Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who among the following Has been considered as the father of analytical
chemistry due to the careful quantitative experiments he performed on
conservation of mass
a) Antoine Lavoisier b) Robert Boyle
c) Wilhelm Oswald d) Robert Hook
2.How much percentage of sample indicate the presence of unknown
compounds?
a)5% b)75% c)20% d)68%
3.The gravimetric analysis of iron as Fe2O3 requires that all the iron be present
as
a) Iron(|||) b) Iron(||) c) Iron (|) d) None
4. What is the primary goal of analytical chemistry?
a) To develop new chemical compounds
b) To determine the composition of substances
c) To study the behavior of chemical reactions
d) To produce large quantities of chemicals
5: Which of the following techniques is commonly used for separating mixtures
in analytical chemistry?
a) Distillation
b) Sublimation
c) Crystallization
d) Chromatography
6: What is the purpose of a calibration curve in analytical chemistry?
a) To compare different analytical techniques
b) To determine the concentration of an analyte in a sample
c) To calculate the detection limit of an instrument
d) To measure the absorbance of light by a sample
7:What is the primary purpose of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards?
a) To ensure laboratories are aesthetically pleasing
b) To promote ethical behavior in laboratories
c) To ensure the reliability and integrity of data generated by laboratories
d) To reduce laboratory operating costs
8:In method validation, linearity refers to:
a) The ability of the method to produce consistent results over time
b) The relationship between the concentration of the analyte and the response of the
method
c) The ability of the method to measure small differences in analyte concentration
d) The ability of the method to accurately measure low concentrations of the analyte
9: Which of the following techniques is commonly used for separating and
quantifying proteins or nucleic acids in a sample?
a) Gas chromatography
b) High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
c) Gel electrophoresis
d) Mass spectrometry
10: How many moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced when 3 moles of
propane (C3H8) are combusted completely according to the following equation?
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
a) 1 mole
b) 2 moles
c) 3 moles
d) 4 moles
11: What is the mass of a single carbon-12 atom in daltons?
a) 6.022 × 10^23 daltons
b) 12 daltons
c) 1.661 × 10^−24 daltons
d) 6 × 10^11 daltons
12.Which of the following is NOT a common chemical separation technique used
in analytical chemistry?
a) Precipitation b) Dissolution
c) Chromatography d) Distillation
13.What is the most commonly used material for laboratory apparatus such as
beakers, flasks, pipett, and burette?
a) Soft glass b) Porcelain
c) Fused quartz d) Borosilicate glass
14.What factor must be considered for all balance types during calibration?
a) Temperature stability
b) Humidity levels
c) Zero-point drift and air buoyancy
d) Power source
15.What type of pipett is convenient for rapid, one-hand dispensing of fixed
volumes?
a) Measuring pipett b) Serological pipett
c) Variable-volume pipett d) Syringe pipett
16.Which of the following represents the hierarchy of analytical methodology
correctly?
a) Method → Technique → Procedure → Protocol
b) Technique → Protocol → Procedure → Method
c) Technique → Method → Procedure → Protocol
d) Procedure → Method → Technique → Protocol
17.What is the purpose of method validation?
a) To identify the problem b) To select the method
c) To ensure the analytical data meets the intended use
d) To set minimum requirements
18.Which organization provides standard reference materials (SRMs) for
method validation?
a) European Union (EU)
b) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
c) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
d) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
19. Which formula correctly calculates the moles of substance in a solution?
a) Moles = molarity × liters b) Moles = liters / molarity
c) Moles = molarity + liters d) Moles = liters - molarity
20.What is the formality of a solution containing 0.2 moles of EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) dissolved in 250 ml of solution?
A) 0.4 F
B) 0.8 F
C) 0.5 F
D) 0.2 F
21.For the reaction: 2H₂ + O₂ -> 2H₂O, how many moles of water (H₂O) are
produced from 3 moles of oxygen (O₂)?
