOTE 2. During the preparation of this standard, the Commission
of the European C O ~ ~ L UGeneral
IQ Directorate V, has begun the
Preparation of a directive intended to improve the safety and
health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive
atmospheres, based on Article 118a of the ’kea@. It is intended
that this Directive will contain the zone definitions for the
classification of hazardous places. The zone definitions used in
this standard will be aligned, where necessary, with this Directive.
1 scope
This European Standard speciñes methods for the
identiñcaüon and assessment of hazardous situaiions
leading to explosion and the design and construction
measures appropriate for the required safe@. This is
achieved by
- hazard identiñcaüon;
- risk assessment;
- elhination or minllnizati‘on of risk
a) by design without using safeguarding
b) by safemm;
c) by communication links,if nece-, to convey
information to the useq
d) by any other precautions.
NOTE.The ‘design’in accordance with 6.7 of EN 414 : 1992
should not be confused with the ‘design’in accordance with 6.5
of this standard.
Measures in accordance with a) (prevention) and
b) (protection) against explosions are dealt with in
clause 6 of this standard, measures according to c)
against explosions are dealt with in clause 7 of this
standard.Measures in accordance with d) are not
described in this standard. They are dealt with in
clause 6 of EN 2922 : 1991.
The preventive and protective measures described in
this standard wiiì not provide the required level of
safety unless the equipment, protective systems and
components are operated within their intended use and
are hstalied and maintained according to the relevant
codes of practice or requirements.
This standard specifies general design and construction
methods to help designers and manufacturers in
achieving explosion safety in the design of equipment,
protective systems and components.
This standard is applicable to any equipment,
protective systems and components intended to be
used in potentially explosive atmospheres. These
atmospheres can arise from flammable materials
processed, used or released by the equipment,
protective systems and components or fi-om materials
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in the vicinity of the equipment, protective systems and
components and/or from the materials of construction
of the equipment, protective systems and components.
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 S T D - B S I B S EN 1127-1-ENGL 1 9 7 8 D L b 2 4 b b 9 Db7304b b 7 î D
Page 5
EN 1127-1: 1997

This standard is applicable to equipment, protective EN 2921 : 1991 Safety of machinery - Basic
systems and components at all stages of their use. concepts, generalp&xìm for
This standard is only applicable to equipment group II design -Part 1: Basic termirwlogy,
which is intended for use in other places than me tho do lo^
underground parts of mines and those parts of surface EN 292-2 : 1991 Safety of machinery -Basic
instailations of such mines endangered by firedamp concepts, general principles for
and/or fiartunable dust. design -Part 2: Technical principies
This standard is not applicable to: and speczfications
- medical devices intended for use in a medical EN 414 : 1992 Safety of m h i n e r y - Rules for the
environment; dmfiing and presentation of safety
- equipment, protective systems and components StUndU?TiS
where the explosion hazard results exclusively from EN 954-1 : 1996 Safety of machinery - Safety relateà
the presence of explosive substances or unstable parts of control systems-
chemical substances; Part 1: Geneml principles fw design
- equipment, protective systems and components EN 1050 : 1996 Safety of machinery - R&k
where the explosion can occur by reaction of assessment
substances with other oxidizers than atmospheric
oxygen or by other hazardous reactions or by other EN 50014 Electrical apparatus for potentially
than atmospheric conditions; explosive atmospheres - Geneml
requirements
- equipment intended for use in domestic and
non-commercial environments where potentially EN 50015 Electrical apparatus for potentially
explosive atmospheres may oniy rarely be created, explosive atmospheres - OE1
solely as a d t of the accidental leakage of fuel immersion ‘o’
gas; EN 50016 Electrical apparatus for potentially
- personal protective equipment covered by explosive atmospheres -Pressumzed
Directive 89/686/EEC; apparatus $’
- seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units EN 50017 Electrical apparatus for potentially
* together with equipment on board such vessels or explosive atmospheres - Powder
VI
* units; fiuing @’
- means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their W e r s EN 50018 Electrical appamtus for potentially
intended solely for transporting passengers by air or explosive atmosphmes -fimep?vof
by road, rail or water networks, as weii as means of enclosure ‘d’
transport insofar as such means are designed for EN 50019 Electrical apparatus for potentially
transporting goods by air,by public road or rail explosive atmospheres - Increased
networks or by water. Vehicles intended for use in a safety ‘e’
potentially explosive atmosphere shall not be
excluded; EN 50020 Electrical appamtus for potentially
- the design and construction of systems containing
explosive atmospheres - Intrinsic
desired, controlled combustion processes, unless
safety ‘i’
they can act as ignition sources in potentially prEN 50021 Spekfication for electrical apparatus
explosive atmospheres. with type of pmtection ‘n’
EN 50028 Electrical apparatus for potentially
2 Normative references q l o s i v e atmospheres -
Encapsulation ‘rn’
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This European Standard incorporates, by dated or

undated reference, provisions from other publications. EN 50039 Electrical apparatus for potentially
These normative references are cited at the explosive atmospheres - IntmnSiccdly
appropriate places in the text and the publications are safe electrical s y s t e m ‘i’
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent EN 50050 Electrical appamtus for potentially
amendments to or revisions of any of these explosive atmospheres - Electmstatic
publications apply to this European Standard oniy hund-held spraying equipment
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For EN 50053-1 Requirements for the seiection,
undated references the latest edition of the publication installation and use of ekctrostatic
referred to applies. spraying equipment for flammable
ma- -Part 1: Hand-held
electrostaticpaint spmy guns with
an energy limit of 0,24?nJand their
associated apparatus

Copyright European Committee for Standardization

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S T D * B S I BS EN LL27-L-ENGL
Page 6
EN ll27-1:1997
EN 50053-2 Requirements for the selection,
i m W t i o n and use of electrostatic
spmfing w i p m e n t f o r f i m h k
materials -Part 2 :Hand-held
elecmstatìc pow& spray gum with
an energy limit of 5 mJ and their
associated apparatus
EN 500533 Rquimnmtsfor the selectwn,
instauation and use of eìectmstatic
spm2ling equipment for.J%lmwluble
m a w -Part 3: Hand-held
electrostaticjìo& spmy gum with an
energ2/ limit of O,% mJ or 5 mJ and
their associated apparatus
EN 50054 Electrical appamtus for the detection
and measurement of combustible
gases - General requiremRnts and
test memds
EN 50055 Electrical appamtw for the detection
and msasurement of combustible
gases- P & m n c e requ.irements
for Group I apparatus indicating up
to 5 %(Km methane in air
EN 6ûû56 Electrical appamtus for the detection
and measurement of cmna.zlstble
gases- P e t $ m n c e requirements
for Gmup I appamtus indicating u p
to 100% (v/v) memw
EN 50057 E l e c W appamtus for the detection
and meuilsurement of combust.iok
gases- P & m n c e rsquirements
for Gmup LI apparatus indicating up
to 100 % lower cz2plQsiwlimit
EN 50058 Electrical appamtus for the detection
and measurement of combzlstibk
gases- P e r y i m m requ.Eraents
for Gmup II appamtas indicating up
toloO%(v~gas
EN 50059 s m t z o n for eleCmmic
hand-held spmying W i W f o r
m f i r n m a b ì * e forpainting
~ [Diredive M/EC, Chapter I, Article i]
and finishing
prEN 50154 Electmcal instauatzons in potentùzüg
mplmive gas a t n w s p h (other h n
mines)
EN 6007910 Electrical appamtus for mpimiw gas
acmospheres -Part 1O: Classficath
of haxardous areas
Is08421-1 Rreprotectùm-VòcubUlu~-
Part 1: General terms and phmwmmm
offim
IEC 50 (426) Intmmt.ional h7mtmtechnicd
V0c-q; chapter 426: E l e c W
appamtus for eqdasiw atmosrpheres
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~~
1798 D Lb211bb7 Ob730117 5 2 5 D
IEC 79-4 El.eccrical apparatus for explosive gas
a&wsph.em - Part 4: Method of test
for ignitwn kmpemture
IEC 79-15 Electrical apparatus f o r explosive gas
atmospheres-Part 15: Electrical
apparatus with ty-pe of p t e c t w n ‘n’
3 Deñnitions and abbreviations
For the purposes of this European Standard, the
following definitions appiy:
3.1 flammable substance
Substance in the form of gas, vapour, iiquid, solid, or
mixtures of these, able to undergo an exothermic
reaction with air when ignited
3.2 component
‘Component’means any item essential to the safe
functioning of equipment and protective system but
with no autonomous function.
[Directive M E C , Chapter I, Article i]
3.3 deflagration
Explosion propagating at subsonic velocity.
[IS08421-1, 1987-03-01, Lll]
3.4 detonation
Explosion propagating at supersonic velocity and
Charactenzed by a shock wave.
[IS08421-1, 1987-03-01, 1.121
3.6 equipment
‘Equipment’means machines, apparatus,k e d or
mobile devices, control components and
instrumentation thereof and detection and prevention
systems which, separately or join*, are intended for
the generation, transfer, storage, measurement, control
and convernion of energy for the processing of
material, and which are capable of causing an
explosion through their own potential sources of
ignition.
3.6 explosion
Abrupt oxidation or decomposition reaction producing
an increase in temperature,pressure, or in both
simultaneously
[IS0 8421-1, 1987-0301, 1.131
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3.7 explosion limits
The limits of the explosion range.
3.8 lower explosion limit (LEL)
The lower limit of the explosion range.
3.9 upper explosion limit (UEL)
The upper limit of the explosion range.
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 S T D - B S I B S E N LL27-1-ENGL
3.10 explosion points
The lower and upper explosion point.
3.11 lower explosion point
Temperature of a combustible liquid at which the
concentration of the saturated vapour in air is equal to
the lower explosion limit
3.12 upper explosion point
Temperature of a combustible liquid at which the
concentration of the saturated vapour in air is equal to
the upper explosion h i t .
3.13 explosion range
Range of the concentration of a flammable substance
in air within which an explosion can occur.
3.14 explosion-resistant
Property of vessels and equipment designed to be
either explosion-pressure-resistant or
explosion-presure-shock-resistant
3.16 explosion-pressure-resistant
Property of vessels and equipment designed to
withstand the expected explosion pressure without
becoming permanently deformed.
3.16 explosion-pressure-shock-resistant
Property of vessels and equipment designed to
withstand the expected explosion pressure without
rupturing, but allowing permanent deformation.
3.17 explosive atmosphere
Mixhire with air, under atmospheric conditions, of
flammable substances in the form of gases,vapours,
mists or dusts, in which, after ignition has occurred,
combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture.
(See also Directive M E C , Chapter I, Article 1.)
3.18 flash point
M W u m temperature at which, under specified test
conditions, a liquid gives off sufficient combustible gas
or vapour to ignite momentarily on application of an
effective ignition source.
3.19 hazardous explosive atmosphere
Explosive atmosphere which, if it explodes, causes
w e .
3.20 hybrid mixture
Mixture of flammable substances with air in different
physical states.
NOTE. Examples for hybrid mixtures are mixtures of methane,
coal dust and air or mixtures of gasoline vapour and gasoline
droplets with air.
3.21 inerting
Addition of inert substances to prevent explosive
atmospheres.
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Page 7
EN 1127-1: 1997
3.22 intended use
The use of equipment, protective systems and devices
in accordance with the equipment group and category
as specified in Directive M E C , Annex I, and taking
into account all the information supplied by the
manufacturer which is required for the safe functioning
of equipment, protective systems and devices.
(See also Directive M E E C , Chapter I, Article i.)
3.23 limiting oxygen concentration (LOC)
M a x i m m oxygen concentration in a mixture of a
flammable substance and air and an inert gas, in which
an explosion wiU not occur, determined under
specified test conditions.
3.24 machinery
An assembly of linked parts or components, at least
one of which moves, with the appropriate actuators,
control and power circuits, etc. joined together for a
specinc application, in particular for the processing,
treatment, moving or packagmg of a material (materiai
is equivalent to substance or product).
The term 'machinery' also covers an assembly of
machines which, in order to achieve the same en4 are
arranged and controlled so that they function as an
integrai whole.
[89/392/EEC,Article 1.21
3.26 malfunction
The equipment, protective systems and components do
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not perform the intended function. (See also 6.2.2b of
EN 292-1 : 1991).
NOTE. For the purposes of this standard this can happen due to a
variety of reasons, including:
- variation of a property or of a dimension of the processed
material or of the workpiece;
- faiiure of one (or more) of the component parts of the
equipment, protective system and components;
- external disturbances (e.g. shocks, vibration, electromagnetic
fields);
- design error or deficiency (e.g. software errors);
- disturbance of the power supply or other services;
- loss of control by the operator (especiaiiy for hand-held
machines).
3.26 maximum experimental safe gap (MESG)
The maximum gap of the joint between the two parts
of the interior chamber of a test apparatus which,
when the internal gas mixture is ignited and under
specined conditions, prevents ignition of the extenial
gas mixture through a 25 mm long joint, for all
concentrations of the tested gas or vapour in air. The
MESG is a property of the respective gas mixture.
(See also IEC 50 (426), 1990-10,426-0%11).
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EN ll27-1:1997

