CP02 Frame PPT March 05

Scaffold Training
Institute
Competent Person
Manual
Section 02: Frame
Scaffold
Note: The slides in this

presentation will match
the pictures in Section
Two of the manual.
Copyright 2005 Scaffold Training Institute

Frame Scaffold with putlog truss,
stairway, and ladder system.
STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 1

Rolling Towers

Bottom part of large frame scaffold.

Top of Large frame scaffold.

Airport control tower under construction.

“Baker Type” narrow frame scaffold.

In this section we will cover fabricated frame
type scaffolding. We will start off by building
a small, one section high frame scaffold to
introduce some of the parts and pieces.

First, let's talk about some of the tools that might come in
handy for you. In my tool belt, I like to keep a good
hammer. This is a torpedo level. It has a magnetic strip on
the back so it will stick on to the sides of the frame.

This is a special scaffold wrench. It is a 7/8" deep well
socket, but any ratchet with a 7/8" deep well socket (or
crescent, 7/8" open end, etc.) will work. The ratchet is for
use on the right angle and swivel clamps. This is a set of
wire cutting pliers, it's used for cutting the tie-wire. You
also need a tape measure. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 3

You should have a good pair of gloves, particularly in
industrial situations. You will find that a crescent wrench
will come in handy because some of the nuts that you need
to adjust may not be the 7/8" size. There might be other
tools you want to add on to your belt. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 3

Let's suppose the job calls for building a scaffold about 7
feet long and about 5 feet wide in this area. The first thing
that I like to do is lay out the wooden pads that we refer to
as mud sills.

I've set the screw jacks on top of the pads. I like to try to
adjust the screw jack handles so that they are at least
approximately level (at least as close my eyeball can see).
I've laid out all of the equipment that I'm going to need in
close proximity. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 3

There's a couple of ways that you can get the frame onto
the jack. One is to pick the frame up and set it down onto
the jacks. But another way that I like to use when I am
working alone is to put the screw jacks into the frame while
it's lying down on the ground.

Insert the screw jack into the bottom of the frame leg, while the
frame is laying down. The jack should be about in the middle
of the pad. Next I will attach the cross braces onto the quick
locks of the frame, while it's lying down.

Pick the frame and cross brace up together. As you can see the
cross brace will support this frame until I get the other frame. Make
sure that the quick locks have dropped down into place, so that the
cross brace cannot possibly come back off. Make sure that the quick
locks are in good condition and working properly, because they are
one of the components that commonly rust up or get bent. If they are
not in proper working condition, repair them. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 4

Next, pick up the second frame. Hold it in position. Pick up
the first cross brace, pull it back, put the cross braces in, and
slide them over the quick locks. Ensure that the quick locks
have dropped into place. Now both of the frames are up and
attached to the first cross brace.

The next step is to attach the other cross brace. Note that
there is a little trick to attaching these. If I simply attach the
first end, without paying attention to the second end, then the
second end of the cross brace will not be inside the frame in
position for attachment.

A preferred method is to put the first end of the cross brace into the
panel of the frame, but do not attach it now. Put the second end and
attach this second end first. By using this technique, the first end will be
in the right area for attachment. Now attach the first end. If you have a
little difficulty getting these to go on, it is probably because the scaffold
has not been leveled. And that's the next thing to be done.

At this point, make sure that the scaffold is positioned
underneath the work area where it is needed. Also, make
sure that it's approximately square. I've "eye-balled" it, and I
can tell that it's pretty close. But to be exact, use a tape
measure, and measure from the inside of one post over to the
opposite corner post. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 5

Measure from corner to corner in both directions. If those two dimensions
are not the same, move one side of the scaffold to bring it into square.
Adjust the section until both of the two dimensions are the same. A good
practice is to put a couple of nails in the base plates. Sixteen penny
duplex nails are good nails to use because you can pull them back out
easier with the double head.

Next, level the scaffold. I have already leveled the scaffold approximately
with an "eyeball reading". It must be fairly close to level just to get the
cross braces to attach to the quick locks. I will use my torpedo level.
There are a couple of places where I can place the level. I can put it
underneath the bearer, put it on top of the bearer, or I can use it on the
side of the post. The side is probably the most convenient place.

The bubble should be in the center of the marks on the level.
If I need to adjust it, I will use the screw jack. Turn the screw
jack to raise or lower the frame leg until the bubble is
centered.

Next, level the second frame to the first frame. It is not necessary to put a
plank or a tube across the top of the two frames to level them. The cross
braces keep these two frames interlocked. So if the second frame is low
(out of plumb), the whole section is going to tilt down; if the second frame
is out of plumb high, the entire section will have a tilt up and be out of
level.

So I like to place my level on the back of the second leg, (or
the front of the second leg) to determine whether to turn this
screw jack up or down. It looks like the scaffold is a little high
here, so I'm going to turn the screw jack down. Continue until
the frame is level.

Next, level the other frame leg by putting the level on the
opposite side of the leg. Level until it is plumb. All four legs
should now be level and plumb.

Place the planks on the first level. A common, but incorrect,
way to do this is to try to hand the plank up over the end of the
scaffold. The problem is, as you get out close to the end, you
lose your leverage; the plank gets heavy.

The way that I prefer to do it is to walk inside the frames with your plank
(whether it is a wood plank, aluminum plank, or steel plank), and then you
can lift it up from inside. This technique will give you better balance and
control, because you are holding the plank in the center, not on it's end.
Place the plank down on both ends, making sure it is secure. This is the
proper ergonomic way to lift it.

