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Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management System

Using Hybrid Classification Approach

Chapter · February 2023

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5723-9_11

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Chapter 11
Implementation of an IoT-Based Water
and Disaster Management System Using
Hybrid Classification Approach

Abhishek Badholia, Anurag Sharma, Gurpreet Singh Chhabra,

and Vijayant Verma

Introduction

Disaster management may be described as “the spectrum of actions aimed to main-

tain control over catastrophe and emergency situations and offer a framework for
helping the individuals at risk to prevent or recover from the impact of the disaster.”
When natural or man-made disasters occur, disaster management is the discipline of
dealing with and preventing hazards. To minimize or reduce the effects of catastro-
phes originating from hazards, disaster management is a continual process through
which people, groups, and communities manage risks in an efficient manner.
Flood Disaster Detection System Based on IoT
Natural catastrophes are a concern for governments across the world. It is not
uncommon for natural catastrophes to hit places where humans live. Nature- or man-
made disasters are the most prevalent. Only 2% of the country’s area can support a
sixth of the world’s population. Avery rain storm in India in 2019 led to the death of at
least 200 people and the displacement of millions. Kerala and Maharashtra suffered
the most. It is common for floods to occur in coastal locations, along rivers and dams.
In order to decrease exposure to flooding on a real-time basis, a real-time monitoring
and warning system is needed. Disasters can be avoided if disasters are detected early
enough. The three rain sensors and three water sensors are located in three separate
locations, and a microcontroller with water sensors and rain sensors is also used in
this system. A flood is predicted and an alert is sent to the appropriate authorities,

A. Badholia (B) · A. Sharma · V. Verma

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MATS University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
e-mail: abhibad@gmail.com
G. S. Chhabra
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Technology and
Management, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 157
V. Kadyan et al. (eds.), Deep Learning Technologies for the Sustainable
Development Goals, Advanced Technologies and Societal Change,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5723-9_11
158 A. Badholia et al.

and a warning is sent to surrounding communities via the Internet of Things (IoT).
As well as calculating flood times, the system also estimates how long it will take for
the water to reach the specified region. As opposed to rain sensors, which measure
rainfall intensity as millimeters, water flow sensors monitor the amount of water in
a water body. From a distant location, the full information may be accessed, giving
the necessary information on the IoT platform Predicting floods is largely influenced
by rainfall. There have been a number of machine learning methods tested for flood
prediction models in the past. The chapter’s major contribution is on the role of deep
learning models. As a result of efforts to enhance flood prediction models, fewer
people have been killed, disasters have occurred, and assets have been damaged. To
anticipate the advent of floods, this chapter proposes a hybrid deep learning approach
that uses rainfall data from past months to estimate the upcoming month’s rainfall.
Modeling requires no meteorological or geographic information of its hydrolog-
ical and topographic characteristics. The study has found numerous flood prediction
models, including radar systems, hydrographic analysis, a network of rain gauges
and stream networks, as well as statistical models and time-series analysis predic-
tions models. To train CDNN + ANN, DL models were employed. When it comes
to monsoon seasons, rainfall prediction is regarded highly essential.
In this article, Big Data and the recommended CDNN + ANN are used to identify
floods. Two phases of training and testing are involved. It starts out with a flood-
related large data set that contains data on water flow and water level, together with
information from the Rain Sensor and Humidity sensor (HM). For the remainder
of the process, the Hadoop Distributed File System and Map Reduce technique
were utilized. Following the normalization procedure, the characteristics are used to
generate a function. The hybrid classifier uses the combined attribute function as an
input and separates the flood detection into chances and no chances. This is when
IoT values are used as input for the classification process. The rest of the procedure
is identical to the training phase, including HDFS, preprocessing, and categoriza-
tion of data. The remaining section of the chapter can be organized as follows,
Section “Introduction” includes the description of flood disaster management and
its importance. Section “Related Works” includes the related work concerning the
IoT-based disaster management. Section “Problem Statement” depicts the problem
statement. Section “Proposed Methodology” includes the overview of the proce-
dure suggested. Section “Result and Discussion” contains the interpretation of the
suggested procedure. Section “conclusion” concludes the work.