3.27 maximum explosion pressure @pmaJE) 3.36 protective system

Maximum pressure occurring in a closed vessel during ‘Protective system’means design units which are
the explosion of an explosive atmosphere determined intended to halt incipient explosions immediately
under specified test conditions. and/or to h i t the effective m g e of explosion flames
3.28 maximum rate of explosion pressure and explosion pressures. Protective systems may be
integrated into equipment or separately placed on the
rise ((aP/at)rnax) market for use as autonomous systems.
Maximum value of the pressure rise per unit time
during explosions of all explosive atmospheres in the [Directive 94/9/EC, Chapter I, Article i]
explosion range of a combustible substance in a closed 3.37 reduced explosion pressure
vessel under specified test conditions. Pressure generated by an explosion of an explosive
3.29 minimum ignition energy (MIE) atmosphere in a vessel, protected by either explosion
Lowest electrical energy stored in a capacitor which relief or explosion suppression.
upon discharge is sufficient to effect ignition of the 3.38 self-ignition of dust in bulk
most ignitable atmosphere under specified test Ignition of dusts caused by the rate of heat generation
conditions. from oxidation and/or decomposition reactions of the
3.30 minimum ignition temperature of an dust being greater than the rate of heat loss to the
explosive atmosphere surroundings.
The ignition temperature of a combustible gas or of a
vapour of a combustible liquid or the minimum ignition 4 Hazard identifiication
temperaime of a dust cloud under specified test 4.1 General
conditions. The explosion hazard is r e k d to the materials and
3.31 ignition temperature (of a combustible gas substances processed, used or released by equipment,
or of a combustible liquid) protective systems and components and materials used
The lowest temperature of a heated waìi, as to construct equipment, protective systems and
determined under specified test conditions, at which components. Some of these materials * andsubstances
the ignition of a combustible substance in the form of can undergo combustion processes in &. These
gas or vapour mixture with air will ocm processes are often accompanied by the release of
considerable amounts of heat and can be associated
3.32 minimum ignition temperature of a dust
cloud with a pressure build-up and the release of hazardous
materials. In contrast to burning in a fire, an explosion
The lowest temperature of a hot surface on which the is essentially a seif-mstained propagation of the
most ignitable mixture of the dust with air is ignited reaction zone (flame) through the explosive
under specified test conditions. atmosphere.
3.33 minimum ignition temperature of a dust Flammable and/or combustible substances shail be
layer considered as materials which can form an explosive
The lowest temperatwe of a hot surface at which atmosphere unles an investigation of their properties
ignition ocam in a dust iayer under specified test haSShOwnthatinmixhires with air they are incapable
conditions. of self-mstained propagation of an explosion.
3.34 normal operation This potentiai hazard associated with explosive
The situation when the equipment, protective systems atmosphere is released when ignited by an effective
and components perform their intended function ignition source.
within their design parametem. (See also 6.2.2a of The safety data listed in 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 describe
EN 2921 : 1991). safety relevant properties of substances. They can be
Minor releases of fiammable material may be part of obtained by laboratory experiments, and in a few cases
normal operation. For example, releases of substances also by dadation methods1). The safety data obtained
from seais which rely on wetting by the fiuid which is are used for the identification of the hazard.
being pumped are considered to be minor releases. It is necessary to bear in mind that such safety dab
Failures (such as a breakdown of pump seals, fiange are not physicai constants but depend, for instance, on
gaskets or releases of substances caused by accidents) the techniques used for their measurement Also,for
which involve repair or shutdown are not considered dusts, tabulated safety data are for guidance oniy
to be part of normal operation. because the d u e s depend on particle size and shape,
moisture content and the presence of aùditives, even in
3.36 potentially explosive atmosphere trace concentratons. For a specific application,
An atmosphere which could become explosive due to samples of the dust to be present in the equipment
local and operationai conditions. should be tested and the data obtained used in the
[Directive 94@/EC,Chapter I, Article i]. identification of the hazard,

i) Appropriate standards have been or are being developed by CEN and CENELEC.

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S T D - B S I BS E N 1 1 2 7 - 1 - E N G L 1778
4.2 Combustion properties
Since in this context it is not the material itself that
represents the potentiai hazard but its contact or
mixing with the air, the properties of the mixture of
the flammable substance with air shail be determined.
These properiies give information about a substance’s
burning behaviour and whether it could give rise to
fire or explosions. Relevant data are, e.g.:
- flash poing
- explosion hits (LEL,UEL);
- limiting oxygen concentration (LOC).
4.3 Ignition requirements
The ignition properties of the explosive atmosphere
shall be determined. Relevant data are, e.g.:
- minimum ignition energy;
- minimum ignition temperature of an explosive
atmosphere;
- minimum ignition temperature of a dust layer.
4.4 Explosion behaviour
The behaviour of the explosive atmosphere after
ignition shall be characterized by dab such as:
- maximum explosion pressure @ma);
- maximum rate of explosion pressure rise
((dPm,,);
- maximum experimental safe gap (MESG).
5 Elements of risk assessment
6.1 General
This risk assessment shall always be carried out for
each individual situation in accordance with EN 1050.
Risk assessment includes the following elements for
which the standard gives guidance:
a) hazard identification. The safety data in
accordance with clause 4 assist in the identification
of hazards by demonstrating whether substances are
flanunable and indicate their ease of ignition;
b) determining whether an explosive atmosphere is
likely to occur and the amount involved
(in accordance with 6.2);
c) detennining the presence and likelihood of
ignition sources thaî are capable of igniting the
explosive atmosphere in accordance with 6.3);
d) detennining the possible effects of an explosion
(in accordance with 6.4);
e) evaluating the risk
f ) considering measures for the minimization of risks
( i accordance with clause 6).
A comprehensive approach shall be taken, especially
for complicated equipment, protective systems and
components, plants comprising individua3 units and,
above all, for extended plants. This risk assessment
shall take into account the ignition and explosion
hazard from:
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Page 9
EN 1127-1: 1997
- the equipment, protective systems and components
itseif;
- the interaction between the equipment, protective
systems and components and the substances being
handled;
- the particular industrial process performed in the
equipment, protective systems and components;
- interactions of individual processes in different
parts of the equipment, protective systems and
components,
- the sunoundjngs of the equipment, protective
systems and components and possible interaction
with neighbouring processes.
6.2 Determining the amount and likelihood of an
occurrence of an explosive atmosphere
The occurrence of a hazardous explosive atmosphere
depends on the following
- the presence of a flammable substance;
- the degree of dispersion of the flammable
substance (e.g. gases, vapours, mists, dusts);
- the concentration of the flammable substance in
air within the explosion range;
- the amount of explosive atmosphere sufficient to
cause injury or damage by ignition.
In assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of a
hazardous explosive atmosphere, possible formation of
the explosive atmosphere through chemical reactions,
pyrolysis and biological processes from the materials
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present s h d be taken into account.
If it is impossible to estimate the likelihood of
occurrence of a hazardous explosive atmosphere, the
assumption shall be made that such an atmosphere is
always present, except when a reliable monitoring
device of the concentration of the flammable substance
in the atmosphere is present.
NOTE. For practical purposes it is convenient to classify in zones
the interior of equipment, protective systems and components and
their surroundings on the basis of the likelihood of a hazardous
explosive atmosphere (see 6.3).
6.2.1 Degree cf dispersion ofjammable
substances
By their very nature, gases and vapours have a degree
of dispersion high enough to produce an explosive
atmosphere. For misîs and dusts a degree of dispersion
sufficient to produce an explosive atmosphere can be
reached if the droplet or particle size falls below 1mm.
NOTE.Numerous mists, aerosols and types of dusts that o c c u in
actual practice have particle sizes between 0,001mm and 0,l mm.
6.2.2 Concentration qfjlammable substances
An explosion is possible when the concentration of the
dispersed flammable substance in the air achieves a
minimum value (lower explosion limit). An explosion
will not occur when the concentration exceeds a
maximum value (upper explosion limit).
 ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~

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EN ll27-1:1997

NOTE. Some chemically unstable substances, e.g. acetylene and a) sources of ignition which can occur during
ethylene oxide, can undergo exothermic reactions even in the normal operation;
absence of oxygen and have an upper explosion limit of 100 %.
The explosion limits vary with pressure and b) sources of ignition which can occur solely as a
temperature. As a rule, the concentration range result of malfunctions;
between the explosion limits increases with increasing c) sources of ignition which can occur solely as a
pressure and temperature. In the case of mixtwes with result of rare malfunctions.
oxygen, the upper explosion limiîs are far higher than The Merent ignition sources are considered in
for mixhires with air. subclauses 6.3.2 to 6.3.14.
If the surface temperature of a combustible liquid 6.3.2 Hot su@wes
exceeds the lower explosion point, an explosive
atmosphere can be formed (see 6.2.2.2). Aerosols and if an explosive atmosphere comes into contact with a
mists of combustible liquids can form an explosive heated surface, ignition can occur. Not only can a hot
atmosphere at temperatures below the lower explosion surface itself act as an ignition source, but a dust layer
point or a combustible solid in contact with a hot surface
and ignited by the hot surface can also act as an
The explosion limits for dusts do not have the same ignition source for an explosive atmosphere.
significance as those for gases and vapours. Dust
clouds are usually inhomogeneous. The dust The capability of a heated surface to cause ignition
concentration can fluctuate greatly due to dust depends on the type and concenîration of the
depositing and dispersion into the atmosphere. particdar substance in the mixture with air. This
Consideration shall always be given to the possible capability becomes greater with increasing temperature
formation of explosive atmospheres when deposits of and increasing surface area Moreover, the temperature
combustible dust are present. that triggers ignition depends on the size and shape of
the heated body, on the concentration gradient in the
6.2.3 Amount of explosive atmosphere vicinity of the surface and, to a certain extent, also on
The assessment whether an explosive atmosphere is the surface material. Thus,for example, an explosive
present in a hazardous amount depends on the gas or vapour atmosphere inside fairly large heated
possible effects of the explosion (see 6.4). spaces (approximately 11 or more) can be ignited by
surface temperatures lower than those measured in
6.3 Determining the presence of effective accordance with IEC 794 or by other equivalent
ignition sources methods. On the other hand, in the case of heated
6.3.1 General bodies with convex rather than concave surfaces, a
higher surface temperature is necessary for ignition;
The ignition capability of the ignition source shall be the minhum ignition temperature increases, for
compared with the ignition properties of the flammable example, with spheres or pipes as the diameter
substance (see 4.3). decreases. When an explosive atmosphere flows past
The likelihood of occurrence of the effective ignition heated surfaces, a higher surface temperature could be
sources shaìl be aswxed,taking into account those necessary for ignition owing to the brief contact time.
that can be introduced, e.g. by maintenance and If the explosive atmosphere remains in contact with
cleaning activities.
the hot surface for a relatively long time, preiimimy
NCYE protective measures can be used to make the ignition reacüons can occur, e.g. cool fiames, so that more
source noneffective (see 6.4).
easiiy ignitable decomposition products are formed,
If the likelihood of occurrence of an efîectiveignition which promote the ignition of the onginai
source cannot be e d h a t d , the assumption shall be atmospheres.
made that the source of ignition is present at aii times.
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In addition to easily recognizable hot surfaces such as

The ignition sources should be ciassiñed according to
the likeìihood of their occurrence in the foìiowing
manner
a) sources of ignition which can occur continuously
or m e n * ,
b) sources of igniüon which can occur in rare
Situations;
c) sources of ignition which can occur in very rare
SitUatiO~.
in terms of the equipment, protective systems and
components used this clasancaton shall be c o n s i d d axis can also lead to friction which, in turn,can lead
equivalent to:
radiators, drying cabinets, heating coils and others,
mechanid and machining processes can also lead to
hazardous temperahms. These processes also include
equipment, protective systems and components which
convert mechanical energy into heat, i.e. all kjnds of
friction clutches and mechanicaüy operating brakes
(e.g. on vehicles and centrifuges). Furthermore,all
moving parts in bearings, shaft passages, giands, etc.
can become sources of ignition if they are not
sufñciently lubricated. In üght housings of moving
paits, the ingress of foreign bodes or shifting of the
to high surface temperatures,in some cases quite
rapidly.