These aluminum planks have a locking piece that rotates out
to lock underneath the bearer tubes. Be sure to lock them in
place.

Next, attach the ladder. This is a hook on style ladder that hooks over the
bearer. There is a brace at the bottom that must be attached. This is
where our scaffold wrench comes in handy. This is a 7/8" nut. I use the
ratchet to tighten up the brace at the bottom of the ladder. In this system
there is also a special horizontal rung that attaches onto the very bottom of
the ladder.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page
The next step is to stage the materials that we will need up on

top. After that, I will climb on top of the scaffold.
This is a guardrail panel. You might notice that I have

positioned it so that the swing-gate portion is up above the
ladder and the swing-gate will open to the inside.

With this product we will use a back guardrail panel. It fits
across both frames. Next I attach the guardrails. This
particular product has a spring-loaded type guardrail keeper.
Push the rail all the way on and make sure it is locked. Ensure
that the spring is in place and the keeper is vertical.
STI CP Manual Section 02 Page7

Next, attach the toeboard. This is a pre-manufactured
toeboard with hooks on the end. It fits around the post. Raise
one end up and lower it down into place. Pre-manufactured
toeboards can be a real labor saver as opposed to cutting 2 X
4" lumber, then nailing and wiring them down.

The next step is to attach the ladder siderail extensions. The
ends fit down on top of the ladder, and into special holes on
top of the guardrail swing-gate panel. Attach locking pins
where necessary. It is important to note that just because
there is a hole in a frame does not necessarily mean that we
have to put a locking pin in that location. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 7

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 7
The standard says that we should put locking pins to secure

against the possibility of accidental upthrust. For example, if
the scaffold is outdoors and there is a possibility of high winds,
then we need to use them. They should also be used on
rolling towers. But it is not required to use them all the time.
So use good safety judgement on that issue.

We have now completed a one section high frame scaffold.
Notice that it is square, plumb, and rigid; it also has good mud
sills and screw jacks underneath. It is fully planked and has a
guardrail system. It has toeboards. It has proper ladder
access. It is a safe work platform that meets all the OSHA
requirements. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 7

Once you are finished with the scaffold it will be time to
dismantle. Here are a couple of tips. First, do an inspection of
the scaffold to make sure that it is still in good condition.

Second, when you start to remove a piece, continue and take it all the way
off. Don't leave it in a halfway on-halfway off, unsecured position. After you
get it off either pass it all the way down to the ground (if you have enough
help), or make sure that it is safely secured to the center of the platform so
it is not a tripping hazard. Loose scaffold components laying on the platform
are potential tripping hazard.

Continue to take the scaffold down. As you get the
components down to the ground, stack up the pieces, and
then prepare them for storage.

In this section we will erect a scaffold with casters at the
bottom, which is called a rolling tower or a mobile scaffold.
One product that you can use to build a rolling tower is this
special base unit.

The base unit actually comes out to the job site in four
separate pieces and is assembled on site. The casters are
inserted up through the corners. A cross brace is used as a
horizontal diagonal brace. There are coupling pins pre-
welded of top to the base unit. The frames are set onto the
starter coupling pins. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 8

The next step is to lock the brakes on all four casters. Pull the
brake handle up and make sure the brake is pressing against
the tire. Next set the first frame on top of the pre-welded
coupling pins and lower the frame into place.

We talked earlier about pinning the frames together. On a
rolling tower, you should pin everything together. Attach
locking pins in the holes in the bottom of the frames and the
starter coupling pins. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 8

Next attach the cross brace. As discussed earlier, if you set
the first end of the cross brace on without setting the second
end in place, the second end will not go on.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 9
When you are putting cross braces on, you want to put the
cross brace through one frame first, and then place the other
end into position. Make sure that the first end is in the correct
spaces in the frame. Continue to install both cross braces.
Make sure that the gravity drop pins (or other locking devices)
are in place. Install the planks and ladder as covered earlier.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 9
Next, climb up to the first level. If this level is not going to be a eventual
working level for the user, and it is instead only a level that the erector will
use to continue building the scaffold, it is not required to plank it out all the
way across. The number of planks the erector uses is determined by the
erectors employer. Obviously, the more planks the wider the standing area,
but more planks means more ergonomic material handling.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 9
In section one we discussed fall protection for erectors. In this situation I

have no anchorage point to which to tie my lanyard. But as a matter of
good practice, I think it is a good idea for scaffold erectors to wear their
harness whenever they are in the process of erecting a scaffold. If an I
beam or other anchorage point becomes available, then you are equipped
to tie off. Many erectors tie off to the scaffold even though it may not meet
the anchorage criteria, based upon the reasoning that it is safer to have
some type of anchorage than none at all. Follow your company policy.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 9
The next step is to pick up the first frame and set it on top of
the coupling pins. Notice that I use proper ergonomic lifting
techniques by bending down with my legs. I am not bending
over just with my back.

From an ergonomic standpoint, it is better to spread your arms
apart handling frames. The arms can be either wide and to the
side like this, or up and down, as opposed to having them
together. When your arms are close together, you do not have
as much control for handling the material.
The next step is to set the back frame using the same
technique. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 10

Since this is a rolling tower, the frames should be pinned
together. Next the second level cross braces are installed.
Use the technique we discussed earlier, take the first end
through one side, make sure it is in the correct panel, then
take the second end through the other side and attach.
Always make sure the gravity locks have dropped down into
place. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page
10

Next we will look at different methods of attaching guardrails
to this level. The cross brace locking devices are not at the
correct height for guardrails.

