UNIT 5: DENSITOMETER USING GUIDE

Task 1:

1. What does a densitometer do?

Bone densitometry, known as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA),
utilizes a minimal amount of ionizing radiation to generate images of the body's
interior (typically focusing on the lower spine and hips) in order to assess bone
density.

2. How many kinds of densitometers are there?

Three fundamental categories of densitometers include scanning densitometers,
reflection densitometers, and transmission densitometers. Scanning densitometers
typically feature distinct, predetermined settings for mid-density (MD) and density
difference (MD) assessments. On the other hand, a reflection densitometer gauges the
light reflected off a surface.

3. Describe a reflective densitometer and the functions of its main parts.

A reflective densitometer is an instrument used to measure the optical density of a
reflecting surface. It typically consists of a light source, color filters, and a
photoelectric cell. The light source illuminates the surface to be measured, the color
filters isolate specific wavelengths of light, and the photoelectric cell detects the
amount of light reflected from the surface. This data is then used to calculate the
density of the material, which is crucial in various applications such as ensuring
consistent color saturation in printing and verifying the quality of photographic
materials.

Task 2:

1. How is the size of DM-800 densitometer?

The DM-800 has been crafted to be compact in size, making it easy to handle and use.
To operate, simply position the measuring aperture over the desired point for testing
and gently press to activate the measuring head. This innovative design allows for
 precise and swift density measurements without any displacement, ensuring accuracy
and efficiency.

2. What is the function of polarizing filters?

The DM-800 comes equipped with standard polarizing filters, allowing for a direct
comparison between wet and dry proofs. This feature greatly simplifies the process of
matching the proof with the production print.

3. What is statistical evaluation? Its advantage?

Statistical evaluation refers to the process of collecting and analyzing data for
removing bias from evaluating data by employing numerical analysis. Statistical
evaluation can enhance print quality control by quantifying color density and
consistency, leading to more accurate and reliable print outputs.

4. Explain a feature that helps save battery power?

The unit is equipped with an automatic OFF switch feature, which turns off the
densitometer after a predetermined period of time has passed.

Task 4: What do you call a device which is used to:

1. measure the speed of moving objects such as cars, motorbikes?

A radar speed gun, commonly referred to as a radar gun, speed gun, or speed trap gun,
is a tool utilized for determining the velocity of objects in motion.
2. measure the temperature of something or surrounding air?
A thermometer is a device used for measuring temperature. It is capable of measuring
the temperature of various substances, including solids like food, liquids like water,
and gases like air.
3. measure the voltage of mains supply?
Voltmeters measure voltage, and ammeters measure current.
4. measure the resistance of resistors?
Ohmmeter
5. measure the current in an electric circuit?
Ammeter
 6. measure the parameters of electric circuits as voltage, current, resistance?
The multimeter is a crucial instrument used to measure current, voltage, and
resistance in an electrical circuit.

Task 5: Each word in column A often goes before one word from column B. For instance,
image quality. Find other word pairs.

1. Image quality – image production

2. Color conversion – color quality – color range – color proof
3. Tonal range
4. Printing process – printing quality – printing proof
5. Printed product
6. Digital printer – digital product – digital proof
7. Graphic production – graphic product
8. Page layouts
9. Ink-jet printer
10. Scanned text

Task 6: Analyze these sentences. Circle main verb and underline phrases in each sentence.

1. We all know that as even more stringent printing criteria and requirements must be met,
standardizing the color proofing operation is the key to an efficient printing job
involving the minimum in time loss and materials. (Mixed sentence)
2. Equipped with all the latest in electronic innovation , this densitometer offers you more
than just the usual range of features. (Simple sentence)
3. The DM-800 does it all for you automatically, doing away with manual filter wheel
adjustments and the erroneous measurements that always used to accompany this.
(Complex sentence)
4. The selected filter appears on the display, and values with the other filters are stored
making remeasurement a thing of the past. (Compound sentence)
 5. Once you've chosen the function and the mode, all you have to do is to position the
measuring aperture over the spot to be measured and press the rear of the unit down.
(Complex sentence)
6. Also built into the DM-800 are reference and tolerance values that can be called up
whenever you need them. (Complex sentence)
7. Ever used something designed for a right-handed person when you're left-handed?
(Complex sentence).
8. Should any error occur, such as too low a density or low battery power, then you're
informed of that error instantly so that you can take the required measures. (Compound
sentence).
9. The denser the bitmap you select (the higher the resolution), the more image information
the scanner will record - resulting in a larger file. (Compound sentence).