A) 2 moles
 B) 3 moles
C) 4 moles
D) 6 moles
22.What is the molality of a solution containing 60 grams of sucrose
(C12H22O11) dissolved in 500 grams of water?
A) 0.5 mol/kg
B) 1.2 mol/kg
C) 0.6 mol/kg
D) 0.3 mol/kg
23.Which technique is commonly used for separating mixtures based on
differences in their distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase?
a) Gas chromatography
b) High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
c) Mass spectrometry
d) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
24.What is the purpose of instrument standardization in analytical chemistry?
a) To calibrate the instrument for accurate measurements
b) To ensure the instrument’s durability
c) To increase the instrument’s speed of analysis
d) To enhance the instrument’s resolution
25.Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of methodology in
analytical chemistry, from least specific to most specific?
a) Qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, instrumental analysis
b) Quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, instrumental analysis
c) Instrumental analysis, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis
d) Qualitative analysis, instrumental analysis, quantitative analysis
26.Which of the following is NOT a step in the validation process of an analytical
method?
a) Method development
b) Method optimization
c) Method verification
d) Method interpretation
27. An acceptable precision is typically ----- relative standard deviation:
 a)10-15%
B)10-20%
C)20-25%
D)15-20%
28.The extent that the method can measure analyte of interest:
A)Linearity
B)Selectivity
C)Accuracy
D)Precision
29.Dalton is a unit to express:
(a) Mass
(b) Volume
(c) Temperature
(d) Concentration
30.Most quantitative weighings made to be is:
(a) 0.1g
(b) 0.1kg
(c) 0.1mg
(d) 0.10mg
31.- Semimicrobalance is sensitive to about:
(a) 0.01g
(b) 0.01mg
(c) 0.05mg
(d) 0.5mg
32. Digestion is the wet ----- of organic matter
A)Oxidation
B)Reduction
C)Dehydration
D)Hydrogenation
33.Gay Lussac assayed silver by titration with----- relative accuracy
A)0.04%
B)0.05%
C)0.06%
D)0.07%
34-Which will give fingerprints of organic compounds or their fingerprints:
A)Ultraviolet spectra
B)Infrared spectra
C)Microwave spectra
D)Cosmic rays
35. The presence of gunpowder residue on a hand generally requires only----?
A)Quantitative knowledge
B)Qualitative knowledge
C)Analytical knowledge
D)Chemical knowledge
36.Spectrophotometry is;
(a)Technique
(b)Method
(c)Procedure
(d)All
37.What is a centrifuge with holes in the bottom specifically designed for?
(a)Sedimentation
(b)Filtration
(c)Decantation
(d)Distillation
38.What is the mass of a single carbon-12 atom in daltons?
a) 6.022 × 10^23 daltons
b) 12 daltons
c) 1.661 × 10^−24 daltons
d) 6 × 10^11 daltons
39.What is unit of concentration typically used in physicochemical
measurements of colligative properties?
(a)Molarity
b) Molality
(c)Normality.
(d)Formality
40. Accuracy is best determine by--------standard referance material?
a)volume
B) concentration
C) molality
D) analysis
41.For the validation of method, which one is best as a reference material _____
a) Known mass.
b) known composition
c) Known weight.
D) a and b both
42.What is the term used to describe the smallest quantity of a substance that
can be reliably measured by an analytical instrument?
a) Detection limit
b) Accuracy
c) Precision
d) Sensitivity
43.What role does validation play in analytical chemistry?
a) Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of analytical results
b) Identifying new analytical techniques
c) Determining the chemical composition of substances
d) None of the above
44.Which analytical technique is commonly used to identify and quantify
elements in a sample?
a) Mass spectrometry
b) Infrared spectroscopy
c) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
d) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
45.Selectivity in method validation refers to:
a) The ability of the method to measure the intended analyte without interference
b) The cost of implementing the method in the laboratory
c) The speed at which the method produces results
d) The number of different analyte that can be measured simultaneously
46.In method validation, linearity refers to:
a) The ability of the method to produce consistent results over time
b) The relationship between the concentration of the analyte and the response of the
method