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EN 1127-1: 1997

Consideration shaii also be given to temperature
increases due to chemical reactions (e.g. with
lubricants and cleaning solvents).
For ignition hazards in welding and cutting work,
see 6.3.3.
For protective measures against ignition hazards from
hot surfaces,see 6.4.2.
6.3.3 Flames and hot gases (including hot
particles)
Flames are associated with combustion reactions at
temperatures of more than loo0 "C. Hot gases are
produced as reaction products and, in the case of
dusty andor sooty flames,glowing solid particles are
also produced. Flames, their hot reaction products or
otherwise highly heated gases can ignite an explosive
atmosphere. Flames, even very smaii ones, are among
the most effective sources of ignition.
if an explosive atmosphere is present inside as well as
outside the equipment, protedive system or
component or in d a c e n t parts of the instahtion, and
if ignition occurs in one of these places, the flame can
s p r d to the other places through openings such as
ventilation ducts. The prevention of fiame propagation
calls for speciaily designed protective measures
(see6.6.6). 6.3.6 Stmg electric currents, cathoäìc corrosion
protection
Welding beads,which occur when welding or cutting is
carried out, are sparks with a very large surface and Stmy currents can flow in electrically conductive
therefore they are among the most effective sources of
* ignition.
v1
* especially in the vicinity of electric railways and
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
flames and hot gases, see 6.4.3.
6.3.4 Mechunìcall~generated sparks
As a result of friction, impact or abrasion processes
such as grinding, particles can become separated from
solid materials and become hot owing to the energy
used in the separation process. If these pasticles
consist of oxidizable substances, for example iron or
steel, they can undergo an oxidation process, thus
reachmg even higher temperatures. These particles
(sparks) can ignite combustible gases and vapours and
certain dust/& mixtures (especially metal dust/&
mixtures). In deposited dust, smouldering can be
caused by the sparks, and this can be a source of
ignition for an explosive aímosphere.
The ingress of foreign materials to equipment,
protective systems and components, e.g. stones or
tramp metais, as a cause of sparking shail be
considered
Rubbing friction, even between simii ferrous metals
and between certain ceramics, can generate hot spots
and sparks similar to grinding sparks. These can cause
ignition of explosive atmospheres.
impacts involving rust and light metais (e.g. aluminium stray electric currents and cathodic corrosion
and magnesium) and their alloys can initiate a thermite protection, see 6.4.6.
reaction which can cause ignition of explosive
aimospheres.
The iight metals titanium and zirconium can also form
incendive sparks under impact or friction against any
sufficiently hard m a t e d , even in the absence of nist.
For ignition hazards in welding and cutting work,
see 6.3.3.
For protective measures agajnst ignition hazards due to
mechanidy generated sparks, see 6.4.4.
6.3.6 Electrical appamtus
In the case of electrical apparatus, electric sparks and
hot surfaces (see 6.3.2) can occur as sources of
ignition. Electric sparks can be generated, e.g.:
- when electric circuits are opened and closed;
- by loose connections;
- by stxay currents (see 6.3.6).
It is pointed out explicitly that an exka low voltage
(ELY e.g. less than 50 v) is designed for personai
protection against electric shock and is not a measure
aimed at explosion protedion. However, voltages lower
than this can still produce sufficient energy to ignite an
explosive atmosphere.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
electrical apparatus, see 6.4.6.
systems or parts of systems:
- as return currents in power generating systems,
iarge welding systems, when, for example,
conductive electrical system components such as
rajis and cable sheathing laid underground lower the
resistance of this retuni current path;
- as a result of a short-circuit or of a short&cuit to
earth owing to faults in the electrical insWons;
- as a result of magnetic induction (e.g. near
electrical installations with high currents or radio
frequencies, see also 6.3.9); and
- as a result of lightning (see 6.3.8).
if parts of a system able to carry stray currents are
disconnected, connected or bridged, even in the case
of slight potential differences, an explosive atmosphere
can be ignited as a result of electric sparks andor arcs.
Moreover, ignition can also occur due to the heating up
of these current paths (see 6.3.2).
When impressed current cathodic corrosion protection
is used, the abovementioned ignition risks are also
possible. However, if sacrificial anodes are used,
ignition risks due to electric sparks are unlikely, unless
the anodes are aluminium or magnesium.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to

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EN 1127-1: 1997

6.3.7 Static electricity 6.3.10 Electromagnetic wavesfrom 3 x I d 1 H z

Incenàive discharges of static eleclxicity can occur
under certain conditions. "he discharge of charged,
insulated conductive parts can easily lead to incendive
sparks. With charged parts made of nonconductive
materials, and these include most plastics as well as
some other materials, brush discharges an4 in special
cases, during fast separation processes (e.g. fiìms
moving over rollers, drive belts), or by combination of
conductive and nonconductive materiaLs) propagating
brush discharges are also possible. Cone discharges
from bulk material and cloud discharges can ais0
Occur.
Brush discharges ran ignite almost all explosive gas
and vapour atmospheres. According to the present
state of knowledge, the ignition of explosive dustlair
atmospheres with extremely low minimum ignition
energy by brush discharges cannot be excluded
Sparks,propagating brush discharges, cone discharges
and cloud discharges can ignite ali types of explosive
atmospheres, depending on their discharge enem.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
static elecixici@, see 6.4.7.
6.3.8 Lightning
If lightning strikes in an explosive atmosphere, ignition
will always occur. Moreover, there is also a possibility
of ignition due to the high temperahe reached by
lightning conductors.
k g e currents flow from where the lightning strikes
and these currents can produce sparks in the vicinity
of the point of impact
Even in the absence of lightning strikes, thunderstorms tubes and radioactive substances can ignite explosive
can cause high induced voltages in equipment,
protective systems and components.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to Moreover, the radioactive source itself can heat up,
lightning, see 6.4.8.
6.3.9 Radio jìwquency (RF)electromagnetic
wavesJìwm 109 Hz to 3 X IdsEz
Electromagnetic waves are emitted by ali systems that or other reactions which can lead to the generation of
generate and use radio-frequency electrical energy
(radio-mency systems), e.g. radio tsansmitters or
industriai or m e d i d RF generators for heating, drying, NOTE. Such radiation can also create an explosive atmosphere by
hardening, welding, cutting, etc.
AU conductive parts located in the radiation field
function as receiving aerials. If the field is powerhi
enough and if the receiving aeriaì is sufficiently large, ionizing radiation, see 6.4.11.
these conductive parts can cause ignition in explosive
atmospheres. The received raùio-frequencypower can,
for example, make thin wires glow or generate sparks
during the contact or interruption of conductive parts.
The energy picked up by the receiving aeriai, which
can lead to ignition, depends mainly on the distance
between the transmi* and the receiving a e d as
weil as on the dimensions of the receiving aerial at any induced.
particular wavelength and RF power.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
electromagnetic waves in the RF spectmm, see 6.4.9.
to3Xld5Hz
Radiation in this spectral range can,especiaily when
focused, become a source of ignition through
absorption by explosive atmospheres or solid surfaces.
Sunlight, for example, can trigger an ignition if objects
cause convergence of the radiation (e.g. bottles acting
as lenses, concentrating reflectors>.
Under certajn conditions, the radiation of intense light
sources (continuous or flashing) is so intensively
absorbed by dust particles that these particles become
sources of ignition for explosive atmospheres or for
dust deposits.
With laser radiation (e.g. in communications, distance
measuring devices, surveying work, visual-range
meters), even at great distances, the energy or power
density of even an unfocused beam can be so great
that ignition is possible. Here, too, the process of
heating up occurs mainly when the laser beam strikes
a solid body surface or when it is absorbed by dust
particles in the atmosphere or on dirty transparent
P-.
It is to be noted that any equipment, protective system
and component that generates radiation (e.g. lamps,
electric arcs, lasers, etc.) can itself be a source of
ignition as defined in 6.3.2 and 6.3.6.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
electromagnetic waves in this spectrai range,
see 6.4.10.
6.3.11 Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation generated, for example, by X-ray
atmospheres (especially explosive atmospheres with
dust particles) as a result of energy absorption.
owing to i n t e d absorption of radiation energy, to
such an extent that the minimum ignition temperaime
of the surrounding explosive atmosphere is exceeded.
Ionizing radiation can cause chemical decomposition
highiy reactive radicais or unstable chemical
compounds. This can cause ignition.
decomposition (e.g. a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen by
radiolysis of water).
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
6.3.12 Ultrasonics
In the use of ultrasonic sound waves, a large
proporiion of the energy emitted by the electroacoustic
transducer is absorbed by solid or liquid substances.
As a result, the substance exposed to ultrasonics
waxms up so that, in extreme cases,ignition may be
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
ultrasonics, see 6.4.12.

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 STDmBSI B S E N 1127-1-ENGL
6.3.13 Adiabatic compression and shock waves
In the case of adiabatic or nearly adiabatic
compression and in shock waves, such high
temperatures can occur that explosive atmospheres
(and deposited dust) can be ignited. The temperature
increase depends mainly on the pressure ratio, not on
the pressure difference.
NOTE. in pressure lines of air compressors and in containers
connected to these lines, explosions can occur as a result of
compression ignition of lubricating oil mists.
Shock waves are generated, for example, during the
sudden relief of high-pressure gases into pipelines. In
this process the shock waves are propagated into
regions of lower pressure faster than the speed of
sound. When they are difîracted or reflected by pipe
bends, constrictions, connection flanges,closed valves
etc., very high temperatures can occur.
NOTE. Equipment, protective systems and components containing
highly oxidizing gases, e.g. pure oxygen or gas atmospheres with a
high oxygen concentration, can become an effective ignition
source under the action of adiabatic compression, shock waves or
even pure flow because lubricants, gaskets and even construction
materials can be ignited. If this leads to destruction of the
equipment, protective systems and components, parts of it wiii
ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere.
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
adiabatic compression and shock waves, see 6.4.13.
6.3.14 Exothermic reactions, including
self-ignition of dusts
Exothermic reactions can act as an ignition source
when the rate of heat generation exceeds the rate of
heat loss to the surroundings.Many chemical reactions
are exothermic. Whether a reaction can reach a high
temperaime is dependent, among other parameters, on
the volumdsurîace ratio of the reacting system, the
ambient temperature and the residence time. These
high temperatures can lead to ignition of explosive
atmospheres and also the initiation of smouldering
anàíor burning.
Such reactions include those of pyrophoric substances of explosion prevention and protection:
with air,alkali metais with water, self-ignition of
combustible dusts2),self-heating of feed-stuffs induced
by biological processes, the decomposition of organic
peroxides, or polymerization reactions.
Caîaiysts can also induce energy-producing reactions
(e.g. hydrogen/& atmospheres and platinum).
NOTE 1. Some chemical reactions (e.g. pyrolysis and biological
processes) can also lead to the production of fianunable
substances, which in turn can form an explosive atmosphere with
the surrounding air.
Violent reactions resulting in ignition can occur in
some combinations of constsuction materials with
chemicals (e.g. copper with acetylene, heavy metals
with hydrogen peroxide).
Some combinations of substances, especially when
finely dispersed, (e.g. alumi.nium/mst or sugar/chlorate) achieved by applymg only one of the above prevention
react violently when exposed to impact or friction
(see clause 6.3.4).
2, A standard on the determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations is in preparation.
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Page 13
EN 1127-1: 1997
For protective measures against ignition hazards due to
chemical reactions, see 6.4.14.
NOTE 2. Hazards can also arise from chemical reactions due to
thermal instability,high heat of reaction and/or rapid gas
evolution. These hazards are not considered in this standard.
6.4 Estimating the possible effects of an
explosion
In the event of an explosion, the possible effects of the
foliowing shail be considered, e.g.:
- flames;
- thennal raàiation;
- pressure waves;
- fiymg debris;
- hazardous releases of materials.
The consequences of the above are related to the:
- chemical and physical properties of the flammable
substances;
- quantity and confinement of the explosive
atmosphere;
- geometry of the surroundings;
- strength of enclosure and supporting stsuctures;
- protective equipment worn by the endangered
personnel;
- physical properties of the endangered objects.
The expected injury to persons or damage to objects
and the size of the endangered place can thus be
estimated only for each individual case.
6 Elimination or minimization of risk
6.1 Fundamental principles
The necessity of a coincidence of an explosive
atmosphere and the effective ignition source, and the
anticipated effects of an explosion, as described in
clause 6 , lead immediateiy to the three basic principles
a) prevention:
- avoid explosive atmospheres. This objective can
mainly be achieved by modifying either the
concentration of the flammable substance to a value
outside the explosion range or the concentration of
oxygen to a value below the limiting oxygen
concentration (LOC);
- avoid any possible effective ignition source;
b) protection:
- limiting the effects of explosions to an acceptable
extent by constructional protective measures. In
contrast to the two measures described above, here
the occurrence of an explosion is accepted
The elimination or minimization of risk can be
or protection principles. A combination of these
principles can also be applied.
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The avoidance of an explosive atmosphere should If the Concentration in the equipment, protective
aiways be the first choice. systems and components is above the upper explosion
The more likely the occurrence of an explosive limit, there is no risk of explosion inside; however,
atmosphere is, the higher the extent of measures possible releases can result in an explosion risk
against effective ignition sources shail be and vice outside the equipment, protective systems and
versa components owing to air entrainment. An explosion
hazard can also arise inside of equipment, protective
Ib allow selection of the appropriate measures, an
systems and components by the entry of air i n t ~ them.
explosion safe@ concept shall be developed for each
individual case. In the case of combustible liquids, where an explosive
In the planrung of explosion prevention and protection mist atmosphere can be excluded, the objective to
measures, consideration shail be given to n o d keep the concentsation below the lower explosion limit
operation, which includes start-up and shutdown. is achieved when the temperature at the liquid surface
Moreover, possible technical malfunctions as well as is always sufficiently below the flash point.
foreseeable misuse (see EN 292-1) shall be taken into NOTE 1. The necessary margin below the flash point depends on
the chemical nature and composition of the combustible liquid.
account Application of explosion prevention and
protection measures requires a thorough knowledge of For solutions of combustible gases in combustible liquids the use
of the flash point can be misleading. Rash point can also be
the facts and Sufficient experience. It is thus highly misleading if liquids are stored at temperatures at which
advisable to seek expert guidance. degradation or slow oxidation might occur (e.g. bitumen, heavy
heating oii).
6.2 Avoidance or reduction of the amount of
NOTE 2. Appropriate selection of the operating conditions often
explosive atmosphere makes it possible to maintain a sufnciently high vapour
6.2.1 General concentration in the entire equipment, protective systems and
components, thus keeping the concentration above the upper
A basic explosion prevention measure is the explosion limit. However, in some cases, e.g. during storage in
substitution of flammable substances by inert materials tanks and when condensation can occur, the concentration
or limiting the concentrations of the flammable decreases in the upper section so that the atmosphere can be
substances (the avoidance of the explosion mge). explosive. Only after extremely long storage periods in virtually
non-breathing storage containers and when the surface
6.2.2 Process parameters temperature is well above the upper explosion point will the
atmosphere have a concentration that is above the upper
6.2.2.1 Substitution w reduction of amount of explosion limit in the entire storage container.
substances which are capable of forming mpbsive NOTE 3. Some halogenated hydrocarbon liquids can form
atmospheres explosive atmospheres, even though a flash point for the liquid
m o t be determined.
Wherever possible aammable substances shaii be
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replaced by non-fìammable substances or by In the case of dust, it is difficult to achieve the