Related Works

How a wireless sensor network powered by the Internet of Things is being created and
tested in the Mexican city of Colima-Villa de lvarez [1]. 3G and Wi-Fi networks are
used to capture data on fluvial water level and soil moisture, which is then delivered in
real-time to a server and a web application through IoT message queuing Telemetry
Transport protocol. As part of the 2019 tropical cyclone season, three distinct tropical
11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 159

storms passed through the Colima region. Tropical storms, for example, have shown
that the smart water network can collect real-time hydro meteorological data. Rani
et al. [2] contains a flood detection technique that is both effective and adaptable,
as well as an alarm system. Technological advancements such as machine learning
(ML) are a benefit to the area of engineering since they are extremely effective in
monitoring the normal and abnormal behaviors of any system. In this project, we
will conduct a survey on flood concerns. Rainfall forecasting relies heavily on neural
networks, which are extensively used and perform well [3]. Technology that can
not only detect the water level, but can also measure the pace at which it rises and
alert inhabitants to the danger. The waterfall paradigm is utilized in this project as a
method. Data from the water sensor may be collected using a Raspberry Pi and sent
to a GSM module to send an SMS alert to your smart phone. For example, it will be
shown how the Raspberry Pi may be linked to a smart phone in order to send an alert.
To guarantee that the system can give accurate and trustworthy data, it is evaluated in
an experiment consisting of two separate environments. As an IoT-based project that
supports the infrastructure of Cyber-Physical System, the project is in accordance
with Industrial Revolution 4.0 [4]. An ultrasonic height detector, an Arduino Uno
microcontroller, and a U-Blox Neo 6m GPS module and GSM module have been
used to create a prototype flood monitoring system based on Google Maps. Based on
Google Maps interface, the prototype’s design delivers flood altitude data together
with its location [5]. The chapter describes the design of a flood monitoring system
using LoRa technology, as well as its installation and testing results. So that it may
link multiple types of sensors without requiring substantial hardware changes to the
proposed node architecture, the entire system is built from a modular perspective.
Sensors and a microcontroller are used to save the data. The data is then analyzed and
stored in an online structure where an alarm function is created if there’s flooding [6].
An IoT-based smart flood monitoring and forecasting architecture is proposed based
on the convergence of big data and high-performance computing (HPC). Hexagonal
networks are used to deploy energy-efficient IoT devices effectively. They allow all
flood-producing or flood-preventive characteristics to be recognized using big data
and high-performance computing (HPC) approaches. The SVD algorithm is used to
decrease the number of features. A technique called “K mean clustering” is employed
to assess the current flooding and flood rating in any area, while the Holt-forecasting
Winter’s approach is utilized to predict the flood in any location [7]. In the event of a
flood, send a text message warning. With the use of SMS, the authors intend to allow
the relevant authorities to take the required action. A sensor is a device that detects and
reacts to physical data. As early as 1981, Intel unveiled the 8051 microcontrollers. The
microcontroller in this example has an 8-bit architecture. Two timers and 16 bits are
included in the 40 DIP pins. There are two timers included in the package. It has four
parallel 8-bit ports that may be programmed according to the needs. When a GSM
modem, also known as a GSM module, establishes contact with another network, it
does so by using GSM mobile technology. These switches are used in tanks both as
level sensors and fluid control devices. In a condenser, electric energy is stored in a
magnetic field. Because it has two terminals, it is an electronic gadget that’s passive.
When a current is running through a light-emitting diode (LED), it emits light. An
160 A. Badholia et al.

acronym for LCD is Liquid Crystal Display (liquid crystal display). Many electrical
gadgets utilize a tiny flat display device to show data. Signals are transformed from
one logic or voltage domain to another by using a digital level shifter [8]. Artificial
neural networks (ANN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit
are some of the models we employ for flood forecasting (GRU). Kumar et al. [9] to
depict a system that connects our arrangement with a real-time cloud that interacts
with our mobile phones to check water levels Here, we use IoT to anticipate floods
based on Arduino Uno’s output and inform the appropriate authorities. In addition, the
system predicts the time it would take for floodwaters to reach them and offers IVR,
alerts to individuals so that they may be evacuated or manage their time accordingly.
Khalid and Shafiai [10] outlines the role of the government’s delivery system for flood
victims in Malaysia before, during, and after the catastrophe. A technology-centered
approach to flood control, forecasting, warning, and evacuation systems dominates
the delivery system for flood management at the present time, with a heavy emphasis
on the use of modern technologies. When a flood catastrophe strikes in Malaysia,
the National Security Council (MKN) is in charge of managing the national disaster
management system. It will also seek to discuss the sort of flood delivery system
that has been employed in Malaysia and make similarities with delivery systems in
other nations in this document [11]. Rainfall and river water levels to determine their
temporal correlations for flood prediction study. When it comes to flood prediction,
the IoT method is utilized to gather data from the sensors and communicate through
Wi-Fi, while ANN is used to analyze the data. Wijekoon et al. [12] identifies a suitable,
integrated software solution to the problem. These operations are performed in an
integrated manner with the aid of the IoT technologies such as android, cloud, and
windows applications [13]. GIS-based analysis and selection of evacuation routes that
was both effective and safe from floods (GIS). Ghapar et al. [14] reviews the research
on IoT for flood data management that has been done. As a result of this, the article
suggested an IoT architecture for flood data management that may serve as the basis
for the installation of IoT infrastructure that collects, transmits, and manages flood
related data [15]. The Mamdani fuzzy inference system with rule-based reasoning
to study flood events prediction. There are three parameters that determine the input
and output of the model: population density, altitude, and rainfall. The membership
functions for each variable are three to four.