c) The ability of the method to measure small differences in analyte concentration
d) The ability of the method to accurately measure low concentrations of the analyte
45.Which of the following factors can affect the reproducibility of analytical
results?
a) Sample preparation techniques
b) Laboratory temperature and humidity
c) Instrument calibration procedures
d) All of the above
46.In method validation, what does the term "limit of detection" refer to?
a) The lowest concentration of an analyte that can be reliably detected but not
necessarily quantified
b) The highest concentration of an analyte that can be accurately measured
c) The concentration range over which the method produces linear results
d) The minimum sample volume required for analysis
47.How many moles of oxygen gas (O2) are needed to completely react with 2
moles of magnesium (Mg) according to the following equation?
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
a) 1 mole
b) 2 moles
c) 4 moles
d) 6 moles
48.What is the stoichiometric coefficient of water (H2O) in the balanced chemical
equation for the combustion of methane (CH4)?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
49.How many moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced when 3 moles of
propane (C3H8) are combusted completely according to the following equation?
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
a) 1 mole
b) 2 moles
c) 3 moles
d) 4 moles
50.What is the limiting reactant when 3 moles of hydrogen gas (H2) react with 2
moles of nitrogen gas (N2) according to the following equation?
3H2 + N2 → 2NH3
a) Hydrogen gas
b) Nitrogen gas
c) Ammonia (NH3)
d) Both reactants are in excess
51.How many grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are needed to neutralize 25.0
ml of 0.500 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) according to the following equation?
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
a) 1.25 g
b) 2.50 g
c) 5.00 g
d) 10.00 g
52.What volume of 0.250 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution is required to react
with 0.500 moles of potassium hydroxide (KOH) according to the following
equation?
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
a) 0.250 L
b) 0.500 L
c) 1.000 L
d) 2.000 L
53.How many grams of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are produced when 50.0 g of
calcium oxide (CaO) reacts with excess carbon dioxide (CO2) according to the
following equation?
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
a) 25.0 g
b) 50.0 g
c) 100.0 g
d) 200.0 g
54.Which of the following statements about normality (N) is correct?
a) It measures the concentration of solute in terms of moles per liter of solution.
b) It is used to express the concentration of acids and bases based on their equivalents.
c) It is calculated by dividing the number of moles of solute by the volume of the
solution in liters.
d) It is interchangeable with molarity in all types of solution
55.Which of the following statements about volumetric analysis is true?
a) It involves measuring the volume of the solvent added to the solution.
b) It is used to determine the concentration of a solution based on its weight.
c) It relies on the principle of stoichiometry to perform calculations.
d) It is primarily used to measure the mass of solute in a given volume of solution.
56.What is the function of a burette in analytical chemistry?
a) Weighing small amounts of substances with high precision
b) Measuring the concentration of solutions through titration
c) Determining the color intensity of a sample
d) Identifying the elements present in a sample using light absorption
57.Which of the following is NOT a common type of chromatography technique
used in analytical chemistry?
a) Gas chromatography
b) High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
c) Mass spectrometry
d) Thin-layer chromatography
58.What is the primary function of an analytical balance?
a) Measuring volume
b) Weighing small amounts of substances with high precision
c) Separating components of a mixture based on their partitioning between a
stationary phase and a mobile phase
d) Detecting and measuring the intensity of light absorption by a sample
59.What is the function of a fume hood in the laboratory?
a) Weighing small amounts of substances with high precision
b) Protecting laboratory personnel from hazardous fumes and vapors
c) Separating components of a mixture based on their partitioning between a