This is a double guardrail panel. It will work on a walk
through frame or a mason style frame like this. It rests on
the horizontal members of the frame. It will withstand the
required 200 pounds in a downward or outward direction,
but can be lifted up for removal. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 10

Another piece of equipment that can be used is a guardrail
clamp such as this one. The guardrail clamp is a bracket that
bolts around the leg and provides one gravity lock. Attach it
onto the scaffold leg at the correct height. Attach a guardrail
clamp on both ends and then attach a guardrail between the
guardrail clamps.

If this level is intended as a working platform, a midrail is also required.
The midrail is attached about halfway between the top guardrail and the
platform. The heights of the guardrails are as follows: guardrails
manufactured or placed in service before January 1, 2000 can be 36 to
45, but for guardrails manufactured after January 1, 2000, the minimum
height is 38 as opposed to 36.

Set the height at about 42 inches. That is a good comfortable height
for a piece of equipment like this where you have the option of
adjusting the height. Tube and clamp can also be used for guardrails.
This is a right angle clamp. It is called a right angle clamp because
when you attach it onto the post, the horizontal member is at a right
angle to the post.

If you are going to use tube and clamp with the frame
scaffold it is important to have the types of clamps that will
tighten down fully onto the smaller diameter frame. Some
of the older clamps that are still in service may not do that.

After both of the clamps are positioned, place the tube into
the clamps. Notice that the bolts are on the upside as
opposed to the downside. The clamp will then support the
tube. Try to even out the overhang.

Use a long enough tube so that the tube is all the way into
the clamp, not just part of the way into the clamp. At this
point, you will need your 7/8" ratchet with a deep well socket
(or a crescent or open end 7/8"), and turn it toward about 40
or 45 foot pounds in accordance with the clamp
manufacturers' recommendations. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 11

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 11
This is a summation of the three methods we have covered for attaching

guardrails to an intermediate level. There is a double guardrail panel on
one side. Tube and clamp components are used for guardrails on the
back. Guardrail clamps which bolt around the leg and provides quick lock
attachments are used on one side in combination with standard frame
guardrails. Since the existing cross brace quick lock was at the correct
height for the midrail, a guardrail was attached onto that lock.

This is a type of generic swing gate. It will clamp on to
either a frame, tube and clamp, or a system type scaffold.
Although swing gates are not mandated by the standard,
they do provide for easier access than climbing through or
over guardrails.

Next the toeboards are added to this level. The toeboards
are not actually required on this level because we are not
over 10 feet above the ground. These toeboards are a pre-
manufactured drop- in product which require no nailing or
wiring.

We continue erection of
the rolling tower by
moving up to the top of the
second platform. There is
no anchorage point above
me. Some employers want
their erectors to tie off to
the frame at their feet in
situations like this.
That anchorage does not meet the OSHA requirements
because the free fall would be greater than six feet, and
since I am only fourteen above the ground I would strike
the ground in the event of a fall. However, there is some
advantage to tieing off at my feet because if I did start to fall
"head first", the lanyard would at least prevent me from
hitting the ground "head first". Again, consult your
company safety director and follow your company policy on
this issue. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 12

A plank is intentionally left out, so the material will be
handed up through the opening. The next step is to place
the front swing gate panel.

Next, the back panel is placed. Continue to install
guardrails, ladder extensions, and toeboards as previously
covered.

Now the platform is complete. In summary, we have
constructed a two level high frame rolling tower (aka
mobile scaffold) complete with all necessary safety
equipment such as full planking, guardrails, toeboards,
and ladder access. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 12

Next, let's cover the basic safety guidelines to follow for
using a rolling tower. Make sure that the scaffold does not
exceed the minimum base to height ratio. This is four
times by fed OSHA. It is three times in California. Check
local codes. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 13

Inspect the ground surface. Make sure that there are no
holes in the floor, that the floor is reasonably level, and that
there are no obstructions. Then consider the path up
above the scaffold. Inspect for power lines, I beams,
overhead cranes, and other obstructions. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 13
After you are sure the path is clear, unlock the wheels and
begin to push the scaffold.

Apply the force no more than five feet above the ground.
When finished with the move, re-lock the casters. The
wheels must be locked while the scaffold is used in a
stationary position.

Most manufacturers recommend against staying on a rolling tower
while it is being moved. However, OSHA 1926.452(w)(6) does allow it
under these strict criteria. The floor is within 3 degrees of level, free of
pits, holes, and obstructions, also the minimum base to height ratio is
reduced to two to one. In addition, if outriggers are required, they must
be installed on both sides, and no employee may extend out beyond
the casters.

It is not allowed for the worker on top to pull themselves
along. Also, the worker on top must be made aware of the
move.

This is another type of frame
scaffold rolling tower (mobile
scaffold). It features casters
attached directly into the
frame leg, which is the most
common method.
These brakes operate a little

differently than the ones we
covered earlier, so make
sure you know how to work
the brakes for the system
that you are using.

This frame has a ladder built right up through the middle,
and it is used in conjunction with a chain link panel.

It is a good idea to close the chain back as soon as you get
up on top.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 14
The chain link panel used on the front incorporates a

guardrail locking device. Notice that the locking mechanism
works a little differently for the guardrails with this product
than the one we used earlier. Make sure you understand
the locking mechanism for the product you are using.
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 14
Standard corner guard rail posts are used on the back

corners.
Toeboards are not required on this scaffold because the

platform is not over ten feet above the ground.