Problem Statement

Globally, natural catastrophes lead to extensive devastation of property, as well as

bodily injuries and even deaths. However, despite the fact that natural disasters are
unpredictable, mitigation techniques can lessen the degree of the damage caused
by these events. It is possible to decrease the effects of natural disasters by imple-
menting effective flood protection techniques. It is therefore important to gather
information from reputable sources. Risk assessment and risk management in the
community require effective and timely data transmission. One of the most frequent
11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 161

natural dangers in Asia is flooding. Increasing human activity increases flood danger
and impacts. It is important to have a flood prevention and reduction system that is
integrated. As a result, geographical data integration, quick and accurate catastrophe
information, and an effective detection tool for instant warning in the inundated
regions from IoT DAAS, if they exist, may be used as an early warning system to
limit possible damages. In disaster management, the problem is not a lack of tech-
nology or information. It is usually because the information is not easily accessible.
Finding disaster recovery solutions requires a spirit of inquiry and a desire to utilize
information technology efficiently to uncover and organize information, analyze it
critically and correctly apply it to solve a problem. As a result, identifying, obtaining,
and accessing data, as well as deciding, are important for implementing an effective
response to the issue. Online information distribution is widely acknowledged as a
benefit of Internet technology. Between service providers and users, it serves as a
means of communication. Because of these developments there has been a signifi-
cant increase in the number of Internet apps and services, including web-mapping
services. Sensors, for example, are IoT service providers that give environmental
information to the public. There are millions of people that utilize this service since
it is quick and easy to use. Sensor information is provided by these IoT services apps.
In typical settings, they are good at spotting regions or locating locations. Majority of
them do not work as a real-time catastrophe warning system, but in the case of natural
disasters such as flood alerts, they do not serve their function. The main directive for
disaster management is to respond immediately to a flood occurrence. Prior to an
emergency period, during an emergency period, and after an emergency period, this
comprises ways for acquiring urgent data as well as timely communication in three
stages. In the event of a flood disaster, sensors are a potential option. Detecting the
flooded regions from sensor data is also essential.

Proposed Methodology

An urgent need exists for a system that can gather and monitor flood data in real-
time, process it, and disseminate it in a timely manner. Developing an algorithm to
detect inundated regions through an interactive system is one of the major roles that
have yet to be determined. It is a vital component of the spatial information system,
which may be used to build helpful applications in the case of a flood catastrophe.
In addition, it increases the efficacy and efficiency of reacting to a flood application
by improving access to sensor data.
The mechanism is depicted in Fig. 11.1. As a whole, the plan calls for setting
up a technical infrastructure that will allow for rational decision-making, as well as
implementing and developing algorithmic methods for the processing of sensors’
data. IoT hardware and IoT platform are combined to create a flood monitoring
system that can be watched from a remote place, as shown in Fig. 11.2. In the next
stage of the system, DL models are used to predict rainfall. A. IoT interface block
diagram: For example, a Raspberry Pi 3 with a Wi-Fi module, LED display with a
162 A. Badholia et al.