substances not capable of forming explosive
atmospheres, e.g. a fine dusty materiai by a less dusty
granular-
The amount of combustible materiai shaii be reduced
to the minimum, e.g. by the use of continuous rather
thanbakhproc-.
6.2.2.2 Limitation of concentmtitm
If it is not possible to avoid handling substances that
are capable of forming explosive atmospheres, the
fonnation of a hazardous amount of an explosive
atmosphere inside the equipment, protective syst~ms
and components can be prevented or limited by
measures to control the amount andor concentration.
These measures shaìl be monitored if the
concentrations inherent in the process are not
sufíicientiy outside the explosion range.
Such monitoring, e.g. gas detectors or flow detectors,
shall be coupled to alarms, other protective systems or
automatic emergency funclions.
When carrying out these control measures, the
concentration of the fìammable substances shail be
sufnciently below the lower or suíñciently above the
upper explosion limit Consideration shali be given to
the fact that the concentrations can en* the
explosion range during start-up or shutdown of the
process.
objective of avoiding explosive atmospheres by limiting
the concentration since dust-& mismires areusually
inhomogeneous.
Calculation of dust concentration from the total
amount of dust and the total equipment, protective
systems and components volume usually leads to
erroneous d t s . Local dust concentrations can be
present that differ greatly from the globally dcuiated
ones.
6.2.2.3 Inerting
The addition of inert gases (e.g. nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, noble gases), water vapour or inert powdery
substances (e.g. calcium carbonate) compatible with
the processed products can prevent the formation of
explosive atmospheres (inerting).
When water vapour is used for inerting, the influence
of condensation shall be considered.
Inerhng by the use of inert gases is based on reduction
of the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere so that
the atmosphere is no longer explosive. The highest
permissible oxygen concentration is derived by
appiying a safety factor to the limiting oxygen
concentration.

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S T D - B S I B S E N 1127-L-ENGL L778 W Lb2qbbS Ob7305b 538
For mixtures of different fiammable substances,
including hybrid mixtures, the component with the
lowest iimiüng oxygen concentration shall be used in
the determination of the highest permissible olrygen
concentsation, unless measurements have shown
otherwise.
Explosive dust-air mixtures also can be made inert by
adding a compatible inert dust.
NOTE.in general this is achieved when more than 60 % mass
content of inert dust is present, but in some cases more than 80 %
can be n e c e s m .
6.2.3 Design and construction sf equipment,
protective sustems and components
6.2.3.1 General
In the planning stage of equipment, protective systems Infomation on the control and classification of
and components which wiii contain flammable
substances, efforts shall be made to keep the
substances in closed systems at all times.
Non-combustible materials of constsuction should be
used wherever possible.
As a rule, continuous processing techniques are
preferable to batch processes. Work processes in
adjacent i n s W o n s shall be carried out in such a
manner that no hazardous influence can arise. This can protective systems and components which can be open
be achieved, for example, by spatial separation or by
shielding the installatons from each other. Consistently inspection and cleaning openings) or during
dividing the fiammable substances into smaller
amounts and, at the same h e , keeping only small
amounts of the substances at a certain place, even in
the case of large volume flows, can be beneficial in
terms of safe@. Outdoor installations are generally
preferable to hstabtions in buiìduigs, especially in
view of the natural movement of air.
6.2.3.2 Minimization of releases of flammable
substances
To minimize the explosion risk outside the equipment, deposits in air,equipment, protective systems and
protective systems and components due to leakage of
fiammable substances, such equipment, protective
systems and components shaìl be designed,
constructed and operated so that it is and remains
leak-free. However, experience shows that small leaks
are likely to occur in certain cases,e.g. at some pump
glands and sampluig points. This shali be taken into
account in the design of the equipment, protective
systems and components. Arrangements shall be made
to limit leak rates and to prevent the fianunable
substances from spreading. Where necessary a leak
detector should be fitted. Special attention shaìl be
paid to:
- the selection of construction materials,including
those for gaskets, jointings, gland packings and
thermal insuiaiions with respect to possible
corrosion, wear, and hazardous interactions with the
substances being handled;
- fittings with respect to their safe performance.
Number and dimensions of removable connections
shall be kept to the necessary minimum;
- piping with respect to its integrity This can be
achieved e.g. by suitable protection from impact or
by suitable siting. Flexible piping shall be kept to the
minimum;
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Page 16
EN 1127-1: 1997
- drauiage and local ventilation in order to control
minor leaks,
- removable connections which should be provided
with sealed end couplings;
- filling and emptying operations. The use of the
vapour balance system shall be considered and the
number and dimensions of openings kept to a
minimum.
6.2.3.3 Dilution by ventilation
Ventilation is of paramount importance in the control
of the effects of releases of combustible gases and
vapours. It can be used inside and outside equipment,
protective systems and components.
hazardous piaces for gases and vapours by the use of
ventilation is given in EN 6007910.
For dusts, ventilation as a rule provides sufficient
protection only when the dust is extracted from the
place of origin (locai extraction) and hazardous
deposits of combustible dust are reliably prevented.
D ust release shall be expected from equipment,
during normal operation (e.g. at transfer points or at
malfunctions. Protection is achieved by either creating
a pressure in the dustcarrying equipment, protective
systems and components slightly below ambient
pressure (aspiralion) or carefuily collecting the dust at
the source or the point of release (iocal extraction).
6.2.3.4 Avoiding dust uccumul.ations
In order to prevent the formation of an explosive
atmosphere resulting from the dispersion of dust
components shall be constructed so that deposits of
combustible dust are avoided as far as possible.
In addition to the measures already mentioned under
6.2.3.1 to 6.2.3.4, the following points should also
receive special attention
- The design of dust conveying and removal systems
shall be based on the principles of flow dynamics
with special regard to pipe run,flow velocity, surface
roughness.
- Surfaces such as stnictural elements, T-beams,
cableways, window-silis and so-called dead spaces in
dust-carrying equipment, protective systems and
components shall be kept to a minimum. This can
be partially achieved, e.g. by selecting structural
elements which offer smaller deposit surfaces as a
result of sheathing or by tilting of the unavoidable
deposit surfaces. By creating smooth surfaces
(e.g. tiles, coating with oil paint, etc.), adhesion of
the dust can be at least partially prevented and
cleaning can be facilitated The use of contrasting
colours makes dust deposits more visible.
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Page 16
EN ll27-1:1997
- Proper provisions for cleaning shallbe made
(e.g. smooth surfaces, good accessibility for cleaning,
instaliation of central vacuum cleaning systems,
power supply for mobile vacuum cleaners).
Particular attention shall be paid to the removal of
dust from heated surfaces, e.g. pipes, radiators,
electrical apparatus.
- The choice of appropriate emptying devices for
dryers, granulators, silos, and dust collection units.
6.3 Classification of hazardous places
6.3.1 General
lb determine the extent of measures necessary to
avoid effective ignition sources, the hazardous places
are classified in@ zones based on the frequency and
duration of occurrence of a hazardous explosive
atmosphere.
NOTE. in the following text where the term ‘gas’ or ‘gashrapour’is
used,it implicitiy covers mist atmospheres.
A place in which an explosive atmosphere is not
expected to occur in such quantities as to require
special precautions shall be regarded as non-hazardous
within the meaning of this standard.
Taking into account the sedimentation of dust and the
possible formation of an explosive atmosphere from
dispersion of dust layers, Werent sets of zones have
been defied for gasedvapours and dusts.
In view of this,other measures for the avoidance of
effective ignition sources for combustible dusts
compared to combustible gasedvapours are required.
Information on the control and classification of
hazardous places for gases and vapours by the use of
ventilation is given in EN 6007410.
6.3.2 Zones for gasewbapours
Zone0
A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting
of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the
form of gas,vapour or mist is present continuously or
for long periods or fkequentiy
NOTE. in general these conditions, when they occur, arise inside
containers, pipes and vessels etc.
Zone 1
A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting
of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the
form of gas,vapour or mist is likely to occur in normaì
operation occasionaiiy
NOTE. This zone can include, among others:
- the immediate vicinity of zone O;
- the immediate vicinity of feed openings;
- the immediate vicinity around filling and emptying openings;
- the immediate vicinity around fragiie equipment, protective
systems, and components made of glass, ceramics and the like;
- the immediate vicinity around inadequately sealed glands,for
example on pumps and valves with stunng-boxes.
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1778 W L b 2 4 b b 7 Ob73057 974
zm.2
A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting
of a mixhire with air of flammable substances in the
form of gas, vapour or mist is not likely to occur in
n o d operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a
short period only
NOTE.This zone can include, among others, places surrounding
zones O or 1.
6.3.3 Zones for dusts
Layers, deposits and heaps of combustible dust SM
be considered as any other source which can form an
explosive atmosphere.
zone 20
A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form
of a cloud of combustible dust in air is present
continuously, or for long periods or frequently
NOTE. In general these conditions, when they occur, arise inside
containers, pipes and vessels etc.
zone 21
A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form
of a cloud of combustible dust in air is likely to occur
in normal operation occasionally.
NOTE. This zone can include, among others, places in the
immediate vicinity of e.g. powder Nling and emptying points and
places where dust layers occur and are likely in normal operation
to give rise to an explosive concentration of combustible dust in
mixture with air
zone 22
A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form
of a cloud of combustible dust in air is not likely to
occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will
persist for a short period only
NOTE. This zone can include, among others, places in the vicinity
of equipment, protective systems, and components containing
dust, from which dust can escape from leaks and form dust
deposits (e.g. milling rooms, in which dust escapes from the miils
and then settles).
6.4 Requirements for the design and
construction of equipment, protective systems
and components by avoidance of effective
ignition sources
6.4.1 General
When equipment, protective systems and components
are used in hazardous places, checks shall be made to
see whether ignition hazards can occur by considering
the ignition processes discussed in 6.3. If ignition
hazards are possible, efforts shaìl be made to remove
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the sources of ignition from the hazardous place. If this
is not possible, the protective measures described in
6.4.1 to 6.4.14 shall be implemented with attention
being paid to the following information.
The measures shall render the sources of ignition
harmless or shall reduce the likelihood of occurrence
of the effective ignition sources. This can be achieved
by proper design and constmction of equipment,
protective systems and components, by operational
procedures, and also by means of appropriate
measuring and control systems (see 6.7).
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 ~ ~~
S T D - B S I BS E N 1127-1-ENGL
The extent of the protective measures depends on the
likelihood of occurrence of an explosive atmosphere
and the consequences of a possible explosion. This is
realized by discriminating between different categories
of equipment as specified by the Directive 94AVEC.
These categories reflect the requirements of the
different zones.
The criteria determining the classification into
categories are the following.
Category 1comprises equipment designed to be
capable of functioning in conformity with the
operational parameters established by the
manufacturer and ensuring a very high level of
protection.
Equipment in this category is intended for use in
places in which explosive atmospheres caused by
mixtures of air and gases, vapours or mists or by
aiddust mixtures are present continuously, for long
periods or frequently
Equipment in this category shall ensure the requisite
level of protection even in the event of rare incidents
relating to equipment, and is characterized by means of
protection such that:
- either, in the event of faiiure of one means of
protection, at least an independent second means
provides the requisite level of protection;
- or, the requisite level of protection is assured in
the event of two faults occurring independently of
each other.
Category 2 comprises equipment designed to be
capable of functioning in conformity with the
operational parameters established by the
manufacturer and of ensuring a hgh level of
protection.
Equipment in this category is intended for use in
places in which explosive atmospheres caused by
gases, vapours, mists or &/dust mixtures are likely to
occur.
The means of protection relating to equipment in this
category ensure the requisite level of protection, even
in the event of frequently occurring disturbances or
equipment faults which n o d y have to be taken into
account.
Category 3 comprises equipment designed to be
capable of functioning in conformity with the
operational parameters established by the
manufacturer and ensuring a normal level of
protection.
Equipment in this category is intended for use in
places in which explosive atmospheres caused by
gases, vapours, mists or &/dust mixtures are unlikely
to occw or, if they do occur, are likely to do so oniy
infrequently and for a short period only
Equipment in this category ensures the requisite level
of protection during normal operation.
The relationship between categories and zones is
illustrated in annex B.
O BSI 1998
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EN 1127-1: 1997
Dependent on the type of explosive atmosphere
(g&apour/mist or dust as the fìammable substance)
and on the category, the following general
requirements for equipment, protective syst~msand
components shaìì be complied with.
Equipment, pmtective systems and componentsfor
use in q b s i v e g d a i r , vapour/aiir, and misvair
atmospheres
Category 3. Sources of ignition which can occur
continuously or frequently (e.g. during normal
operation of equipment, protective systems and
components) shail be avoided
Categom/2. in addition to the avoidance of sources of
ignition specified for category 3, sources of ignition
that can occur in rare situations (e.g. due to
malfunctions of equipment, protective systems and
components) shail also be avoided.
Category i. In addition to the avoidance of sources of
ignition specified for category 2, even sources of
ignition that can occur in very rare situations only
(e.g. resulting from rare malfunctions of equipment,
protective systems and components) shaìì be avoided.
Equipment, pratective systems and components for
use in explosive dusvair aCmn>s-pheres
Category 3. Ignition sources which can occur
continuously or frequently (e.g. during normal
operation of equipment, protective systems and
components) shall be avoided This applies to the
ignition of a dust cloud as well as a dust layer. This
includes also the limitation of surface temperatures to
prevent the ignition of deposited dust during heat
exposure for long periods.
Category2 In addition to the avoidance of sources of
ignition as specified for category 3, even sources of
ignition which can occur in rare situations only
(e.g. due to maifunctions of equipment, protective
systems and components) shail be avoided. This
applies to the ignition of a dust cloud as well as a dust
layer.
Category i. In addition to the avoidance of sources of
ignition as specified for category 2, even sources of
ignition which can occur in very rare situations only
(e.g. due to rare malfunctions of equipment, protective
systems and components) shall be avoided. "his
applies to the ignition of a dust cloud as well as a dust
layer.
Equipment, protective systems and m p o n e n t s of aU
categoneS
These shaìl also be designed taking into account the
different characteristics of the flammable substances.
if the explosive atmosphere contains several types of
fkunmable gases, vapours, mists or dusts, the
protective measures shall as a nile be based on the
resuits of special investigations.
Avoidance of effective ignition sources as the oniy
measure is oniy applicable if ail types of ignition
sources have been identified and are effectively
controlìed (see 6.4.2 to 6.4.14).
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 The specific requirements fiom the classification of malfunctions. Moreover, the temperature of surfaces on
zones to the equipment of the different categories to which dust can be deposited shall be lower by a safety
margin31 than the minimum ignition temperature of the
avoid ignition sources are described in 6.4.2 to 6.4.14.
thickest layer that can be formed of the dust
6.4.2 Hot surfmes concerned; this shall be ensured even in the case of
For the identification of hazards due to hot surfaces, rare malfunctions. If the layer thickness is unknown
see 6.3.2. the thickest foreseeable layer shall be assumed.
If m d s due to hot surfaces have been identified, Cutegory 2.The temperature of all surfaces which can
dependent on the type of explosive atmosphere come into contact with dust clouds shall not
(gas/vapour/mist or dust as the flammable substance) exceed 2/3 of the minimum ignition temperature in "C
and on the categov, the following specific of the dust cloud concerned even in the case of
requirements for equipment, protective systems and malfunctions. Moreover, the temperature of surfaces on
components shal be complied with. which dust can be deposited shall be lower by a safety
Equipment, protective systems and components for margin31 than the minimum ignition temperature of a
use in explosive goidair, vapour/air, and mist4air layer of the dust concerned; this shall be ensured even
atmospheres in the case of malfunctions.
Category 1. The temperaimes of all equipment, Category 3. The temperature of all surfaces which can
protective systems and components surfaces which can come into contact with dust clouds shall not, in normd
come into contact with explosive atmospheres shall operation, exceed 2/3 of the minimum ignition
not, even in the case of rare malfunctions, exceed 80 % temperature in "C of the dust cloud. Moreover, the
of the minimum ignition temperature of the temperature of surfaces on which dust can be
combustible gas or liquid in "C. deposited shall be lower by a safety margin3) than the
CategoqZ. The temperahires of all equipment, minimum ignition temperature of a layer of the dust
protective systems and components surfaces which can concerned.
come into contact with explosive atmospheres shall Equipment, protective systems and c o r n p m t s of ali
not exceed the minimum ignition temperature of the Categories
combustible gas or liquid in "C during normal in special cases the above temperature limits may be
operation and in the case of malfunctions. However, exceeded if there is proven evidence that ignition is