stationary phase and a mobile phase
d) Analyzing the composition of a sample based on the absorption of infrared
radiation
60.Which of the following techniques is commonly used for separating and
quantifying proteins or nucleic acids in a sample?
a) Gas chromatography
b) High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
c) Gel electrophoresis
d) Mass spectrometry
61.Constituent to be determined is called
a) Sample b) Analyte
c ) bulk d) Aliquot
62. Analytical chemistry mainly deals with _______types of analysis
a) Two b) Three
c ) Three d) Four
63. Analysis deals with identification of presence of functional groups in
compounds is
a) Physical qualitative analysis
b) Analytical qualitative analysis
c) Organic qualitative analysis
d) Inorganic qualitative analysis
64.The process by which representative fraction is acquired from a material of
interest is termed as
a) Sampling b) Calibration
c ) standardization d) titration
65. For complete oxidative digestion, ________ oxidizing acid is used
a) Nitric acid b) Sulphuric acid
c ) hydrochloric acid d) Perchloric acid
66. In dry ashing, the temperature of furnace for combustion of sample should
be
a) 100 to 200°C b) 400 to 700°C
c ) 350 to 500°C d) 600 to 800°C
67. Replicate blanks are prepared and analyzed for
a) to remove trace impurities of analyte
b) determination of constituents of sample
c) to measure the concentration of analyte
d) determining organic constituents of sample
68. Precision is the agreement between replicate measurements of
a) close quantities b) different quantities
c ) opposite quantities d) same quantities
69.The sample that ranges from few grams to kilograms is
a) Grab Sample b) Gross Sample
c ) Laboratory Sample d) Analysis Sample
70. Which type of analysis is least precise for measurement ?
a) Gravimetric analysis b) Volumetric analysis
c ) Titrimetric analysis d) Instrumental analysis
71. The concentration of ________ can be determined from response using the
calibration curve
 a) Unknown solution b) standard soultion
c ) known solution d) replicate solution
72. Systematic error is one that biases a result in
a) any direction b) one direction
c ) different directions d) opposite direction
73.The _________ is everything in the sample except analyte
a) Matrix b) blind sample
c ) spike d) reagent
74.Formality is identical to:
(a) Molality (c) Molar mass
(b) formula weight (d) molarity
75.______ is defined as ratio of the mass of the body.
(a) Specified gravity (c) density
(b) molality (d) molarity
76. A lime stone sample weighing1.267g and containing 0.3684g iron would
contain____ percent Fe.
(a) 20.09 (b) 28.08 (c) 29.08 (d) 21.09
77. EDTA is one of the most using ____ agent.
(a) Oxidizing (b) reducing (c) chelating (d) All
78. There must be a _____ difference between reducing and oxidizing agent.
(a) small (b) zero (c) no (d) large
79. If the analyte is liquid dissolve in liquid than the result will:
(a)Volume/volume (b)Volume/Mass
(c) mass/volume (d) volume/gas
80.What is the primary purpose of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards?
a) To ensure laboratories are aesthetically pleasing
b) To promote ethical behavior in laboratories
c) To ensure the reliability and integrity of data generated by laboratories
d) To reduce laboratory operating costs
81:Which organization is responsible for establishing GLP guidelines for non-
clinical laboratory studies?
a) World Health Organization (WHO)
b) International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
c) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
d) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
82.Quality Assurance (QA) in laboratories primarily focuses on:
a) Ensuring laboratories have the latest equipment
b) Monitoring and improving processes to ensure reliable results
c) Reducing the number of experiments conducted
d) Speeding up the testing process
83.Method validation is essential in laboratories to:
a) Ensure the accuracy and reliability of analytical methods
b) Decrease the workload of laboratory personnel
c) Reduce the need for quality control measures
d) Speed up the testing process
84.Which of the following is NOT typically included in method validation
studies?
a) Accuracy
b) Precision
c) Cost-effectiveness
d) Specificity
85.The process of method validation involves:
a) Demonstrating that the method is the cheapest option available
b) Evaluating the performance characteristics of an analytical method