It doesn't get much simpler
than this. This scaffold has
four casters with pins, two end
frames (with ladders built in),
two cross braces, three
aluminum planks, two
guardrail posts, one chain link
panel, four seven foot
guardrails and two five foot
guardrails. The result is a
safe one-section high scaffold.
Note that the aluminum hook
on planks provide lateral
rigidity. If wood planks were
used, horizontal diagonal
bracing would be necessary.

Most manufacturers make outriggers which can be installed
on the base of the scaffold to increase the effective width.
For example, this picture shows outriggers on the front and
back frames, on both sides.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 15
The outriggers are connected to each other by cross

braces in order to secure the two outriggers together
laterally. In this case, screw jacks are inserted on the
bottom to be tightened when the scaffold is rolled into
position. When outriggers are necessary to increase the
base width, be sure to put them on both sides of the frame.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 15
Keep in mind that even though we have increased the

effective width in this direction, the limiting factor is now
the seven foot in the cross brace direction.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 15
There are many places on construction sites where a

standard five foot wide frame will not fit. Examples include
narrow hallways or between rows of shelving. These
narrow 29 to 30 inch wide series of frames are very
popular in those areas.
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 15
Let's take a look at how this product is assembled. We

begin with the first frame end panel. We will use casters
instead of base plates. Insert the casters in the frame leg
bottom, and pinned them into place.

Apply the brakes. Then
stand the frame up and
hold it into position.

Notice the slots in the frame leg.

The plank structural member
can be installed into any one
of these slots to adjust the
elevation.

Make sure the spring loaded lock is fully seated and snaps
into place.

Repeat the procedure for the other frame. Make sure the
plank is level. Attach the structural support on both sides.
After installing both structural supports onto the frames, we
set the plank. The plank is a prefabricated equipped with
handle holes in the center. Lift it up, lower it into place, and
let it rest on top of the supports. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 16

Next install the guardrail assembly. The end panel is a
one piece unit with chain link opening.

It drops into place into guardrail holders that we have
already installed onto the side of the plank support. End
panels are installed on both ends.

The guardrails are a one piece unit that has both the top
rail and the mid rail and they simply slip over the gravity
locks and drop into place.

The toeboard system
consists of a corner
toeboard holder bracket
and the toeboard
themselves. The corner
bracket is placed into the
corner. The toeboards are
then set into the toeboard
holder.

Notice that there is a spring loaded locking device. We
can pull this up, rotate it in over the top of the plank and
the toeboard. And that will secure the plank and the
toeboard down. Once again we have a good safe
platform. It is planked all the way across complete with
guardrails, toeboards, and safe access. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 17

Keep in mind, however, that this is a narrower scaffold. After
calculating four times the minimum base, the maximum elevation will
be about ten feet above the ground. However, the manufacturer does
make outrigger systems that are available for this product if you need
to make the base wider. As always, follow the manufacturers
instructions.

This next scaffold is an aluminum frame type product. One of the advantages
of aluminum obviously is that it is extremely lightweight and easy to work with.
So let's take this one apart and put it back together and show you how to do it.
This aluminum system is fairly simple. One thing to note is that there is a
complete set of assembly instructions on a label on the frame.
STI CP Manual Section 02 Page
18

First, we insert the caster into the frame leg and lock the
brakes.

At this point we have stood up the two frame panels. Next
we attached the horizontal members.

There is a trigger latch underneath on the horizontal
members. Pull it back to attach or release the horizontal.

Next attach the diagonals. The components are color
coded on the end. So we can tell that the red ones are
horizontals and then the blue ones are diagonals. Simply
fit those on. Now I am putting a diagonal on the other side
in the opposite direction.

The component without any color coding is the horizontal
diagonal brace. That automatically squares the scaffold off
as well.

Next we install the planks. Notice that there is a ladder
built into this frame. This plank that has a trap door so we
will be able to climb up through the inside. We position the
part of the plank with the trap door over the top of the
ladder.

Install the other planks. Next install the top frame panel.
This will serve as a guardrail panel on this scaffold. The
lightweight aspect of this product is a benefit compared to
the steel frame scaffold. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 19

When stacking frames one on top of the other, there is a
special spring loaded locking device that will lock into the
coupling pin down below.

Next, install the midrails and the guardrails. They lock into
place like the other components.

This product features a unique toeboard holder. It is a
plastic component, and the toeboards just drop down into
place.

Because of their light weight nature, and ease of erection,
the aluminum frame products are very popular.

This is the frame scaffold
we are going to erect
from the ground up in this
next sequence. We
chose this design
because it depicts various
components such as
staircases, putlogs, side
brackets, etc., in a small
scaffold. Note: The
manufacturers' guidelines
for maximum height,
maximum number of work
levels used, and
maximum number of
additional planked levels
must be followed.

It is a four section
long frame
scaffold. It is three
levels high.
We will include a
putlog in the center
to demonstrate
how it could be
used to span an
opening such as a
piece of
machinery or a
doorway.

