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Computer Organization | Instruction

Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address
Instruction)
In computer organization, instruction formats refer to the way
instructions are encoded and represented in machine language. There
are several types of instruction formats, including zero, one, two, and
three-address instructions.

Each type of instruction format has its own advantages and

disadvantages in terms of code size, execution time, and flexibility.
Modern computer architectures typically use a combination of these
formats to provide a balance between simplicity and power.

What are the Different Types of Instruction Fields?

A computer performs a task based on the instructions provided.
Instructions in computers are comprised of groups called fields. These
fields contain different information for computers which are all written
in 0s and 1s. Each field has a different significance or meaning, based
on which a CPU decides what to perform. The most common fields
are:

The operation field specifies the operation to be performed, like

addition.
Address field which contains the location of the operand, i.e.,
register or memory location.
Mode field which specifies how operand is to be founded.

An instruction is of variable length depending upon the number of

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 Single Accumulator organization
General register organization
Stack organization

In the first organization, the operation is performed using a special

register called the accumulator. In the second, multiple registers are
used for the computation purpose. In the third organization, the work
on stack basis operation due to which it does not contain any address
field. We generally see a blend of various organizations applied

Types of Instructions
Based on the number of addresses, instructions are classified as:

NOTE: We will use the X = (A+B)*(C+D) expression to showcase

the procedure.
Zero Address Instructions

These instructions do not specify any operands or addresses. Instead,

they operate on data stored in registers or memory locations implicitly
defined by the instruction. For example, a zero-address instruction
might simply add the contents of two registers together without
specifying the register names.

Zero Address Instruction

A stack-based computer does not use the address field in the

instruction. To evaluate an expression, it is first converted to reverse
Polish Notation i.e. Postfix Notation.

Expression: X = (A+B)*(C+D)
Postfixed : X = AB+CD+*
TOP means top of stack
M[X] is any memory location

PUSH A TOP = A
 PUSH B TOP = B

ADD TOP = A+B

PUSH C TOP = C

PUSH D TOP = D

ADD TOP = C+D

MUL TOP = (C+D)*(A+B)

POP X M[X] = TOP

One Address Instructions

These instructions specify one operand or address, which typically

refers to a memory location or register. The instruction operates on the
contents of that operand, and the result may be stored in the same or a
different location. For example, a one-address instruction might load
the contents of a memory location into a register.

This uses an implied ACCUMULATOR register for data manipulation.

One operand is in the accumulator and the other is in the register or
memory location. Implied means that the CPU already knows that one
operand is in the accumulator so there is no need to specify it.

One Address Instruction

Expression: X = (A+B)*(C+D)
AC is accumulator
M[] is any memory location
 M[T] is temporary location

LOAD A AC = M[A]

ADD B AC = AC + M[B]

STORE T M[T] = AC

LOAD C AC = M[C]

ADD D AC = AC + M[D]

MUL T AC = AC * M[T]

STORE X M[X] = AC

Two Address Instructions

These instructions specify two operands or addresses, which may be

memory locations or registers. The instruction operates on the
contents of both operands, and the result may be stored in the same or
a different location. For example, a two-address instruction might add
the contents of two registers together and store the result in one of
the registers.

This is common in commercial computers. Here two addresses can be

specified in the instruction. Unlike earlier in one address instruction,
the result was stored in the accumulator, here the result can be stored
at different locations rather than just accumulators, but require more
number of bit to represent the address.
 Two Address Instruction

Here destination address can also contain an operand.

Expression: X = (A+B)*(C+D)
R1, R2 are registers
M[] is any memory location

MOV R1, A R1 = M[A]

ADD R1, B R1 = R1 + M[B]

MOV R2, C R2 = M[C]

ADD R2, D R2 = R2 + M[D]

MUL R1, R2 R1 = R1 * R2

MOV X, R1 M[X] = R1

Three Address Instructions

These instructions specify three operands or addresses, which may be

memory locations or registers. The instruction operates on the
contents of all three operands, and the result may be stored in the
same or a different location. For example, a three-address instruction
might multiply the contents of two registers together and add the
contents of a third register, storing the result in a fourth register.

This has three address fields to specify a register or a memory

location. Programs created are much short in size but number of bits
per instruction increases. These instructions make the creation of the
program much easier but it does not mean that program will run much
faster because now instructions only contain more information but
each micro-operation (changing the content of the register, loading
address in the address bus etc.) will be performed in one cycle only.

Three Address Instruction

Expression: X = (A+B)*(C+D)
R1, R2 are registers
M[] is any memory location

ADD R1, A, B R1 = M[A] + M[B]

ADD R2, C, D R2 = M[C] + M[D]

MUL X, R1, R2 M[X] = R1 * R2

Advantages of Zero-Address, One-Address, Two-

Address and Three-Address Instructions

Zero-address instructions

They are simple and can be executed quickly since they do not
require any operand fetching or addressing. They also take up less
memory space.

One-address instructions
 They allow for a wide range of addressing modes, making them
more flexible than zero-address instructions. They also require less
memory space than two or three-address instructions.

Two-address instructions

They allow for more complex operations and can be more efficient
than one-address instructions since they allow for two operands to
be processed in a single instruction. They also allow for a wide
range of addressing modes.

Three-address instructions

They allow for even more complex operations and can be more
efficient than two-address instructions since they allow for three
operands to be processed in a single instruction. They also allow for
a wide range of addressing modes.

Disadvantages of Zero-Address, One-Address, Two-

Address and Three-Address Instructions

Zero-address instructions

They can be limited in their functionality and do not allow for much
flexibility in terms of addressing modes or operand types.

One-address instructions

They can be slower to execute since they require operand fetching

and addressing.

Two-address instructions

They require more memory space than one-address instructions

 and can be slower to execute since they require operand fetching
and addressing.

Three-address instructions

They require even more memory space than two-address

instructions and can be slower to execute since they require
operand fetching and addressing.

Overall, the choice of instruction format depends on the specific

requirements of the computer architecture and the trade-offs
between code size, execution time, and flexibility.

FAQs On Computer Organization Instruction Formats

1. Does Instruction Format affects Efficiency of Machines?

Answer:

Instruction Format has several impact on Instruction Execution,

Memory Usage and Density of Code. It requires fewer mwmory
access, that ultimately results in faster execution.

2. Does single architecture supports multiple Instruction Format?

Answer:

It is possiible for some architectures to allow multiple instruction

format to run parallely. There can be variable length instruction
encoding or different addressing modes.
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Machine Instructions Difference between 2-address

instruction and 1-address
instructions

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