c) Ensuring that the method is always conducted in the same way
d) Using the method without any further testing
86.Selectivity in method validation refers to:
a) The ability of the method to measure the intended analyte without interference
b) The cost of implementing the method in the laboratory
c) The speed at which the method produces results
d) The number of different analyte that can be measured simultaneously
88:Which parameter assesses the closeness of measured values to the true value
in method validation?
a) Precision
b) Specificity
c) Accuracy
d) Sensitivity
89:Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of a validated
analytical method?
a) Precision
b) Reliability
c) Cost-effectiveness
d) Specificity
90:In method validation, linearity refers to:
a) The ability of the method to produce consistent results over time
b) The relationship between the concentration of the analyte and the response of the
method
c) The ability of the method to measure small differences in analyte concentration
d) The ability of the method to accurately measure low concentrations of the analyte
91: What is the purpose of calculating the laboratory's z score in proficiency
testing?
A) To determine the number of employees
B) To assess the accuracy of measurement equipment
C) To evaluate the laboratory's deviation from the accepted concentration
D) To select the color of laboratory equipment
92: What is the primary purpose of maintaining control charts in a laboratory?
A) To track employee attendance
B) To monitor measured values for deviations
C) To record customer feedback
D) To schedule equipment maintenance
93:Which of the following is NOT a component of quality control activities?
A) Inspection
B) Testing
C) Marketing
D) Calibration
95: What type of data should be documented in laboratory quality assurance
records?
A) Personal opinions of laboratory staff
B) Customer phone numbers
C) Instrument calibration and performance
D) The weather forecast
96:Which of the following is NOT a typical quality control activity?
A) Inspection
B) Social media management
C) Calibration
D) Continuous improvement
97:What is the purpose of documenting quality control activities in written form?
A) To increase paperwork
B) To ensure traceability and accountability
C) To confuse laboratory staff
D) To decrease efficiency
98: What is the purpose of using certified reference materials in proficiency
testing?
A) To confuse laboratory staff
B) To reduce laboratory expenses
C) To assess the accuracy and reliability of analytical methods
D) To avoid collaboration with other laboratories
99: What is the primary goal of quality control activities in a laboratory?
A) To increase costs
B) To maintain consistency, reliability, and customer satisfaction
C) To avoid regulatory compliance
D) To ignore customer feedback
100: Which of the following activities is a part of quality control in a laboratory?
A) Ignoring safety protocols
B) Avoiding employee training
C) Calibration of instruments
D) Avoiding documentation
101: What does proficiency testing involve?
A) Measuring employee productivity
B) Comparing laboratory results with others
C) Testing products on customers
D) Ignoring customer complaints
102:Which of the following is a component of ruggedness testing?
A) Measuring customer satisfaction
B) Varying conditions within a laboratory setting
C) Choosing laboratory furniture
D) Selecting laboratory equipment color
103: What does the laboratory's z score indicate in proficiency testing?
A) The number of laboratory employees
B) The accuracy of measurement equipment
C) The deviation of laboratory results from the accepted concentration
D) The brand of laboratory equipment
104: Which of the following is NOT a typical quality control activity in a
laboratory?
A) Inspection
B) Calibration
C) Avoiding documentation
D) Continuous improvement
105: What does the term "robustness" refer to in quality control activities?
A) The ability to handle tough materials in the laboratory
B) The ability of an analytical method to remain unaffected by variations in external
factors
C) The brightness of laboratory lighting
D) The degree of reproducibility of test results under varying conditions within a
laboratory setting
106:What is the main objective of maintaining control charts in a laboratory?
A) To track employee attendance
B) To monitor measured values for deviations
C) To record customer complaints
D) To schedule equipment maintenance