IoT based Water and Disaster Management System

Water flow (WF)

sensors Power supply

Water level (WL)

sensors
Flood big data Microcontroller
Rain sensors (RS)

User Monitors/
Humidity sensors (HS) Web Server
Interface Displays

IoT
Real-Time
SensorSection
Monitoring

IoT sensed input data

Rule Generation using
combination of attributes
Pre-processing
HDFS Map Reduce ( )

Missing value
imputation Hybrid classification using
CDNN and ANN

Normalization

Performance Analysis

Fig. 11.1 Schematic representation of the suggested methodology

water sensor and a rainfall sensor as well as a humidity sensor are all part of the
flood monitoring module. Other components include diodes, a PCB with an LCD
and a transformer/adapter as well as buttons, switches, and an IC. In addition to the
Raspberry Pi, four sensors will be put at different positions to monitor the data. Water
levels in the water body rise, and the buzzer beeps, alerting you to the remaining time
until the region floods.
Figure 11.3 shows the suggested IoT circuit prototype’s schematic description
and schematic diagram. IoT components will be well-connected to the health care
system in this scenario. Ultrasonic sensors measure water levels in the pipe, and a
rain sensor detects the weather. The Arduino Uno microcontroller, integrated with
an Ethernet shield, is used to analyze additional data such as height and rain. Over
the web server, the results of data processing will be dispersed the IP address of the
web server is utilized to access the flood monitoring information system, which in
this case is 192.168.0.4. Using IP address access, you may find out about the rainy
circumstances on the web using web flood information provided by IP address access
Flood warning system in real-time is developed utilizing HTML and JavaScript
programming, related to C language integrated in Arduino Uno’s microcontroller
board.
11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 163

Fig. 11.2 Experimental set up

Fig. 11.3 System prototype circuit

164 A. Badholia et al.

Construction of a 5-in. paralon pipe flood height utilizing an ultrasonic sensor

and rain sensors on the upper side of the pipe As a cross-section, a cork float is
inserted within the ultrasonic sensor trigger component to reflect the echo signal.
Buoyancy increases with the height of the floodwaters. Early warning information
on floods, including flood information and rain conditions in real-time, as well as
risk information.
(a) Normalization
This may be done by using the HDFS map reduction framework in conjunc-
tion with the data analysis in order to extract the specialized functions needed
for categorization. Because it distributes data into small clusters, Map Reduce
Framework provides optimistic outcomes and aids in the processing of large
data sets. Subgroups are created from the huge volume of data. Interrelation-
ships between the subgroups must be assessed in order to avoid major problems.
Group the data according to its size and kind. After clustering, the individual
values may be found. Utilizes the patented matrix vectors to determine the
matrices and project the data into a new subspace that is equivalent or less scaled.
An optimally comparable subset of variables from a big dataset is selected.

λ1 + λ2 + λ3 . . . λk
F= (11.1)
λ1 + λ2 + . . . + λk + . . . λd

λ is the Eigen value; F is the new set of data features; d is the original features.
To reflect the data records with low-dimensional vectors, we need to estimate
n Eigen vectors that lead to the highest Eigen values.

φ = l1 , l, . . . lm

A = diag(λ1 , λ2 , . . . λm ) (11.2)

Here, A defines the diagonal matrix of error values and we have received the
covariance matrix as,

Kφ = φA (11.3)

Then determine the number of features by using the following criterion

ΣT
λi
ΣP
i=1
>M (11.4)
i=1 λi

P is the total number of error values. The pointed errors gets extracted.
11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 165

A normalization of the data and missing values is required after eliminating

all mistakes and missing values. Prior to computing the average, it is necessary
to normalize numbers obtained at different balances to a theoretically similar
scale. Only a rescaling procedure is required for specific normalization forms in
order to get values associated with certain other elements. Due to the familiarity
with data parameters, we can easily correct our blunders. In most cases, the
sensor data values will not be randomly distributed once the mistakes have been
corrected for. It is necessary to obtain the z-point as a preliminary step in the
normalizing procedure. As seen in Eq. 11.5, the Z-score will be expressed.

Z = [(G − μ)/σ ] (11.5)

where μ is the mean of the data and σ is the standard deviation of the sensor
data.

G−G
Z= (11.6)
S

where G is the mean of the sample and S is the standard deviation of the sample.
Then the Hat matrix (H) can be calculated by using Eq. (11.7)
( )−1G T
H = L ∗ GT G (11.7)

The variance for the Hat matrix is represented in Eq. 11.8

( )
V ar Êi = σ 2 (1 − h ii ) (11.8)
⎛ ⎡ ⎤⎞
( ) 1 ( ) Σi
( )
V ar Êi = σ 2 ⎝1 − − ⎣ xi − x 2 / x j − x 2 ⎦⎠ (11.9)
n j=1

Then the residual can be calculated by using Eq. (11.10)

Êi √
ti = 1 − h ii (11.10)
σ
where σ is an estimate of the σ which is the mean values
/
2
o = (E(G − μ) K )
k
(11.11)

where L is a random variable and E is the expected value.