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where it cannot be excluded that the gas or vapour not to be expected.
can be heated to the temperatureof the surface, this
surface temperature shall not exceed 80 % of the 6.4.3 names and hot gases
minimum ignition temperature of the gas measured For the identification of hazards from flames and hot
in "C.These d u e s may only be exceeded in the case gases see 6.3.3.
of rare malfunctions. As far as hot solid particles (e.g. fiying sparks) are
Category 3. The temperatures of all equipment, concerned, reference is made to 6.4.4 (mechanically
protedive systems and components surfaces which can g e n e d sparks) and to 6.6.6 in connection with the
come into contact with explosive atmospheres shall in fiame propagation.
normal operation not exceed the minimum ignition If hazards due to fiames and/or hot gases have been
temperahre of the gas or liquid identified, dependent on the category the following
Equipment, protective systems and Fomponents of alL specific requirements for equipment, protective systems
categories and components shall be complied with.
in special cases the above temperature h i t s may be Au categories. Naked flames are not perinitted except
exceeded if there is proven evidence that ignition is as described below.
not to be expected Category 1. in addition to the ehinaíion of naked
Equìpmmt, protective systems and comgxnmatsfor flames,gases fiom fiames, (e.g. exhaust gases for
use in apiosive dusüair aEmospheres inerting purposes) or other heated gases are not
Category 1. The temperature of all surfaces which can permisible unless special preventive measures are
come into contact with dust clouds shall not taken, e.g. restrictllig the temperature or eliminating
exceed 2 ß of the minimum ignition temperature in "C incendive particles.
of the dust cloud concerned even in the case of rare

A safety margin of 75 K between the minimum ignition temperature of a dust layer and the surface temperature of the equipment is
3,
often used.This value has been derived for situations where the thickness of the dust iayer is equal to 6 mm or less and allows for
a o n s in the measured minimum ignition temperature, measured with a 5 mm iayer, and for the insuiating effect of a 5 mm layer of
dust which can result in higher surface t e m p e m e s , if these are not limited.
Larger safety margins are required if the iayer thickness is greater than 5 mm, since the ignition temperatures of dust layers decrease
with increasing thickness and a greater insulating effect will be present, resuiíing in higher equipment surface temperatures. Different
safety margins are also required in situations where the process air is at a temperature higher than the ambient air temperature.

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Categoria 2 and 3. Devices with flames are only The requirements for tools which can be present in
permissible if the flames are safely enclosed and the explosive atmospheres shall be in accordance with
temperatures specified in 6.4.2 are not exceeded on annex A.
the outer surfaces of the installaton parts. NOTE 1. It is possible in some cases to protect light metals from
Furthermore, for equipment, protective systems and mechanical contact with rust by coating. if coated with
components with enclosed fiames (e.g. special heating nonconductive materials such as plastics, precautions against
static electricity can be necessary. The coating should not contain
systems), assurance shall be given that the enclosure is high percentages of aluminium.
adequately resistant to the effect of the fiames and that NOTE 2. The likelihood of mechanically generated incendive
&me propagation into the hazardous place cannot sparks can be reduced, for example, by wetting. Possible reactions
occur. with the wetting medium have to be considered (e.g.production of
Categoria 2 and 3. The air needed for the combustion hydrogen in the case of water and light metais).
may be taken from zones 1,2,21and 22 only if hazards NOTE 3. Analyses of industrial events and results of investigations
have proven that with low circumferential velocities
are prevented by implementing the appropriate (velocity 5 1 d s ) there is no hazard of ignition of dusffair
protective measures (see 6.6.6). Hot gases may only be mumires with mechanically generated sparks.
introduced if it is ensured that the minimum ignition
temperature of the explosive atmosphere cannot be 6.4.6 Electrical apparatus
reached Assurance shaìl be given that deposited dust For the identification of hazards W i g from electrical
will not be ignited. in addition, preventive measures apparatus, see 6.3.6.
(e.g. the use of spark traps) should be taken to ensure If hazards due to electrical apparatus have been
that hot solid particles from exhaust gases are identifed, the following specific requirements for
excluded These requirements shall be included in the equipment, protective systems and components shall
information for use (see clause 7). be complied with.
6.4.4 Mechanicallu generated sparks Electrical apparatus in explosive atmospheres is
For the identification of hazards due to mechanically subject to the requirements of the Directive of the
generated sparks, see 6.3.4. Council 76/117/EEC and Directive 79/196/EEC, as last
amended by Directive 94/26/EC as well as
If hazards due to mechanidy generated sparks have Directive 82/130/EEC amended by Dwective 8&35/EEC
been identified, dependent on the type of explosive and Directive 91/269/EEC and the related standards
atmosphere (gasVapour/mist or dust as the flammable (EN 50014, EN 50015, EN 50016, EN 50017, EN 50018,
substance) and from the category the following EN 50019, EN 50020, prEN 50021, EN 50028, EN 50039,
specific requirements for equipment, protective systems EN 50050, EN 50053-1, EN 50053-2, EN 600523,
and components shall be complied with. EN 50054, EN 50055, EN 50056, EN 50057,
Category 1. Equipment, protective systems and EN 50058 and EN 50059) where applicable.
components which, even in the case of rare AU c a t e g w . Electrical apparatus shall be designed,
malfunctions, can give rise to incendive friction, impact constructed, instalied and maintained in accordance
or abrasion sparks shaìl be excluded In particuiar, with the relevant European Standards (seeclause 2).
friction shall be avoided between aluminium or
magnesium (excluding alloys with less than 10 % Al 6.4.6 Strag electric currents and cathodic
and paints and coatings with less than 25 %Al by corrosion protection
weight) and iron or steel (except stainless steel, when For the identification of hazards arising from stray
the presence of rust particles can be excluded). electsic currents and cathodic corrosion protection,
Fiiction and impact between titanium or zirconium see 6.3.6.
with any hard material shall be avoided.
If hazards due to stray electric currents and/or
Category 2. The requirements for category 1should be cathodic corrosion protection have been identified,
complied with whenever possible. Sparks shall be dependent on the type of explosive atmosphere
excluded in the case of normal operation and in the (g&apour/mist or dust as the flammable substance)
case of malfunctions. and from the category, the following specific
Category 3. It is sufficient to implement protective requirements for equipment, protective systems and
measures against incendive friction, impact or abrasion components shall be complied wiîh.
sparks during normal operation. AU categories. AU conductive parts of the system
AU categories. Equipment intended for use in explosive which are part of the electsical equipment or which are
gadair, vapour/air, and misî/air atmospheres which can adjacent to it shall be protected in accordance with
produce mechanically generated sparks shall be prEN 50154.
excluded if the possible explosive atmosphere can Special protective measures shall be provided for
contain one or more of the gases acetylene, carbon systems with impressed current cathodic corrosion
disulfide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and ethylene protÆction.
oxide, unless there is proven evidence that there is no
explosion risk

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 Category 1, and category 2for use in explosive Category 3. As a rule, measures other than earthing
dusuair mixtures. Compensation of the potential shall requirements are necessary only when incendive
be carried out for all conductive parts of the clischarges occur frequently (e.g. in the case of
installation, also for those not adjacent to electrical inadequately conductive drive belts).
equipment, and this compensation shall be carried out 6.4.8 Lightning
in accordance with prEN 50154. It is permissible to
deviate from this requirement within the places For the identifidon of hazards due to lightnhg,
enclosed by conductive walk that are included in a see 6.3.8.
potential compensation system. If conductive parts of If hazards due to lightnhg have been identified, the
the system are incorporated in zones O, 20 and 21, foliowing specific requirements for equipment,
e.g. ventilation and suction pipes in tanks,they shall protective systems and components shall be complied
first be included in a potential compensation system. with.
These requirements shall be included in the AU categories. Installations shall be protected by the
information for use (see clause 7). appropriate lighinhg protection measures.
Categorg2. Protective measures identical to those for The effects of lightning occurring outside
category 1shail be provided However, for conductive zones O and 20 from damaging zones O and 20 shall be
parts of the system which are not d a c e n t to electric prevented, e.g. overvoltage protection systems could be
installations, it is permissible to dispense with special instaiied at appropriate piaces. For earthcovered tank
measures to compensate the potential, e.g. additional installations or electrically conductive system
bridges, when such a compensation system formed by components which are electrically M a t e d from the
interconnected parts of the electrically conductive tank,bonding shall be carried out and an earth ring
system, e.g. pipe networks or extensive earthing electrode system provided. These requirements shall be
systems,already exists. included in the information for use (see section 7).
Before the connections of conductive parts of the Protective measures against lightning shall not impair
system are opened or closed, e.g. during dismanhg of cathodic corrosion protection measures according
fittings and parts of pipes, bridges comprising to 6.4.6.
connection lines with an adequate cross section shall
be provided if there is a possibility that the adequacy 6.4.9 Raüiofiequency (RF) electromagnetic
of the interconnection might be impaired These waoesfroml~Hzto3XldtHz
requirements shall be included in the information for For the idenüíícation of hazar& due to radio-frequency
use (see clause 7). electromagneticwaves, see 6.3.9.
Category 3.It is generally acceptable to dispense with If hazards due to radio frequency electromagnetic
the requirements for categories1and 2, Le. the waves have been identified, the following specific
compensation of the potential, unless arcs or sparks requirements for equipment, protective systems, and
due to stray currents occur frequently. components shaü be complied with.
6.4.7 Static electricity AU categories. As a general safety measure against the
For the identification of hazards due to static ignition effect of electromagnetic waves, a safety
electric@, see 6.3.7. distance shall be maintained in all directions between
the nearest radiafjng parts and the receiving aerial
If hazards due to static electricity have been identified, (see 6.3.9) in the place which could contain explosive
dependent on the categoq, the following specific atmosphere.
requirements for equipment, protective systems and NOTE 1. For transmis
' sion systems with a direcüonaì pattern, it
components shall be complied with should be noted that this safety distance depends on the direction.
Au c a t e q h . The most important protective measure It should also be noted that the radio frequency source, depending
is bonding all the conductive parts that could become on its output power, antenna gain and operating frequency, may be
located even severai Hometres distant. In case of doubt, the
hazardously charged and earthhg them. This protective safety distance should be ascertained by measurements.
measure, however, is not sufñcient when if an adequate safety distance cannot be maintained, special
nonconductive materiais are present In this case, protective measures, for example shielding, shall be taken.
hazardous levels of charging of the nonconductive NOTE 2. An operating permit on the level of electromagnetic
parts and materials, including solids,liquids and dusts interference, issued e.g. by the national telecommunications
shall be avoided. This information shall be included in authority, the respective radio intexîerence protection iabel or
the information for use (see clause 7). information on the degree of radio interference does not say
anything about whether the device or its radiation field gives rise
Category 1. Incendive discharges shall be eliminated, to an ignition risk
and rare n-dfun~onsshall be taken into account
Categoml2. kendive discharges shall not occur during
intended use of the installatons, including maintenance
and cleaning, or during malfunctons that can be
expcted norm-.