Short Questions
1. What is analytical chemistry and what does analytical chemist do?
Answer:Analytical chemistry basically deals with methods for measuring the
chemical composition of natural and artificial materials both qualitatively and
quantitatively. It is the science of extraction, identification and quantitation of
unknown samples. Answering four basic questions:
● What?
● Where?
● How much?
● What arrangement, structure or form?
Scope:

• In medicine , diagnosis of diseases and chart progress in recovery

• In industry, quality control and testing of raw materials
• In environment, testing for suspected contaminants i.e heavy
metals

2. What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis?

Answer:

Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

➢ It deals with identification of
elements, ions or compounds
present in a sample
➢ It tells about presence or absence
of various chemical components
in a sample
➢ More rapid and less expensive
than quantitative analysis
Example :
Elemental analysis
Structure analysis
➢ It determines the amount of
various chemical components
present in a sample
➢ It tells us about how much of one
or more chemical constituents are
present
➢ Slow and costly as compared to
quantitative analysis
Example :
Chemical analysis
Instrumental analysis

3. Name the steps of analysis of a sample?

Answer:
⚫ Define the problem
⚫ Select a method
⚫ Obtain a representative sample
⚫ Prepare a sample for analysis
⚫ Perform any necessary chemical separations
⚫ Perform the measurement
⚫ Calculate the results and report

4. What factors influence the choice of analytical method, and how does the
availability of equipment affect this decision?
Answer:The choice of analytical method depends on factors such as :
⚫ The amount of analyte present, required accuracy and precision, selectivity,
sensitivity, cost, and rapidity.
⚫ The availability of equipment also plays a significant role in the decision-making
process. Analysts may choose a method based on personal experience,
preference, and the specific requirements of the analysis.
5. Why is zero-point drift significant in balance operation, and how often
should it be checked?
Answer:Zero-point drift refers to the change in the balance's zero setting due to
factors like temperature, humidity, and static electricity. It is important because it
affects the accuracy of measurements. It should be checked at least once every half-
hour during balance use to maintain accuracy.
6.What is the difference between ruggedness and robustness in method
validation?
Answer:Ruggedness refers to the precision of a method within the same laboratory
over multiple days or with different instruments, while robustness refers to the
method's sensitivity to deliberate or uncontrolled changes in parameters. Ruggedness
focuses on intralaboratory precision, while robustness assesses the method's reliability
in various conditions.
Example: (Ruggedness)
Three different analysts perform the same titration method to determine the acidity of
a solution over three consecutive days. Despite variations in technique or
environmental conditions, the results remain consistent within an acceptable range.
Example: (Robustness)
The tablet dissolution method is tested under various conditions such as different
temperatures, agitation speeds, and pH levels of the dissolution medium. Even with
these deliberate variations, the method consistently provides reliable results,
indicating its robustness.
6. How is sensitivity assessed during method validation, and why is it
important?
Answer:Sensitivity is typically assessed by examining the slope of the calibration
curve or by measuring samples of closely related concentrations. It reflects the
method's ability to distinguish between different analyte concentrations. Sensitivity is
important because it governs the method's ability to detect and quantify analyte
accurately,especially at low concentration.
7. What are some of the key characteristics evaluated during method
validation?
Answer:The need to validate a method and the procedure to be followed are matters
of professional judgment; fairly well-prescribed procedures and guidelines are now
available that aid in decision making.
Government and international agencies have issued guidelines for appropriate method
validation, particularly for methods for regulatory submission. Generally, they include:

Selectivity Linearity
Accuracy Precision
Sensitivity Range
Limit of detection Limit of quantitation
Ruggedness or robustness.
8. How is linearity typically assessed during method validation?
Answer:Linearity is typically assessed by performing a linearity study using standard
solutions at multiple concentration levels, usually in the range of 50 to 150% of the
target analyte concentration. Statistical evaluations such as the coefficient of
determination (r²) and visual inspection of the calibration curve are often conducted.
9. Describe the concept of a mole and its significance in chemical calculations?
Answer:A mole is a unit representing Avogadro's number of atoms, molecules, ions,
or other species. It allows chemists to describe reactions based on the relative masses
of substances rather than their absolute numbers, simplifying calculations and
providing a consistent basis for comparing different substances.
Examples;
• one mole of water (H2O) weighs approximately 18.02 grams
• one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) weighs approximately 44.01 grams.
• one mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) weighs approximately 58.44 grams.
10. What are the features of well maintained notebook?
Answer:
⚫ Use a hardcover notebook (no loose leafs).
⚫ Number pages consecutively.
⚫ Record only in ink.
⚫ Never tear out pages. If not used, put a line through the page.
⚫ Date each page, sign it, and have it signed and dated (soon after you complete
your report) by someone else, stating “Read and Understood by.”
⚫ Record the name of the project, why it is being done, and any literature
references.
⚫ Record all data on the day you obtain it.