There are two planked
levels. The lower level is
planked with scaffold
grade lumber.
Intermediate guard rail
panels are on the front,
individual guard rails
attached by guard rail
clamps are on the back.
The upper level is
planked with aluminum
planks. Individual guard
posts and rails run
lengthwise. Guard rail
gate panels are used on
the ends.
A staircase is shown on
the left side. A hook- on
ladder is shown on the
right. Now, lets dismantle
it and rebuild.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 20
Inspecting the surface where the scaffold is to be erected is an important first

step. OSHA 1926.451 (c) (2) requires the footing or anchorage for scaffolds to
be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the maximum load without settling or
displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose bricks, or
concrete blocks must not be used to support scaffolds or planks.

Do not start a scaffold on
ground conditions such as
shown in this picture. This
ground is cluttered, the
pads are unstable, and the
soil is questionable.
Surface holes should be
filled and compacted.
Obstructions should be
removed. On most job
sites the ground will not be
perfectly level, so the
leveling and prep work
must take place first.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 21
OSHA 1926.451 (c) (2) requires scaffold legs to be set on

adjustable bases or plain bases that are placed on mud sills
or other foundations that are adequate to support the
maximum rated load. The base plate may be fastened to
the mud sill to keep the base plate centered on the sill.
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 21
Screw jacks should be used for height adjustment and scaffold leveling.
Maximum screw jack adjustment varies from 12" to 18" depending on
the manufacturer. If the screw jack does not allow enough adjustment,
more height adjustment may be obtained by the use of an elevation
pad. (2" X 10" wood pad at least 20 inches long).
See the next step on how to construct elevation pads.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 21
Elevation pads are constructed by placing two pads

(usually 2" X 10" pieces) on the ground, and then placing
two additional at right angles over the bottom pads. The
pads are then nailed together. This may be repeated with
alternating pad directions until either 18" or the desired
height is reached. Do not exceed 18" in height.
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 21
A continuous sill should run between the two frame legs to

tie them together and provide adequate support. Note: this
technique applies to constructing pads for elevation when
the screw jack by itself is not enough. However, running
continuous planks between two adjacent frame legs is a
common practice on many frame scaffolds.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 21
Once you have made sure that the ground is leveled and uneven
conditions compensated for, laying out of the material can begin. An
easy way to approximate the position of the frame is to lay guard rails
along the structure to be scaffolded. Sills, pads, frames, and cross
braces can be then placed where needed.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 21
Make a final inspection of the equipment as you lay it out. Check that
the equipment is in good condition and all fastening devices operate
properly. A common problem with frame scaffolding is the quick or
gravity locks on the studs where the cross braces will be placed. These
may become rusted or jammed. Other common problems are bent
cross braces, or bent ("spread") legs on the frames.

Center the sills at the ends of the rails to approximate the
frame spacing. Place the base plates and screw jacks on
them in the center of the sill.

STI CP
Manual
Section 02
Page 22
Always start at the highest point and adjust screw jacks to

one inch above their lowest point. This will allow maximum
screw jack adjustment, if needed, as the slope drops. It is
best to keep the screw jack height adjustment to a
minimum. Lay a scaffold frame at each pair of base
plates, and place two cross braces by each guard rail.

Coupling pins will be needed if two or more sections will be
added. Add the coupling pins now.
STI CP Manual Section 02 Page

22

Some coupling pins are attached to the frame by spring
locks. Others must be added separately. In either case,
the coupling pin must be secured by a locking device to
ensure that it cannot come out.

Start erection by picking up a frame and setting it down on
the screw jacks. An alternative method is to insert the
screw jacks while the frame is on the ground, and then roll
the frame up with the screw jacks in it. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 22

Once the frame is up you should attach the cross braces.
If necessary, you can tilt the frame forward and it will be
self supporting at this point.

Tip the second frame upright and attach the cross braces
between the two frames.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 23
Many frames have a gravity drop pin on the stud and the cross brace is simply slid past
the gravity lock until it drops. If gravity or spring loaded locks are used to attach the
cross bracing, make sure that the cross brace has been pushed to the base of the stud
and that the latch is in position to prevent accidental removal of that end of the brace. If
wingnuts are used, make sure they are secure.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 23
A warning tag should be placed on the partially erected scaffold to

indicate that it is not complete and should not be used. This tag
should remain in place until the scaffold is completed and final
inspection has been done. Upon final inspection, an "approved" tag
will take it's place
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 23
Plumb and level the scaffold as you add each member. A small
deviation from plumb at the bottom can multiply into large problems as
the scaffold becomes taller. OSHA 1926.451 (c) (3) requires the
plates, legs, or uprights to be plumb, and securely and rigidly braced to
prevent swaying and displacement.
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 23
Measure the distance between corner posts with a tape measure to

make sure that the distance from inside post to inside post is the
same. If the dimensions are identical, the corner angles must be at 90
degree angles, or "square".

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 23
A horizontal diagonal may also be used to square the

scaffold.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 23
Continue setting up the frames in the same manner. Attach cross braces to
frames, level, plumb, and square as you proceed. Remember to check your
distance from the building or structure. It is easy to get "off line", particularly if
you are allowing additional distance for side brackets which are not yet
installed. After you have finished the entire first level, you are ready to attach
a ladder and planks to begin installation of the second level.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 24
Several types of ladders are available to reach the next level. Most manufacturers make
a ladder bracket that provides 7" of standoff from the frame to ensure room for your foot
to fully seat onto the rung. You may use portable ladders for access, but if so you must
comply with applicable regulations for portable ladder use in 29CFR1926 Subpart X.
OSHA 1926.451 (e) states that an access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be
used. Ladder rest platforms must be provided every 35' vertically.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 24
Prefabricated decks or scaffold planks can now be placed on top of the frames
along the entire run to provide access for erection of the second level. If this
level will be used as a working level, plank it fully. If it is only used to continue
erection, it is recommended that at least two 2"x10" planks be used during the
erection procedure. If this level will eventually be a working level, you should
follow the guidelines in the next instruction.