Use the mean μ particularly for the usually ordered distribution to standardize
the distribution of the variable.
166 A. Badholia et al.

S
Cv = (11.12)
G
where Cv is the coefficient of the variance.
Using the feature scale technique, all values from 0 to 1 may be obtained.
As a result of this method, standardization based on continuity is used. The
normalized equation will take the form G '

(G − G min )
G' = (11.13)
(G max − G min )

The spectrum and data variability will be equalized as a result of standard-

izing the data in the data collection. The redundancy of data has been minimized
to a large extent or eliminated completely. They may then be used as input in
the compilation process.
(b) Classification
The initial stage of the classification was the rule generation for the classifiers.

Rule Generation
Here’s a manufacturing method that uses classifier systems to design the rule robot-
ically. The planned servers will reliably check if a file has been received before
releasing it. The rule generating procedure is shown in Fig. 11.4. This system anal-
yses the information once it has been received and determines whether or not it is
raining. In addition, the rule will produce a new rule, and if the old rule should be
stored in the categorization system, it will be compared with the new rule. If the rule
already exists, the new rule produced will go unnoticed because the old one already
exists. This rule will be entered in the system if it has never been there before. As
soon as a package is not banned, it is sent back to the originating server. Upon the
entry of a new file, the procedure will be quickly resumed and completed. So that file
verification takes less than a minute, the system will have preplanned and scheduled
the procedure. Defined as an important step, rule generation may be coded into a
module to produce rules automatically based on a file.
Hybrid CDNN and ANN is utilized in the flood data classification Framework for
accurate classification of the hazardous situation from the dense data by utilizing the
features of a sensor data, i.e., i, j… k to train classifier π i,j using C as the positive
set then compute the distance from each subject to the separating hyperplane of each
classifier for each subject there is a vector d = (d 1 , d 2 , …, d k ), where d i denotes
the distance of the subject to the separating hyper plane of the ith classifiers. For a
two-class training example, k solves the equation below. The distance between the
data i and j is computed with the tth metric as

di, j = trace(Mt (xi − x j ) (xi − x j )T ) (11.14)

A(s) = [0, Csum(2r (s1 ) − 1) . . . Csum(2r (sm ) − 1)] (11.15)

11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 167

Is any file
Checking the new file
received
Start End

Ignore rule

Analysis of
Yes information
Saving new rule in
Is rule
classification network
exists End
No

Yes Is that an No
Rule generation Reverse it to the
unwanted
depends upon the server
one
obtained information

Fig. 11.4 Process of classification rule generation

In which Csum defines the sum in a cumulative way, m is the iteration at the
maximum, s denotes random motion steps and r(s) denotes the function in a stochastic
manner (11.16):
⎛
1 if rno > 0.5
r (s) = (11.16)
0 if rno ≤ 0.5

In shown in Eq. (11.17), Al and B l denote the lowest value and the extreme value
of the variable at the lth iteration.
u
z = 10 y (11.17)
U
which z is the ratio of flood level.
In this, u denotes its current iteration and U refers to the hazard.
As soon as the distance can gets calculated classifier realizes the hazardous
situation it will classifies the hazardous level, (danger or wary or secure)

Al
Al = (11.18)
Z

Bl
Bl = (11.19)
Z
168 A. Badholia et al.

Algorithm 1 (Hybrid CDNN and ANN)

Input: details of rain data

Output: Flood prediction
Initialize all weights and prejudice in the Network
while termination is not fulfilled X in D/ {
//for the data proliferation is:
for each input-layer in unit j { OJ = Ij;
//output of the input unit is the real input value of each unit secret or output-layer input unit J
{
/ /Compute the input net in unit j in relation to the previous input-layer;
For the output layer of each unit r (s) = −∅(||W ||)2
//Calculate the errors of each unit j of the hidden layers from last up to first hidden layer—
//Calculate an flood level of each unit j of the hidden layers,
z = 10 y Uu Z of each network weight r(s).
// Calculate the hazardous level in the next layer/
}}
End
End