Task 7: Explain the basic meaning of these groups of compound nouns.

Group A: Types of computers.

Group B: Things or persons relating to computer.
Group C: Issues relating to color.
Group D: Several aspects of color.
Group E: Types of printers.
Group F: Methods of printing.
 UNIT 6 PAPER CHARACTERISTICS

Task 1: Discuss these things.

1. What kind of unit is used to classify papers in terms of thickness?

+ GSM “grams square meter”
2. Name the materials that can be used to make paper.
+ Wood pulp from various tree species, recycled paper products, cotton fibers, hemp,
bamboo, jute, linen rags, grasses,..
3. What are the meanings of paper and papers?
+ Paper (noun):
- A material made from wood pulp, used for writing, printing, or packaging.
- A piece of this material with writing or printing on it, such as a document or
newspaper
+ Papers (plural noun):
- Refers to multiple sheets of paper.
- Documents, typically used to prove one's identity or qualifications.
- Newspapers or academic journals when referred to collectively.
4. The advantages of coated paper?
+ Produces sharper and more vibrant colors, enhancing the visual appeal of printed
materials.
+ Provides a smoother and more even surface for printing, resulting in higher quality
images and text.
+ Offers more resistance to dirt, moisture, and wear, extending the lifespan of printed
items.
+ Available in a variety of sheen levels, from matte to high-gloss, allowing for
customization based on the desired aesthetic.
+ Feels smoother to the touch, which can contribute to a more premium perception of
the printed material.
+ Can be top coated with an aqueous or UV coating for additional protection and
quality enhancement.
5. What is recycled paper?
 + Recycled paper is created by transforming waste paper into new paper products
through a series of processing steps. Initially, used paper is collected and mixed with
water and chemicals to break it down into cellulose fibers. These fibers are then
cleaned, de-inked, and bleached to produce a pulp that can be used to make new
paper. This process helps reduce landfill waste and conserve natural resources and
energy.

Task 2: Read the text and then answer the questions.

1. What’s the difference between paper and paperboard?

- Various similarities exist between them, including grain direction and hygroscopic
characteristics, yet their differences are significant and depend on the type of cellulose fiber
utilized, the fiber processing, and the surface treatment and finishing applied during paper
production.

2. How many types of paper are there?

- Repro paper (Also called offset or printing paper), Couché (coated paper) Tissue paper,
Newsprint, Cardboard, Paperboard, Fine art papers
3. What is pick resistance?

- The ability of a paper to resist a force applied perpendicular to its surface, like the pressure
exerted by a sticky ink film during printing, without tearing or picking.

4. How can we get cellulose fiber?

- Wood pulp can be transformed into a pulp and subsequently extruded, similar to the process
used for synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon. Rayon or viscose, a prevalent type of
cellulose fiber, is often produced in this manner, utilizing wood pulp as its raw material.

5. Besides cellulose fiber, what are other elements of normal papers?

- lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together) and
hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers).
Task 3: List 03 simple sentences, 03 compound sentences, 03 complex sentences and 01
mixed sentence in the text.

+ Simple sentences

- All are composed mainly of cellulose fiber.

- For satisfactory performance on the press, sheet papers must meet the following basic
requirements

- Loose fibers and dust particles quickly destroy print quality

- Sufficient surface strength will prevent picking without excessive reduction of ink tack.