STI CP
Manual
Section 02
Page 24
If the platform will be used as a working level by the user, it must be tightly
planked the full width of the scaffold. Edges must be close together with
maximum 1" gap. Planking must be scaffold grade, meeting approved grading
rules for the species of wood used. Overhang must be at least 6" unless
secured by cleats or wire. If the platform end is guardrailed as it should be, no
limit applies to the maximum overhang at the ends. Overlap on runs should be
at least 12" or secured.
STI CP
Manual
Section 02
Page 24
After the first level is planked to provide access to the second, the erector will
climb to the platform on top of the first level to begin erection of the second
level. The frames for the second level can be hung over the coupling pin on
the outside frame legs. Place the cross braces across the frame horizontals
near the second level frames so that the erector can easily reach them. If you
have adequate manpower on the job, it may be easier to simply hand the
frame up to the erector.

STI CP
Manual
Section 02
Page 24
The second level is erected in the same manner as the first with a few
additional precautions. The erector is working off the ground and is
exposed to a fall hazard, so he must stay alert and aware. All
movements should be done slowly and cautiously. Pick up the frame
and sit both legs down equally on the coupling pins. If the frame does
not fit, hand it down and correct the problem.

Note: 1926.451(g)(2) requires the erectors to have fall
protection if it is feasible to provide and does not
create a greater hazard. Most manufacturers have
issued warnings against using the scaffold itself as a
anchorage point for personal fall arrest systems.
Consult your company safety department for company
policy.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 24
Lock the frames together to prevent accidental upthrust

with rivet and hair pins, pigtail pins, or suitable nut and bolt.

You may continue to
erect the scaffold using
the previous techniques
until you have reached a
height equal to four times
the minimum base. For
example, if the frame is
21' long but only 5' wide,
it must be tied at the 20'
elevation. Above the first
tie, the scaffold must be
tied in maximum 26'
vertical increments.
(Note: if the scaffold is
less than 3' wide, it must
be tied in 20' maximum
vertical increments).

It is not adequate to simply tie the structure at both ends only. OSHA
also requires scaffolds to be secured to the building or structure at
intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally. If the scaffold is 200' long
and 100' high, it will be tied in at every 30' horizontally and 26'
vertically. (Note: if the scaffold is less than 3' wide, the vertical tie
requirement is every 20', or 3 frames high).

STI CP
Manual
Section 02
Page 25
Proper tie techniques are discussed in detail in general

requirements. A "tie-off" should include a tension and
compression member so that the scaffold leg is prevented
from all movement at that location. In this example, the #9
wire is the tension member, the tube is the compression or
"stand-off' member. In short summary, we want to brace
the leg from moving in both direction at the tie-off location.
Local codes for the
spacing of ties vary with
the location. Some states
have their own OSHA
separate from FED OSHA.
The state of California
requires tieing when the
height of the scaffold
reaches three times the
smallest base. Check
local codes.

If the scaffold has any
cantilevered areas, such
as the one pictured, it
must be tied back at more
frequent intervals. If the
scaffold is to be enclosed
for weather protection or
other reasons, lateral
wind forces will be
imposed, and ties must
be made at more frequent
intervals. Consult the
scaffold manufacturer for
guidelines on scaffold tie-
in locations on all
enclosed, cantilevered,
or unusual scaffolds.

Side and end brackets create small cantilevered platforms
and consequently introduce overturning effects. They are
only designed to support the weight of workers and tools.
Do not use them as a storage platform for materials.

If side and end brackets are used, the coupling pins must
be securely fastened to both the top and bottom of the
frame legs. The addition of brackets to a scaffold
increases the overturning effect.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 26
Additional ties and stand-offs should be used to compensate for the

additional weight and overturning effect of brackets. Any time that
side or end brackets are used, ensure that some compensation is
made for their overturning effects on the scaffold. When placing or
moving brackets, set them fully on the scaffold frames before planking
or using them.
STI CP
Manual
Section 02
Page 26
When using scaffold planks on side brackets, a good choice of plank is

a steel or aluminum "hook on" type plank. If wood planks are used,
the starting and ending planks on the scaffold run should be cleated or
wired down. This picture shows a close up of the same tie. The eye
anchor is threaded into the red iron of the building. #9 guage wire is
doubled up and the twisted by rotating a tool in the center to tighten
the tie
STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 26
Work platforms must be fully planked. OSHA Subpart L

Appendix A states that all planking shall be Scaffold
Grades, or equivalent. Solid sawn and laminated plank
must be at least a minimum of 2 inches by 10 inches in
size, or equivalent.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 26
OSHA 1926.451 (f)(4) states that any scaffolding that is damaged or

weakened from any cause shall be immediately repaired or replaced.
Do not build scaffolds with materials that appear to be damaged, or
with defective planking. The scaffold pictured at left had several
damaged components. If you have doubts about the integrity of a
component, don't use it.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 26
All planks must extend over their end supports by at least

6", or be secured. Securing is usually accomplished by
wiring or using boards with cleats. A cleat is a 2 X 4 nailed
across the bottom at the end. If the platform is guardrailed
to prevent access to the end of the plank, no maximum
extension is given.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 27
OSHA 1926.451 (g)(1) requires guard rails on all open

sides and ends of scaffold platforms more than 10 feet in
height. Guard rails are highly recommended for work
platforms at any height. CAL OSHA requires guardrails at
7 1/2 feet, and also requires a toprail height of 42-45
inches.
This is a guard rail clamp. It bolts on to the leg at any
elevation and provides one gravity lock or bolt and wingnut
to which a guard rail can be attached. It is used to secure
guardrails on intermediate levels.