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 S T D - B S I B S E N 1127-1-ENGL 1778
AU categories. Wo-frequency system shall also
comply with 6.4.6.
6.4.10 Electromagnetic wavesfrorn 3 X I d 1 Hz
t o s x id5132
For the identification of hazards a r i s i i from this
spectral range electromagnetic waves, see 6.3.10.
Note shall be taken that equipment, protective systems
and components that generate radiation (e.g. lamps,
electric arcs, lases) can itself also be a source of
ignition as defined in 6.4.2 and 6.4.6.
if hazards due to electromagnetic waves from
3 X 10" Hz to 3 X 1015 Hz have been identified,
dependent on the categow, the following specific
requirements for equipment, protective systems and
components shall be complied with.
AU categories. Devices which can cause ignition by
resonance absorption (see 6.3.10) shali not be
permitted.
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Category 3. Electrical equipment which generates
radiation and which is approved or suitable for these
zones (see 6.4.6) is admissible provided that:
a) the energy of a raàiated puise or energy flux
(power) of continuous radiation is limited to such a
low value that it cannot ignite the explosive
atmosphere; or
b) the radiation is safely enclosed ensuring that:
1) any escape of radiation that could ignite an
explosive atmosphere from the enclosure into the
hazardous place is safely prevented and hot
surfaces that could ignite an explosive atmosphere
on the outside of the enclosure due to the
radiation do not occur; and
2) the explosive atmosphere cannot penetrate into
the enclosure or an explosion inside the enclosure
cannot propagate into the hazardous place.
This shall be ensured during normal operation.
Category 2. The above conditions shall also be ensured
in the case of rare situations (e.g. malfunctions).
Category 1. The above conditions shall be ensured
even in the case of very rare situations (e.g. rare
malfunctions).
6.4.11 Ionizing radiation
For the identification of hazard arising from ioniziig
radiation, see 6.3.11.
if hazards due to ionizing radiation have been
identjfíed, dependent on the category, the following
specific requirements for equipment, protective systems
and components shall be complied with.
AU categories. The directions in 6.4.6 shall be followed
for the electrical systems needed for operation of the
sources of radiation.
The protective measures for lasers are given in 6.4.10.
Category 3. Electrical equipment which generates
ionizing radiation is admiiible provided that:
a) the energy of a radiated puise or energy flux
(power) of continuous radiation is limited to such a
low value that it cannot ignite the explosive
atmosphere; or
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L b 2 q b b S Ob730b2 831
Page 21
EN 1127-1: 1997
b) the radiation is safely enclosed ensuring that:
1) any escape of radiation that could ignite
explosive atmosphere from the enclosure into the
hazardous place is safely prevented and hot
surfaces that could ignite explosive atmosphere on
the outside of the enclosure due to the radiation
do not occw, and
2) the explosive atmosphere cannot p e n e m into
the enclosure or an explosion inside the enclosure
cannot propagate into the hazardous place.
This shall be ensured during normal operation.
Category2. The above conditions shall be ensured also
in the case of rare situations (e.g. malfunctions).
Category 1. The above conditions shall be ensured
even in the case of very rare situations (e.g. rare
malfunctions).
6.4.12 Ultrasonics
For the identification of hazards a r i s i i from
ultmsoniics, see 6.3.12.
if hazards due to ultrasonics have been identjfíed,
dependent on the category, the following specific
requirements for equipment, protective system and
components shall be complied with.
AU categories. Uìtramnic waves with a frequency of
more than 10 MHz shall not be permitted, unless the
absence of an ignition risk is proved for the case in
point by demonstratjng that there is no absorption due
to molecular resonance.
The information in this subclause refers only to
ignition hazards caused by acoustic power.
Clause 6.4.6 shail be taken into consideration for the
associated electrical system.
For ultrasonic waves with a frequency up to 10 MHz
the following is required.
AU categories. ultrasonic waves s h d be permitted only
if the safety of the work procedure is ensured. The
power density of the generated acoustic field shall not
exceed 1mW/mm2, unless it is proved for the case in
point that ignition is not possible.
Ca.tegories2 and 3. In work procedures with
conventional ultrasonic devices (e.g. ultrasonic echo
testing devices), special protective measures against
ignition risks from the ullmsonic waves themselves are
only necessary if the power density in the generated
acoustic field exceeds 1mW/mm2, unless it is proved
for the case in point that ignition is not possible.
6.4.13 Adiabatic compression and shock waves
For the identification of hazards due to adiabatic
compression and shock waves, see 6.3.13.
If hazards due to adiabatic compression and/or shock
waves have been identified, dependent on the categow,
the following specific requirements for equipment,
protective system and components shall be complied
with.
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Category 1. Processes that can cause compressions or
shock waves which could produce ignition shall be
avoided. This shall be ensured even in the case of rare
maìfunctions.As a rule, hazardous compressions and
shock waves can be eliminated if, for example, the
slides and valves between sections of the system
where high pressure ratios are present can only be
opened slowly.
Category 2.Processes which can cause adiabatic
compressions or shock waves can be tolerated onìy in
the case of rare malfunctions.
Category 3. Only those shock waves or compressions
occurring during normal operation that could ignite
explosive atmospheres shall be prevented.
NOTE. if equipment, protective systems and components
containing highly oxidizing gases have to be used, special
precautions should be taken to prevent the ignition of
constniction materials and auxiliary materials.
6.4.14 Exothermic reactions, including
se&2gnition of dusts
For the identification of hazards due to exothermic
reactions, see 6.3.14.
If hazards due to exothermic reactions have been
identified, the following specific requirements for
equipment, protective systems and components shall
be complied with4).
All categories. Substances with a tendency to
seìf-ignition shall be avoided whenever possible.
When such substances have to be handled, the
necessary protective measures shall be adapteci in each
màividual case. The following protective measures can
be suitable:
- ni-,
- stabilization;
- improvement of heat dissipation, e.g. by dividing
the substances into smaller portions;
- limiting temperature and pressure;
- storage at lowered temperatures;
- limitingresidence ümes.
Construction materials which react hazardously with
the substances being handled shall be avoided.
For protective measures against hazards due to impact
and friction involving rust and light metais
(e.g. aluminum, magnesium, or their alloys), see 6.4.4.
WARNING. Pyrophoric materials can be generated
under certain conditions, e.g. in the storage of
sulfurcontaining petroleum products or müiing of light
metal in inert atmosphere.
4, Owing to the wide variety of possible chemical reactions, it is not practicable to describe all required precautions in this standard. It
is therefore essential to seek expert guidance.
‘ if appropriate measures (e.g. concentration limitation) are implemented to ensure that the actual explosion pressure does not reach
1
the maximum explosion pressure, the apparatus may be designed for this lower actual explosion pressure.
Q Standard in preparation.
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6.6 Requirements for the design and
construction of equipment, protective systems
and components to reduce the explosion effects
6.6.1 General
If the measures described in 6.2 or 6.4 cannot be
implemented or are not pertinent, the equipment,
protective systems and components shall be designed
and constmcted in such a way as to limit the effects of
an explosion to a safe level. Such measures are:
- explosion-resistant design (see 6.6.2);
- explosion relief (see 6.6.3);
- explosion suppression (see 6.6.4);
- prevention of flame and explosion propagation
(see 6.6.6).
These measures generally refer to the mitimon of
hazardous effects from explosions inside equipment,
protective systems and components.
NOTE.Additional measures may be needed for buiidmgs or
surroundings of the equipment, protective systems and
components, but these are not dealt with in this standard.
WARNING. In connected equipment, protective
systems, components, pipeworks, or elongated vessels
it is possible that an explosion will propagate through
the entire system with fiame front acceleration. Built-in
elements or obstacles which increase the turbulence
(e.g. measuring baffle plates) can also accelerate the
flame front. Depending on the geometry of the system,
such acceleration can lead to a m i t i o n from
deflagration to detonakion where high pressure puises
ocm
6.6.2 Explosion-resistant design
6.6.2.1 General
Equipment, protective systems and components shall
be so constructed that they can withstand an internai
explosion without rupturing.
In general, a distinction is made between the following
designs:
- design for the maximum explosion pressure6);
- design for the reduced explosion pressure in
conjunction with explosion relief (6.6.3) or
explosion suppression (6.6.4).
Equipment, protective syst~ms,and components can
be either explosion-pressureresistantor
explosion-pressure-shock-resistant6). (See figure 1.)
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 ~

STD-BSI BS EN 1127-1-ENGL 1998 m LbZi-lbb9 Ob730b4 bû4

Page 23
EN 1127-1: 1997

I Explosion-proofdesign I
I
l l I
Explosion-pressure-resistantdesign Explosion-pressure-shock-resistant design

(application of a future European (application of a future European pressure

pressure vessel code) vessel code with greater utilization of material

Figure 1. Scheme for explosion-proof design

I

If the inside of the equipment, protective systems and6.6.3 Explosion relief

components is divided into sections (e.g. tanks Explosion relief is a protection principle which utilizes
connected by a pipeline), during an explosion in one of
the discharge of burnt and unburnt mixture and
the sections the pressure in the other sections of thecombustion gases to lower the explosion pressure.
equipment, protective systems and components will be This is achieved by providing apertures sufñcient to
increased As a result, an explosion in these sections prevent the destruction of the equipment, protective
wiil occur at an elevated initial pressure. Further, systems and components?.
pressure peaks occur which are higher than the value
expected under atmospheric conditions. In the case of Bursting discs, vent panels or explosion doors, for
such arrangements, appropriate measures shall be example, can be used as relief devices. Safety valves
taken, e.g. adequate explosion-resistant design or axe not suitable for this purpose.
automatic decoupling in the event of an explosion The necessary relief area of a vented system depends
(see 6.6.6). mainiy on:
6.8.2.2 Exp.!os.ion-pmsurt-re.sistuntdesign
- the strength of the vessel;
Explosion-pressureresistant equipment, protective - the severity of the explosion (usuaily characterized
systems and components shall withstand the expected in t e m of maximum rate of pressure rise and
explosion pressure without becoming permanently maximum explosion pressure);
deformed The regulations covering the design of and - the actuation pressure of the relief device;
calculations for pressure vessels shall be used when - the type and weight of relief device;
dimensioning and manufacturing such equipment, - the volume and geometry of the vessel;
protective systems and components. The expected
explosion pressure shall be used as the basis for the - the dimensions of relief ducts (if used>;
calculation of the pressure. - the initial or induced turbulence in the vessel.
6.6.2.3 Expìoswn-psure-shmk-re.sistunt design Whenever possible, the pressure relief should foliow a
short, straght path. The reaction force which occurs as
Explosion-pressure-shock-resistant equipment, a result of the pressure relief should be taken into
protective systems and components are so constructed consideration.
that they can withstand the expected explosion
pressure, but may become permanently deformed. Pressure-relief systems shall be so instalìed as to
preclude injuy to personnel by the relief process. For
For the design and manufacture of this reason pressure shall be vented to a safe area.
explosion-pressure-shock-resistant equipment, Explosion relief into work rooms shall not be
protective systems and components, the relevant codes permitted unless there is proven evidence that persons
and stan&& shall be applied accordingly cannot be endangered (e.g. by flames, flying debris or
After explosions, the affected parts of the system pressure waves). The effects of the discharge on the
should be checked to assess whether the equipment, environment shall be considered
protective systems and components can still be
operated safely This shall be included in the
information for use (see clause 7).

1' Standards on the requirements for venting devices and on the dimensioning of dust explosion venting systems are in preparation.
A standard on the dimensioning of explosion suppression systems is in preparation.