- It can render labels, wrappers, and other printed articles unusable

+ Compound sentences

- Because the papermaker must make all paper to one specification and because the printer
cannot effectively control this RH, the pressroom RH must be controlled

- Paper must contain no chemical that blinds or sensitizes printing plates or causes scumming,
tinting, or ink emulsification.

- The press moisture should not soften surface sizing or coating adhesive enough to permit
transfer of surface fibers, mineral filler, or coating pigment to the offset blanket.

+ Complex sentences

- This curling is caused by the slight moistening that papers get through contact with the
offset blanket.

- When skids or feeder piles are exposed to the pressroom atmosphere, the paper must have a
relative humidity (RH) close to that in the pressroom (i.e., between 8% RH drier and 8% RH
moister), especially when the job calls for two or more printings.

- The press moisture should not soften surface sizing or coating adhesive enough to permit
transfer of surface fibers, mineral filler, or coating pigment to the offset blanket.

Task 4: Match paper components with their corresponding functions.

1/ They are usually kaolin and calcium carbonate. They are used to improve certain properties
of paper and to lower the consumption of more expensive binder material.

 c/ mineral fillers

2/ This material solution is used to coat a special type of paper for security purpose. The
postmark cannot be removed without damaging the surface of the stamp.

 e/ binders

3/ They are generally water-soluble polymers that influence the paper’s color viscosity, water
retention, sizing and gloss.

 f/ chalk

4/ They are used to increase the brightness of the paper. The most commonly used ones are
blue and violet dyes.

 d/ coating pigments

5/ They improve the surface strength, printability, and water resistance of the paper.

 b/ surface fibers

6/ They are the primary structural components of paper, most of them coming from plants

 a/ cellulose fibers

Task 6: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. In offset printing, scumming is a generic term for the presence of ink on nonimage areas of
the printing plate, which can be caused by a variety of press conditions.

2. In particular, tinting occurs when particles of ink pigment bleed into the fountain solution,
and are transferred to the non-image areas of the plate, printing as a colored tint.

3. Picking when the force of an ink film exceeds the paper's pick resistance, or surface
strength.

4. Surface Sizing is used during paper manufacture to reduce the paper's tendency when dry
to absorb liquid, with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on the surface of the
paper and to dry there, rather than be absorbed into the paper.
5. Ink chalking is a defect in printing characterized by improperly-dried ink being easily
rubbed off the paper.

6. Misregister is a printing defect in which successive passes of a printed sheet through a

press do not print an image in the spot they were intended to, typically a problem in multi-
color printing.

7. An overabundance of fountain solution can contribute to the dimensional changes of paper

that contribute to misregister.

8. Differences in structure between sides of a paper cause each side to expand and contract in
different ways when moisture is gained and lost, producing a moisture content.

9. Packing is frequently necessary when the printing pressure is too light to produce a good
image, either on the blanket or on the substrate, or when the printing length needs to be
adjusted.

Task 7: Find in the text sentences with similar meaning as these:

1. If the printer must regularly clean plates and blankets, his printing productivity is badly
affected.

- Runnability (runability) is impaired if the press operator must frequently stop to clean plates
and blankets.

2. In multicolor printing, the sheet RH must be controlled more carefully.

- For paper to be run through the press only once, a RH of 40% to 55% is usually satisfactory.
If the sheet is to be run more than once, closer control is required.

3. Sheet papers must have these fundamental properties to work well on press machines.

- The sheets must be flat enough to feed properly and to pass through the impression nip
under pressure (squeeze) without wrinkling or distorting.

4. Changes in size across the grain are much greater than those along the grain, plate and
blanket packing is used to overcome these changes.

- Dimensional changes, which are much greater across than with the grain, can then be
compensated for by changes in plate and blanket packing to maintain fit.
5. The printer should not try to use distorted sheets for printing since they cannot be bound
into books in postpress processing

- After being printed, some thin papers curl toward the printed side. The paper first curls
away from the printed side and then reverses. This curling is caused by the slight moistening
that papers get through contact with the offset blanket. It can render labels, wrappers, and
other printed articles unusable.