11. Define reagent grade chemicals with example?

Answer:Reagent grade chemicals are high-purity substances specifically
manufactured and purified to meet certain quality standards for use in laboratory
experiments, chemical analysis, and other scientific applications.
These chemicals typically have low levels of impurities, ensuring their suitability for
precise and accurate experimentation.
Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a commonly used reagent grade chemical. In its
reagent grade form, sodium chloride is purified to a high degree, ensuring that it is
free from contaminants or impurities that could interfere with experimental results.
12. What is air buoyancy in balance operation? And how should it be checked?
Answer:Air buoyancy, also known as air displacement, refers to the force exerted by
air on objects immersed in it, which can affect the accuracy of measurements made
using balances or scales. When an object is weighed on a balance, it displaces some
volume of air, and the buoyant force acting on the displaced air can affect the
apparent weight of the object being weighed.
By regularly calibrating the balance, adjusting for air density variations, employing
proper weighing techniques, and verifying measurements with density standards, the
impact of air buoyancy on balance operations can be minimized, ensuring accurate
and reliable results.
13. List the rules should be followed while using analytical balances?
Answer:
1. Never handle objects to be weighed with the fingers. A piece of clean paper
or tongs should be used.
2. Weigh at room temperature, and thereby avoid air convection currents.
3. Never place chemicals directly on the pan, but weigh them in a vessel
(weighing bottle, weighing dish) or on powder paper. Always brush spilled
chemicals off immediately with a soft brush.
4. Always close the balance case door before making the weighing. Air currents
will cause the balance to be unsteady

14. Name some common drying agents?

Answer:
⚫ CaCl2 (anhydrous)
⚫ CaSO4
⚫ Moderate
⚫ CaO
⚫ MgClO4 (anhydrous)
⚫ Silica gel
⚫ Al2O3
⚫ P2O5
15. What is the difference between dry ashing and wet digestion?
Dry Ashing Wet Digestion

An analytical technique used to This analytical technique is used to

determine composition of sample in dry Determine composition of sample in
state. aqueous state

It uses very high temperature muffle Mostly , a mixture of nitric and sulphuric
furnace for analysis (400 to 700 C°) acid is used for oxidation

In this process , sample is slowly In this process, organic compound is

combusted leaving behind an inorganic broken down and removed by heating
residue that is soluble in dilute acid with oxidizing acids.

16. What does the term specific and selective mean? Also write the 4 strategies
of Selectivity?
Answer:

Selective Reaction Specific Reaction

➢ Selective reaction is one that can ➢ Specific reaction is one that
occur with other substances but occurs only with the substance of
exhibits a degree of preference for interest
substance of interest

➢ Most of the chemical reactions are ➢ Very few reactions are truly
selective specific

Selectivity in a reaction can be achieved through preparation and measurement by a

number of strategies.
• Sample preparation e.g extractions, precipitation
• Instrumentation (selective detectors)
• Target analyte derivatization e.g derivatize specific functional groups
• Chromatography, which separates the sample constituents