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 ~

S T D * B S I BS EN 1 1 2 7 - 1 - E N G L 1998 W 1b2LibbS Ob730b5 540 D

Page 24
EN 1127-1: 1997

6.6.4 Explosion suppression 6.6.6.2.3 Detonation arresters

Ekplosion-suppression systems prevent an explosion These are devices which can witkstand the mechanical
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attaining its maximum explosion pressure by rapidly and thermai stresses of detonations and prevent the
injecting extinguishing agents into the equipment, tsansmission, as well as act as defiagrahon arresters
protective systems and components in the event of an (e.g. crimped metal ribbons with or without detonation
explosion. This means that equipment and components shock absorber, immersion-Srpe safety devices and
protected in such a manner can be designed to liquid seals).
withstand a reduced explosion pressure8).
6.6.6.2.4 l?!.ashback p e n t e r s
When explosion suppression is used, the effects of an
explosion are gene- limited to the interior of the These are devices in which the flashback of a fiame is
prevented by a special shape of the mixture inlet
equipment, protective systems and components.
(e.g. Venturi-type), and by a device which stops the
Explosionmippression systems consist essentially of a mixtureflowtotallyiftheflowrateislessthana
detection system which detects the incipient explosion, minimum value (e.g. flowqontrolled flap). These
and pressurized extinguishers, the outlets of which are devices are used in the flow system upstseam of
triggered by the detection system. The contents of the burners.
extinguishers are rapidly injected into the equipment,
protective systems and components to be protected 6.6.6.2.6 Extinguishing barniers
and distributed as uniformly as possible. This has the To prevent explosion propagation through pipes and
effect of extinguishing the explosion flames and ducts, the explosion can be stopped by the injection of
reducing the explosion pressure to protect the extinguishing agents. The injection is activated by
structure of the equipment, protective systems and appropriate detectom. Nevertheless, the propagation of
components. the pressure wave originatjng from the already burnt
mixture up to the barrier is not affected and shaii be
6.6.6 Prevention of =plosion propagation taken into account (see also 6.6.2). The extinguislung
(explosion &coupling)
agent shall be appropriate for the particular type of
6.6.6.1 Geneml flammable substance.
It is possible to use active and passive devices to Consideration shail be given to the materials being
prevent the propagation of explosions, e.g. through handled and the possibility that such devices can be
pipes, breathing devices or through fiiiing and blocked by those materials.
emptying lines.
6.6.6.3 Devicesfor dusts
in the case of high fiame propagation velocities, or if a
detonation is expected, special measures can be Some of the devices listed in 6.6.6.2 cannot be used
required. in some cases preference may be given to the with dust, owing to the risk of blockage. In order to
use of passive systems,ag. fiame arresters,ìiquid avoid the propagation of dust explosions via
locks, explosion diverters, as aiternative syst~msor in connecting pipes and ducts, conveying devices etc., as
weii as the escape of fiames from equipment,
combination with active system.
protective system and components, e.g. the devices
The foliowing devices may be used for different types listed in 6.6.6.3.1 to 6.6.6.3.6 are admissible.
of explosive atmospheres, ie. gas, vapur, mist, dust,
and hybrid mixtwes with air. It shall be demonstrated 6.6.6.3.1 Extinguishing barriers
that they are suitable for their intended use. For extinguishuig barriers, see 6.6.6.2.6.
6.6.6.2 Devices for gases, vapours an& mists 6.6.6.3.2 RapUtaction valves andjhps
For vapours, gases and mists the types of decoupling To prevent flame and pressure propagation in pipes
devices described in 6.6.6.2.1 to 6.6.6.2.6 are for and ducts, valves (gate or butterfly) or flaps may be
example in use. used which close in a sufficiently short h e . The
closure can be effected by means of an actuating
6.6.6.2.1 &$lagration arresters
mechanism initiated by detectors or by the explosion
These devices prevent the transmission of an explosion pressure wave itself.
by fiames and withstand the explosion pressure and
the temperaturestress of the deflagration (fiame 6.6.6.3.3 Rotam/ valves
arresters containing elements co~~&.~ct.ed, e.g. from Rotary vaives of special design can be used to prevent
crimped metai ribbons or sintered metah, and fiame and pressure propagation. In the case of an
high-velocity vent valves). explosion, the movement of the rotor shall be stopped
6.6.6.2.2 f i m e arrestersfor enàurame burning automatical& by means of a detecting system, to
ensure that the discharge of the burning product is
These fittings prevent the tzmmuss* ion of explosions prevented
by a M e in the case of a stabilized fiame burning at
or close to the arrester element.

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 ~~ - ~
S T D - B S I BS E N l L 2 7 - L - E N G L 1 7 7 8 IL b 2 4 b b 7 O b 7 3 0 b b 4 8 7 E
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6.6.6.3.4 Explosion diverters
An explosion diverter is a special type of pipe segment
which can prevent explosion propagation by changing
the flow direction while, at the same t h e , relieving the
explosion pressure. Qpically this segment basicaüy
consists of a duct, where, in the flow direction, a pipe
bend is concentrically introduced into a segment of
larger diameter containing a relief mechanism.
It is not always possible to prevent propagation of the
explosion reliably by the explosion diverter.
Nevertheless, the flame speed wiil be reduced to a low
level.
6.6.6.3.6 Double valves
M a t e d transport mechanisms with a double valve
system are aàmiiible to stop explosion propagation.
Appropriate control shall be used to ensure that one of
the valves is always closed.
6.6.6.3.6 &kes (product as a barrier)
The actual product can prevent the propagation of an
explosion, e.g. by the use of level controls or removal
of a section of the screw in a screw conveyor. In such
cases it shall be ensured that the material barrier is
always present.
6.6.6.4 Devices for hybrid mixtures
For operational reasons, hybrid mixhires will generally
require measures of the types described in 6.6.6.3.
o\ivmg to the gaseous component, application wiil be
restricted. As there are no standard solutions for such
situations, each case shall be considered on its own
merit.
6.6 Provisions for emergency measures
Special emergency measures may be required for
explosion prevention andor protection, e.g.
- emergency shutdown of the total plant or parts
of it;
- emergency emptying of parts of the plant;
- interrupting material flows between parts of the
Plant;
- flooding of parts of the plant by appropriate
substances (e.g. nitrogen, water).
These measures shail be integrakd into the explosion
safety concept (see 6.1) during the design and
construction of the equipment, protective systems and
components.
6.7 Principles of measuring and control systems
for explosion prevention and protection
General principles of this field are dealt with in
EN 954-1.
The explosion prevention and protection measures
described in 6.2, 6.4 and 6.6 may be put into practice
or monitored using measuring and control systems.
This means that process control can be used for
the three basic principles of explosion prevention and
protection:
- avoidance of explosive atmosphere;
- avoidance of effective ignition sources;
- reduction of explosion effects.
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~
Page 26
EN 1127-1: 1997
The relevant safety parameters shall be identified and,
where appropriate, monitored. Measuring and control
systems used shall produce the appropriate response.
NOTE. The response time of the measuring and control systems is
also a relevant safety parameter.
The required reliability of the monitoring and control
system foilows from the risk assessment.
if the risk assessment and the explosion safety concept
lead to the conclusion that, without any measuring and
control procedure, a high risk is present (e.g. thai a
hazardous explosive atmosphere is continuously
present and an effective ignition source is likely to
occur), then measuring and control systems shall be
designed in such a manner that one single failure does
not render the explosion safety concept ineffective.
This can be achieved by the employment of redundant
stnictures or fail-safe techniques for the measuring and
control systems. The required reìiability can also be
achieved by a combination of a single measuring and
control system ensuring measures against the presence
of a hazardous explosive atmosphere, together with a
single independent measuring and control system
ensuring measures to prevent effective ignition
sources.
If the risk assessment and the explosion safety concept
lead to the conclusion that, even without any
measurement and control measures, only a moderate
risk is present (e.g. reduced likelihood of the presence
of hazardous explosive atmosphere or reduced
likelihood of effective ignition sources) a single
measuring and control procedure is sufficient.
In all cases, the achieved reduction of likelihood of
presence of a hazardous explosive atmosphere and of
the likelihood of occurrence of effective ignition
sources shall fulñì requirements corresponding to those
in 6.1.
The measuring and control systems can, e.g. initiate an
alarm or cause automatic shutdown. The integrity of
measuring and control systems, e.g. fail-safe techniques
or degree of redundancy, and the actions taken by it
will depend on the risk assessment. This shall ensure
that the reliabiity and actions taken will reduce the
risk to an acceptable level under all operationai
conditions.
Annex C illustrates concepts of the use of measuring
and control systems to limit the occurrence of effective
ignition sources during normal operation, malfunctions
and rare malfunctions.
7 Information for use
7.1 General
This clause specifies information for use, including
maintenance, which shall be supplied with the
equipment, protective systems and components or as
part of the instructions for use, e.g. an instruction
handbook.
The requirements in EN 292-2 shall be complied with.
Particuiar attention shall be given to the special
requirements for use in explosive almospheres.
 S T D - B S I B S EN 1127-1-ENGL 1998 1b2Libb9 Ob730b7 313
Page 26
EN 1127-1: 1997

The information shall clearly state the equipment group
and the category of the equipment and protective
systems and include the information for use [see the
Counciì Directive on the approximation of the laws of
the Member states concerning equipment and
protective systems intended for use in potentially
explosive atmospheres (i.e. the Directive M E C ) and
EN 50014, EN 50015, EN 50016, EN 50017, EN 50018,
EN 50019, EN 50020, prEN 50021, EN 50028, EN 50039,
EN 50050, EN 500531, EN 50053-2, EN 500533,
EN 50054, EN 50055, EN 50056, EN 50057, EN 50058,
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f) information on risks requiring action, e.g.:
information shali be supplied about the possible
existence of explosive atmosphere identified as part
of the risk assessment to prevent the operator or
other person causing an ignition source.
7.4 Qualincations and training
Information on required qualifications and training
shall be supplied to enable the user to select qualified
staff for the tasks where explosive atmospheres can
occur.

EN 50059 and EN 500591.

7.2 Information on equipment, protective Annex A (normative)
systems and components
The following information, as appropriate, shall be
'Ibols for use in potentially explosive
providd atmospheres
a) specinc parameters related to explosion Instructions on the use of hand-held tools shall take
protection. These can include: the foilowing into account.
1) maximum surface temperatures, pressures etc.; W o different types of tools have to be distinguished
2) protection against mechanical hazards; a) tools which can only cause single sparks when
3) w o n prevention; they are used (e.g. screwdrivers, spanners, impact
4) prevention andor limitalion of dust screwdrivers);
accumulation. b) tools which generate a shower of sparks when
b) safety systems.These can include: used during sawing or grinding.
1) temperature monitoring; In zones O and 20, no tools which can cause sparks are
2) vibration monitoring; permissible.
3) spark detection and -hing system, In zones 1and 2, only steel tools according to a) are
4) inerîjng system, permissible. Tools according to b) are oniy permissible
5) explosion relief systems; if it is ensured that no hazardous explosive atmosphere
6) explosion suppression systems; is present at the workplace.
7') process isolation systems; However, the use of any kind of steel tools is
8) vent systems for overpressures generated from completely prohibited in zone 1if the risk of explosion
processes other than explosion; exists because of the presence of substances belonging
9) fire detection and fighting systems; to explosion group Iíc (according to EN 50014)
10) explosion decoupling systems, (acetylene, carbon disulfide, hydrogen), and hydrogen
11) emergency shut down systems; sulnde, ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide, unies it
12) explosion resistant construction. is ensured that no hazardous explosive atmosphere is
present at the workplace during the work with these
c) Specific requirements to ensure safe operation. tools.
These can include:
1) appropIWÆ accessories; Steel tools according to a) are permissible in
2) use with other equipment, protective systems zones 21 and 22. Steel tools according to b) are only
and components. permissible if the workplace is shielded from the
remainjng area of zones 21 and 22, and the following
7.3 Information for commissioning, maintenance additional measures have been taken
and repair to prevent explosion
F'articular aüention shall be paid to provide the - dust depwits have been removed from the
workplace; or
following:
a) instructions covering normal operation including - the workplace is kept so wet that no dust can be
starkup and shutdown; dispersed in the air nor that any smouldering
b) instructions covering systematic maintenance and processes can develop.
repair including safe opening of equipment, When grinding or sawing in zones 21 and 22 or in their
protective systems and components; vicini& it shall be considered that the sparks produced
c) instsuctoIls with regard to required cleaning, can fly over great distances and lead to the formaton
including dust removal and safe working processes; of smouldering particles. For this reason the other
d) instructions covering fault identification and places around the workplace should also be included
actions required; in the protective measures mentioned.
e) instru&ons covering the testing of equipment, The use of tools in zones 1,2,21, and 22 should be
safety systems and components, also after subject to a 'permit to work' system. This shall be
explosionq included in the information for use.

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 Annex B (informative)
Relationship between categories and zones
k o m the view of the producer of equipment, protective systems and components, the system of categories can
be visualized as shown in table B.l.