Cross braces are not sufficient as guardrails. Always install both guardrails in addition to
cross braces. This can be accomplished by a guardrail panel, or by using the guard rail
clamp or horizontal diagonal clamp shown above. This clamp bolts to the frame leg at
any location and has one stud. Note: OSHA does allow the crossbrace to substitute for
one of the two guardrails in certain conditions, see 1926.451(g)(4)(xv).

This picture shows a properly installed work platform complete with full
planking, toeboards, and guardrails. OSHA 1926.451 (h) (2) requires
toeboards. If materials will be piled higher than the toeboard,
screening must be installed between the toeboard and guard rail along
the entire opening.

Hoist arms may be used to lift scaffold equipment and light materials to
the work platform. Some scaffold manufacturers make portable hoist
arms that can be attached to the scaffold. When used, the scaffold
must be properly secured. This course is not intended as a rigging
class. Make sure all rigging is supervised by a person competent in
rigging and hoisting techniques. Always use tag lines!

If the material is to be passed up by hand, make sure all employees
have been trained in proper ergonomic lifting techniques. Overhead
protection (scaffold planks) should be provided for protection from
falling objects. Always remember that there are two ends to every
component; the end you are watching, and the end you are not. Stay
alert to your co-workers' position.

Pass up only the amount of material that you can use in a
short time. Do not bring up excessive material and allow it
to accumulate, causing a tripping and falling object hazard.
Notice in the picture to left that materials are piled
randomly and loosely on what is being used as a working
platform.
As the scaffold rises, remember to provide access by ladders. Some frames
are manufactured with built in ladders, but most frames should not be climbed.
For example, most standard mason frames with intermediate horizontal
members are not ladder frames (See picture at left). Make sure that the
manufacturer designates the frame as a "ladder" frame. The maximum
vertical rung spacing is 16 3/4". See 1926.451(e)(6). STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 28

When using attachable ladders, the top of the ladder should extend at
least 3' feet above the platform. If frames with built in ladders are
used, guard rail panels with chain link openings are preferred, but not
mandated. If attachable ladders are used, swing gate panels are
preferred, but not mandated.

STI CP Manual
Section 02
Page 28
We have now completed a scaffold with two work levels. Access is

provided by a stairway or a ladder. The stairway is much safer and
easier to climb. Follow the manufacturers' assembly instructions for
stairways and ladders. STI recommends that two or more stairways,
ladders, or some additional means of egress must be provided for
platforms longer than 30 feet, platforms with an extensive flow of
traffic, or where large objects or equipment separate workers from the
ladder.
When using the guard rail gates for the stand off ladder,
the gates must be installed to swing inward.

Hook-on and attached ladders must provide a rest platform
at 35 foot intervals. This rest area can be a planked
intermediate scaffold bay.

Obstacles and openings such as doorways or machinery can be
bridged with putlogs. However, putlog platforms should not be used
for material storage. Putlog capacity decreases as the span increases.
Putlog users must exercise care to install proper bracing and prevent
overloading. Putlogs spans may have to be shorter than the frame
spacing. The scaffold manufacturer's representative can provide
specific details. STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 29

Putlogs must overlay their support points by a minimum of
6 inches.

Putlog hangers are used to attach putlogs to the frame.
Always fasten the bolts securely.

Any putlog spans longer than 10 feet require knee-bracing
and lateral support. Putlogs used for side or end brackets
need special bracing. Consult the scaffold company for
technical and engineering support.

When the scaffold is completely erected, a final inspection
should be performed by a competent person before the
scaffold is used. A detailed inspection checklist is found in
CP/01/05.

DISMANTLING
Dismantling of scaffolds is basically a reverse of the assembly procedure. First, inspect the
scaffold for structural integrity. Correct any deficiencies before commencement of
dismantling. Barricade the area close to the scaffold. Start from the top and work down.
Handle the components carefully. Do not leave a component partially connected. Either
hand the component all the way to the ground, or store it on the scaffold so it is not a falling
object or tripping hazard. If using a rope and pulley or powered hoist, follow proper rigging
techniques. Use a tag line. Do not allow scaffold material to pile up, and over point load a
part of the scaffold. Store material neatly on the ground.
SUMMARY
This section covered the specific safety guidelines for frame scaffolding including
components, applications, and erection procedures. Materials covered included the
erection of various styles of frame scaffolds and rolling towers. The information in this
section is intended to supplement the general requirements covered in CP/01/01. The
manufacturers' guidelines for maximum height, maximum number of work levels used, and
maximum number of additional planked levels must be followed.
The preceding outlined the steps associated with frame scaffolding erection are common
sense guidelines. They are not to be considered all inclusive, since equipment, field
conditions, and circumstances may differ. Always follow the manufacturer's directions,
OSHA regulations, and other safety codes as applicable.
CP/01/02 R07
Read in conjunction with videotapes.
©Copyright 1994,1995,1996, 2000 Scaffold Training Institute
All Rights Reserved
SELF-CHECK CP/01/02
TITLE: Determine the Specific Safety Rules and Steps Associated with the Erection of
Frame Scaffolding.
This Self-Check will help you validate your understanding of the information presented in
this Information Sheet, CP/01/02, "Determine the Specific Safety Rules and Steps
Associated with the Erection of Frame Scaffolding." Read each of the following questions
carefully. Choose the BEST answer for each one. Place your answer in the space
provided. After you have completed the Self-Check, compare your answers with those
listed in the Self-Check Answer Key immediately following the Self-Check. If you scored
100%, go to the Learning Steps for Information Sheet CP/01/03, "Determine the Specific
Safety Rules and Steps Associated with the Erection of a Tube and Clamp Scaffold." If you
scored less than 100%, review the information on the question(s) you missed before going
on to the next Information Sheet.
QUESTIONS
____ 1. Frame components that should be inspected before use include:
a. gravity drop pins