Result and Discussion

It also has a moving height-of-the-water animation, as seen in Fig. 11.5, where the
flood height is 32 cm and the danger level is displayed, as well as information on the
wet conditions.
Data can be analyzed by the classifier based on their input. Figure 11.5 shows
how the flood categorization details were determined from the data. On the basis of
a comparison of the performance of the proposed classification technique to other
current methods on data classification [16]. True Positive (TP) is the condition that
the quantity and accuracy of instances are categorized. False Positive (FP) is the
circumstance in which the number of cases that were really wrong is categorized as
exact. The condition is that False Negative (FN) classifies the number of instances
as false while true. True Negative (TN) is a prerequisite for classifying the amount
of records as wrong when they were untrue.
As of from Fig. 11.6 the positive prediction of the fold condition was higher in
the proposed methodology than any other existing methodologies.
False positive is a binary classification mistake in which a test result wrongly
indicated the existence of a flood condition if the flood was not happen. Here from
Fig. 11.7 the suggested methodology have very less false positive rate than any other
existing methodologies.
The comparative accuracy analyses for both the proposed and current approaches
are shown in Fig. 11.8. The x-axis shows the data volume, while the y-axis shows
the exactness. The result shows that the mechanism presented can provide greater
classification accuracy than the conventional techniques.
11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 169

Fig. 11.5 Overall output

Fig. 11.6 Data versus TP

rate

Figure 11.9 showing that the proposed methodology express maximum precision
yield of 91.2%, which is better than other methods.
Figure 11.10 showing that the proposed methodology express maximum recall
yield of 91.3%, which is better than other methods. When compared to other existing
methodology the suggested methodology outperformed well.
170 A. Badholia et al.

Fig. 11.7 Data versus FP

rate

Fig. 11.8 Accuracy

comparisons with proposed
work
11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 171

Fig. 11.9 Data versus

precision

Fig. 11.10 Data versus

recall

Conclusion

An integrated data extraction tool on a web-based system may be used to investigate

flood monitoring and early warning systems for particular research initiatives, such
as the Sentinel Asia Project. As a result, crisis management will be more effective
than ever before. In addition, the availability of compromised data and the growth
172 A. Badholia et al.

of the local area network are crucial. Weather and hydrological information from
in-situ data will be included into future developments, allowing for a more accurate
flood analysis. A more accurate, trustworthy, and efficient forecasting system will
be created. The gap in the disaster management system, however, can be filled by
a variety of variables. Water runoff and river levels, for example, will need to be
considered. Other than that, the local organization should automatically receive and
incorporate the sensor data and supporting data (such as land use/land cover, road) as
part of the data needed for an evacuation and management plan. Using a web-based
system to evaluate and extract information is the research’s uniqueness and core.
Goals include creating an easy to use, low-cost, data processing interface that can
identify flooded regions at the earliest possible time. Technical and non-technical
users alike can benefit from the suggested solution. There are a variety of ways to
use the system idea. Its idea will extend the research study field for the future devel-
opment of real-time disaster monitoring systems, according to the authors. There is a
shift in the system from manual detection to automated detection and delivery. As a
realistic plan, it is predicted to be successful. A wide range of operating systems were
supported by this system, which was meant to provide a rapid processing service and
an interesting user experience. The proposed study proposes a Hybrid CDNN-ANN
classification technique for managing big dataset samples. As a result of the use of a
clustering approach paired with a hybrid CDNN-ANN classifier, a trained persistent
classifier can reliably predict crime using a rainfall dataset. The followings are issues
that need to be further discussed in the future.
• The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE): The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
started the group (OCG). How to develop standard standards for connecting earth
observation equipment with web-based will be the focus of the research group
Efforts to obtain satellite pictures using sensor observation systems, using OGC
measurement standards, will be closely followed in the coming months. For the
user who has no photographs in hand, the objective is accessing sensor data.
• Hydrological Data: The quantity of water being discharged into the river will be
calculated based on the water level and rainfall data obtained from the field. A
final evaluation and integration of the entire quantity released will validate the
information collected from sensors.
• Areas Extraction Algorithms: At order to get better results, the inundated regions
extraction algorithm has to be improved in high altitude areas. Various satellite
pictures, such as Aster images, should be examined.
• Active Communication and Publication: Authorities and local residents must work
closely together to develop a comprehensive strategy that will produce timely
warnings. Provide users with practical and useful information and encourage
them to use the system.
 11 Implementation of an IoT-Based Water and Disaster Management … 173

References

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