17. What is GLP? Also mention its key features?

Answer: a body of rules, operating procedures, and practices established by a given
organization that are considered to be mandatory with a view to ensuring quality and
correctness in the results produced by a laboratory.
Key Features:
✓ Documentation
✓ Quality Assurance
✓ Facility and equipment
✓ Personnel Training
✓ Standard Operating Procedure
✓ Study Conduct
✓ Data Recording and archiving
✓ Quality control samples
✓ Reporting
✓ Archiving
18. What does the term quality assurance and quality control means?
Answer: Quality assurance
It focuses on the processes and procedures used to ensure that the product or service
being developed meets the required quality standards.
It involves proactive measures taken throughout the entire production process to
prevent defects and errors.
QA aims to identify and address potential issues before they impact the final product
or service.
QA activities often include process documentation, training, audits, and continuous
improvement initiatives.
Example:
In a manufacturing company, QA involves regular inspections of production lines,
ensuring correct equipment calibration, adherence to standardized procedures, and
addressing customer feedback for product improvement.
Quality Control:
It involves the activities and techniques used to monitor and verify that the product or
service meets the desired quality standards.
QC focuses on identifying defects or deviations from specifications in the final
product or service through inspection, testing, and analysis.
It is a reactive process aimed at detecting and correcting issues after they have
occurred, thereby ensuring that only products meeting quality requirements are
released to customers.
Example:
 In a food processing facility, QC includes inspections of raw materials upon receipt,
sampling and testing during production for attributes like moisture and
microbiological contamination, and final product testing for taste and shelf life.
20. Write the abbreviations of following terms
a) ASTM (b) MSDSs (c) OSHA (d) ACS
ASTM:American Society for Testing and Materials
MSDSs: Material Safety Data Sheets
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
ACS:American Chemical Society
21. Calculate the weight of one mole of CaSO4 · 7H2O.
Answer:
Calcium (Ca): 40.08 g/mol
Sulfur (S): 32.06 g/mol
Oxygen (O): 16.00 g/mol (there are four oxygen atoms in CaSO₄)
Hydrogen (H): 1.01 g/mol (there are 14 hydrogen atoms in 7H₂O)
Now, let's calculate the molar mass:
Molar mass of CaSO₄·7H₂O =
(1 * molar mass of Ca) + (1 * molar mass of S) + (11 * molar mass of O) + (14*
molar mass of H)
= (1 * 40.08 g/mol) + (1 * 32.06 g/mol) + (11* 16.00 g/mol) + (14 * 1.01 g/mol)
= 40.08 g/mol + 32.06 g/mol + 176.00 g/mol + 14.11 g/mol
= 262.25 g/mol
This means that one mole of CaSO₄·7H₂O has a mass of 262.25grams/mol
22. Define formality and describe how it differs from molarity?
Answer:Formality is numerically the same as molarity.
Chemists sometimes use the term formality for solutions of ionic salts that do not
exist as molecules in the solid or in solution. The concentration is given as formal (F).
Operationally, formality is identical to molarity: The former is sometimes reserved for
describing makeup concentrations of solutions (i.e., total analytical concentration),
and the latter for equilibrium concentrations. For convenience, we shall use molarity
exclusively, a common practice.
23. Calculate the number of moles in 500 mg Na2WO4 (sodium tungstate)?
No.of moles= mass/molecular weight
24. What is the weight, in milligrams, of 0.250 mmol Fe2O3 (ferric oxide)?
Answer:
Milligrams = millimoles × formula weight (mg/mmol)

0.250 mmol × 159.7 mg/mmol = 39.9 mg

Long Questions
1. What is chemical analysis? Explain the main steps of analytical process?
2. Explain the following terms
a) Gross sample b) Laboratory sample c) Dry ashing d) wet digestion
3. Explain instrument Standardization? Also draw the calibration curve.
4. Explain Validation of a method? Also mention systematic and random error?
5. Define Analytical Chemistry? How does it play role in Qualitative and Quantitative
analysis?
6. What are the techniques for calibrating glassware?
7. Describes the preparation of a standard HCl and a standard NaOH solution?
8. List the general Rules for the use of balance? Also Explain the terms TC and TD?
9. List the Key components of Validation Process? And Explain selectivity,Linearity
and Range?
10. You agree to participate in a collaborative study for the determination of calcium
in serum. A sample containing 5.2 meq/dL Ca, with a specified standard deviation of
±0.2 meq/dL, is sent to 10 laboratories for analysis using atomic absorption
spectroscopy. You obtain triplicate results of 5.0, 4.7, and 4.8 meq/dL Ca. What is the
z value for your laboratory? What do the results imply ?
11. How do we express concentration of solutions?
12. What kinds of Titration methods are there?