Category Designed for type of Designed for zone Also applicable in zone
explosive atmosphere
1 gadair mixture resp. O land2
vapour/air mixture resp.
mist/airmixture
1 dust/& mixhire 20 I21 and22
2 gas/& mixture resp. 1 2
vapour/air mixture resp.
rnisî/air mixture I

2 dustíair mixture 21 I22

3 gadair mixture resp. 2
vapour/air mixture resp.
mistíairmixture

From the view of the user, equipment of the different categories can be applied as shown in table B.2
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In zone Applicable category If designed for

O 1G gadair mixture resp.
vapour/air mixture resp.
mistíair mixture
1 1Gor2G gas/& mixture resp.
vapoudair mixture resp.
mist/* mixture
2 1 G or2G or3G gadair mixture resp.
vapour/air mixture resp.
mistíair mixture
20 1D dusîíair mixhire
21 IlDor2D I dudair mixture
I22 IlDor2Dor3D I dust/& mixture

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 S T D - B S I B S EN L127-1-ENGL 1 9 9 8 E L b 2 4 b b 9 Ob730b9 L 7 b =
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EN ll27-1:1997

Annex C (informative)
Concepts for the use of measuring and control systems to avoid effective ignition
sources
The concepts can be illustrated in table C.1.

Table (3.1 Additional measuring and control systems necessary to avoid effective ignition sources
Explosion endangered Existing equipment, protective systems Additional measuring and control systems
places and components fulfil following necessary
requirements
not present no special requirements no
zone 2 or zone 22 no ignition sources to be expected no
during n o d operation
zone 1 or zone 21 no ignition sources to be expected a single system to avoid ignition sources in
during normai ooeration malfunctions
no ignition sources to be expected no
during normal operation
zone O or zone 20 no ignition sources to be expected a redundant or fail-safe system to avoid
during normal operation ignition sources during malfunctions and
rare maifunctions
no ignition sources to be expected a single system to avoid ignition sources
during n o d operation and during rare malfunctions
malfunctions
no ignition sources to be expected no
during n o d operation, maifunctions
and rare maifunctions

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 ~

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Annex D (informative)
Index
Each entry of the following triiinguaì alphabetic index of specific t e m and expressions used in
EN 1127-1contains the keywords in the following order of languages: English, Geman, French. Where a
keyword is used nearly everywhere in the text (e.g. ‘explosion’) only the section with its defmition has been
entered.

Clause
Kaîegorie catégorie 3.22,6.4.1 to 6.4.14,
7.1,annex B,annex E
component Komponente composant 3.2
concentration Konzentration concentration 3.11 to 3.13, 3.23,
3.26,4.1,4.2,6.2,
6.2.2,6.3.2,6.3.13,
6.1,6.2.1, 6.2.2.2,
6.2.2.3,6.3.3
cool flame kalte Flamme flamme froide 6.3.2
defhgraîion Deflagration déaagration 3.3, 6.6.1,6.6.6.2.1,
6.6.6.2.3
deflagration arrester Deaagrationssperre arrêtedéhgration 6.6.6.2.1 to 6.6.6.2.3
degree of dispemion Dispersionsgrad degré de dispersion 6.2,6.2.1
detonation Detonation détonation 3.4,6.6.1,6.6.6.1,
6.6.6.2.3
detonation arrester Detonationssperre arrêtedétomon 6.6.6.2.3
dust cloud Staubwolke nuage de poussières 3.17,3.20,3.30,3.32,
4.3,6.2,6.2.1,6.2.2,
6.3.4,6.3.7,6.3.10,
6.2.2.2,6.2.2.3,
6.2.3.3, 6.2.3.4,
6.3.4.1, 6.3.4.3, 6.4.1,
6.4.2,6.4.4,6.4.6,
6.6.6.1, 6.6.6.3,
annex B
dust deposit Sîaubablagerung dépôt de poussières (see dust layer)
dust layer Staubschicht couche de poussières 3.33, 3.38,4.3,6.3.2,
6.3.4, 6.3.10, 6.3.13,
6.3.14, 6.2.3.3,
6.2.3.4, 6.3.4.1,
6.3.4.3,6.4.1 to 6.4.3,
6.4.14, 7.2,7.3,
annex A
emergency Noifall urgence 6.2.2.2, 6.6,7.2
emergency emptying Notentleerung vidange d‘urgence 6.6
emergency shutdown NotabscMtung arrêt d‘urgence 6.6, 7.2
equipment Gerate 3.6
equipment group Geräkgruppe groupe d’appareil 1,3.22
explosion Explosion explosion 3.6
explosion decouphg explosionstechnische isolement et interruption de 6.6.6,7.2
Ehtkoppelung l’explosion
explosion diverter Entlastungsschiot dispositif de détournement de 6.6.6.1, 6.6.6.3.4
l’explosion

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EN 1127-1: 1997

explosion effect Explosionswirkung effet de l'explosion 6.6, 6.7

explosion limit Explosionsgrenze limite d'explosivit6 3.7 to 3.9,3.11,3.12,
4.2,6.2.2,6.2.2.2
explosion point Explosionspunkt point d'explosion 3.10 to 3.12, 6.2.2,
6.2.2.2
explosionpressure- explosionsdruckfest résistant à la pression de 3.16
resistant l'explosion
ex&sion-p- explosionsdruckstoßfest résistant au choc de pression 3.16
shock resistant de l'explosion
explosion prevention vorbeugender prévention contre l'explosion
Explosionsschutz
explosion prevention Explosionsschutz prévention et protection 6.1
and protection contre l'explosion
explosion protection abwehrender protection contre l'explosion
Explosionsschutz
explosion range Explosionsbereich domaine d'explosivitk 3.7 to 3.9,3.13,3.28,
6.2,6.1, 6.2.1, 6.2.2.2
explosion relief Explosionsdruckenthtung décharge de l'explosion 3.37, 6.6.1,6.6.2.1,
6.6.3, 7.2
explosion resistant explosionsfest résistant à l'explosion 3.14
explosion suppression Exp10si0nsuntemckung suppression de l'explosion 3.37,6.6.1, 6.6.2.1,
6.6.4, 7.2
explosive atmosphere explosionsfähige Atmosphäre atmosphère explosive 3.17
extlliguish Löschen éteindre 6.6.4, 6.6.6.2.6, 7.2
exüngukhing barrier Löschmiaelsperre arrêt-barrage à agent 6.6.6.2.6, 6.6.6.3.1
extincteur
errtinguishingsystem LöschSystem système à éteindre 7.2
flame Flamme €lanune 3.36,4.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3,
6.4,6.4.3, 6.6.1, 6.6.3,
6.6.4, 6.6.6.1,
6.6.6.2.1 to 6.6.6.2.6,
6.6.6.3, 6.6.6.3.2 to
6.6.6.3.4
flame arrester Flammensperre arrê*€lanunes 6.6.6.2.1 to 6.6.6.2.3
flame arrester for dauerbrandsichere &*flammes résistant a la 6.6.6.2.2
endurance buming Flammensperre combustion de longue durée
Ilammable substance brennbarer Stoff substance itúhmable 3.1
-back preventer Fhnmemückschlagsicherung dispositif évitant le retour de 6.6.6.2.4
flamme
Ilashpoint Flammpunkt point d'éclair 3.18,4.2, 6.2.2.2
flying debris weggeschleuderte Teile débris projetés 6.4, 6.6.3
hazardous explosive gefähriiche explosionsfahige atmosphère explosive 3.19
atmosphere Atmosphäre dangereuse
hybrid mixture hybrides Gemisch mélange hyòride 3.20,6.2.2.3, 6.6.6.1,
6.6.6.4
ignition Zündung irúïammation -
ignition energy Zündenergie energie d'inflammab'on 3.29, 4.3, 6.3.7
ignition source Zündqueiie source -d' on -
ignition temperature Zündt43flpratur température d'inflammation 3.31

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EN 1127-1 1997

inerhng Inertisiemg mise à l’état inerte 3.21, 6.2.1, 6.2.2.3,

6.4.3, 6.4.14, 7.2
intended use besthnungsgemtiße utilisation conforme à sa 1, 3.6, 3.22, 6.4.1,
Verwendung destinaîion 6.4.3, 6.4.4, 6.6.6.1,
7.1, annex E
limiting oxygen Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentraüon concentration limite en 3.23, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2.2.3
concentration oxigene
lower explosion limit untere Explosionsgrenze limite inférieure d’explosivité 2, 3.8, 3.11, 6.2.2,
6.2.2.2
lower explosion point unterer Explosionspunkt point inférieur d‘explosion 3.10, 3.11, 6.2.2
machinery Maschine machine O, 2, 3.24, annexE
malfunction Stöning dysfonctionnement 3.26, 6.3.1, 6.1,
6.2.3.3, 6.4.1, 6.4.2,
6.4.4, 6.4.7, 6.4.10,
6.4.11, 6.4.13, 6.7,
annex C
maximum experimental Normspaltweite interstice expérimental 3.26. 4.4
safe gap &al de sécurité
maximum explosion maximaler Explosionsdnick pression maximaie 3.27, 4.4, 6.6.2.1,
pressure d’explosion 6.6.3, 6.6.4
maximumrate maxjmaìer zeitlicher vitesse maximale de montée 3.28, 4.4, 6.6.3
of explosion Explosionshckanstieg en pression
pressure rise
minimum ignition Mindestzündenergie energie minimale 3.29, 4.3, 6.3.7
energy d‘infiammaîion
minimum ignition Mindestzundtemperatur einer température minimale 3.32
temperature of a dust Staubwolke d’inflammation d’un nuage de
cloud poussières
minimum ignition Mindestzundtemperatur einer température minimale 3.33
temperature of a dust Sîaubschicht d‘infiammation d’une couche
layer de poussières
minimum ignition Mindestnindtemperatur einer température minimale 3.30
temperature of an explosionsfahigen d’inflammation d‘une
explosive atmosphere Atmosphäre atmosphère explosive
normal operation Normalbetrieb fonctionnement normal 3.34, 6.3.1, 6.1,
6.2.3.3, 6.3.2, 6.3.3,
6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.4,
6.4.10, 6.4.11, 6.4.13,
6.7,7.3, annex C
potentidy explosive explosionsgefahrdeter Bereich atmosphère explosible 3.36
atmosphere
protective system Schutzsystem système de protection 3.36
rapid-action flap SchneìLschlußkiappe volet a fermeture rapide 6.6.6.3.2
rapid-action valve Schnellschlu&entil vanne a fermeture rapide 6.6.6.3.2
rare malfunction seltene Störung dysfonctionnement rare 6.3.1, 6.4.1, 6.4.2,
6.4.4, 6.4.7, 6.4.10,
6.4.11, 6.4.13, 6.7,
annex C
reduced explosion reduzierter Explosionsdruck pression réduite d‘explosion 3.37, 6.6.2.1, 6.6.4
pressure
rotary valve Zellenradschleuse vanne rotative 6.6.6.3.3
self ignition of dusts in Selbstentzündung auto-inflammation des 3.38
bulk abgelagerter Stäube poussières stockées en vrac
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 = L b 2 4 b b 9 Ob73073
~~ ~~~

S T D - B S I BS EN LL27-L-ENGL 1998 bL7

Page 32
EN ll27-1:1997

Funken éîincelle 6.3.3 to 6.3.8, 6.4.3,

6.4.4, 6.4.6, 7.2,
annex A
spark detection Funkenmelder détection d'étincelle 7.2
temperature monitoring lèmperaturuberwachung contrôle de tempéature 7.2
upper explosion limit obere Explosionsgrenze limit^ supérieure d'explosivité 3.9, 6.2.2, 6.2.2.2
upper explosion point oberer Explosionspunkt point supérieur d'explosion 3.10, 3.12, 6.2.2,
6.2.2.2
venting Druckentlastung décharge 6.6.3, 6.6.6.2.1, 7.2
ventilation Luffung ventjlaîion 6.3.3, 6.2.3.2, 6.2.3.3,
6.3.4.1, 6.4.6
vibration Schwingung vibration 3.26, 7.2
vibration monitoring Schwingungsubennrachung surveiliance de vibration 7.2
zone Zone zone O, 6.3.1 to 6.3.3, 6.4.1,
6.4.3, 6.4.6, 6.4.8,
6.4.10, annex A,
annex B, annex C
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EN 1127-1 : 1997

Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other
provisions of EU Directives
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free l h d e Association and supports essential requirements of the following EU Directives:
- Council Directive of 14 June 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to
machinery (89/392/EEC);
- Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially
explosive atmospheres.
WARNING other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the
scope of this standard
The clauses of this standard are likely to support requirements of the two abovementioned Directives. The
following two tables establish the relationships between the relevant requirements of the respective Directives
and the clauses of this European Standard dealing with them:

1 Table 1. Relationship between Directive 89/392/EECand clauses of this standard

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I
Essential requirement of Directive 89/392/EEC Dealt with in this European Standard in clause
Annex I, 1.5.7 Explosion 4 to 7, and annex A

I Table 2. Relationshh between Directive 9919/EC and clauses of this standard

Essential reauirement of Directive 9919íEC
~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~
Dealt with in this EuroDean Standard in clause
Annex II, with the exception of the following clauses 4 to 7, and annex A
1.0.5 Marking
*
tn
* 1.2.6 Safe opening
1.2.7 Protection against other hazards
1.2.8 Overloading of equipment
1.4 Hazards arising from external effects
1.5 Requirements in respect of safety-related devices
1.6 Integration of safety requirements relating to the systen-
2.0 Requirements applicable to equipment in category M of
equipment-group I

Compliance with this standard provides one means of conforming with the specific essential requirements of the
Directive concerned and associated EFTA regulations.

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~
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S T D - B S I BS EN 1227-1-ENGL 2 9 9 8 W l b 2 4 b b 9 ü b 7 3 0 7 5 49T
BS EN
1127-1: 1998
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