b. cross brace connectors and holes.
c. welded areas and frames and accessories.
d. all of the above .
____ 2. Guardrails may be attached to intermediate levels by the use of:
a. a guard rail clamp.

b. double wrapped duct tape.
c. construction wire.
d. all of the above.
____ 3. If the screw jack adjustment is not enough for side to side leveling:
a. Up to five concrete blocks may be carefully stacked.

b. Wooden pads may be constructed by nailing pads together (page 4)
c. Screwjacks may be stacked on brick pallets
d. Barrels may be stacked as necessary.
____ 4. The scaffold must be secured (tied) when the height of the scaffold exceeds:
a. three (3) times the minimum base width.

b. four (4) times the minimum base width.
c. five (5) times the minimum base width.
d. six (6) times the minimum base width.
CP/01/02 R07 Read in conjunction with videotapes.
All Rights Reserved
____ 5. Above the first tie, vertical ties must be secured at intervals no greater than:
a. 27 feet.
b. 24 feet.
c. 26 feet (20 feet if the scaffold is less than 3' wide).
d. 30 feet.
____ 6. Ties should not be removed until the scaffold is:
a. ready to dismantle.
b. no longer in use.
c. being dismantled.
d. dismantled to that height.
____ 7. Overtightening guying cables:
a. substitutes for vertical bracing.

b. ensures that slack is removed from the cables.
c. can preload the legs and cause failure.
d. increase the stability of the scaffold assembly.
____ 8. The use of pulleys and hoist arms, side brackets; or wind conditions may require:
a. the installation of "stand-off" braces only.

b. additional bracing, guying, or tieing.
c. horizontal ties in excess of 30 foot intervals.
d. tieing to the window cleaner's anchor bolts.
____ 9. Unless equivalent means are used, safe access to all elevations must be
provided by:
a. ladders meeting requirements of 1926.451(e).

b. fixed ladders meeting permanent ladder requirements in 1926 Subpart X
c. rope ladders.
d. climbing the cross braces.
____ 10. Access ladders should extend above the platforms by at least:
a. 2 feet.
b. 3 feet.
c. 3 1/2 feet.
d. 4 feet.
CP/01/02 R07
All Rights Reserved
____ 11. STI recommends that two or more ladders, or some additional means of egress
should be provided for:
a. platforms longer than 30 feet.

b. more than 25 people working on the same level.
c. large objects or equipment separating workers from the ladder.
d. all of the above.
____ 12. If erectors will be passing up material by hand, STI recommends that the
following provisions should apply:
a. overhead protection should be in place above each erector.

b. tools should be tethered.
c. erectors should stay aware of both ends of the materials being passed.
d. all the above.
____ 13. Scaffold planks must extend over their end supports not less than:
a. 6 inches (unless secured)

b. 10 inches.
c. 12 inches.
d. 18 inches.
____ 14. Scaffold planking on rows must be secured or overlap a minimum of:
a. 6 inches.
b. 8 inches.
c. 10 inches.
d. 12 inches.
____ 15. When materials are piled higher than 4 inches:
a. the scaffold must be tightly planked.

b. toeboards must be provided.
c. toprails and toeboards are required.
d. the scaffold must have a screen.
____ 16. Putlog spans greater than 10 feet require:
a. special bracing.
b. cross bracing.
c. Support point overhang more than 12 inches.
d. kneebracing and lateral support.
CP/01/02 R07 Read in conjunction with videotapes.
All Rights Reserved
SELF-CHECK CP/01/02
ANSWER KEY
TITLE: Determine the Specific Safety Rules and Steps Involved in the Erection of
Frame Scaffold
ANSWERS
1. d all of the above
2. a a guardrail clamp
3. b Wooden pads....
4. b four times...
5. c 26 feet (20 feet if the scaffold is less than 3' wide)
6. d dismantled to that height
7. c preload the legs and cause failure
8. b additional bracing, guying, or tieing
9. a ladders meeting requirements of 1926.451(e)
10. b 3 feet
13. a 6 inches (unless secured)
14. d 12 inches
15. d the scaffold must have a screen
16. d kneebracing and lateral support
CP/01/02 R07
All Rights Reserved
Scaffold Training
Institute
Competent Person
Manual
End Section 02:
Frame Scaffold
Note: The slides in this

presentation will match
the pictures in Section
One of the manual.

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STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 1

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The next step is to stage the materials that we will need up on

This is a guardrail panel. You might notice that I have

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The standard says that we should put locking pins to secure

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STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 7

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STI CP Manual Section 02 Page 8

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