Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________

chapter 8

1. The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger self-
enhancement motivations are associated with

a. high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires.

b. more objective responses when evaluating one’s positive characteristics.
c. perceptions that the self is average in relation to others.
d. greater use of upward social comparison.
e. weaker self-serving biases.

2. Which of the following people is displaying a self-serving bias?

a. Joan, who remembers more of her past failures than her past successes
b. Jeannette, who ignores negative feedback about her academic performance
c. James, who perceives himself as well above average in creativity, considerateness,
and loyalty
d. Jill, who has high self-esteem
e. Jacob, who has low self-esteem

3. You are on a committee tasked with hiring new employees. Given what you know
about the self-serving bias, you are concerned that applicants may exaggerate
their qualifications in their application or during their interview. What can you do to
prevent applicants’ self-serving biases from influencing the interview process?

a. Ask applicants to complete a questionnaire rating their qualifications during the

application process, then ask the same questions during the interview to see if
applicants are providing consistent ratings.
b. Focus your attention to how applicants discuss their weaknesses, and place less
importance on their descriptions of their strengths.
c. Focus your attention on qualifications that are clearly observable and backed up by
concrete evidence.
 d. Ask applicants to complete a self-esteem questionnaire, then only invite candidates
with high self-esteem to interview.
e. Ask applicants to complete a self-esteem questionnaire, then only invite candidates
with low self-esteem to interview.

4. Raquel recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following strategies
should she AVOID if her goal is to engage in self-enhancement?

a. disregard the importance of sociology

b. blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam
c. think about how the student with the lowest score in class did
d. focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well
e. compare herself with how the best student in her class did

5. Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who
self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test?

a. “Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics.”
b. “I failed this chemistry test, so I have to study even harder in this class.”
c. “This test was fair; I just didn’t work hard enough.”
d. “Chemistry is still very important to me.”
e. “Lex did so well! I need to work hard to be more like him.”

6. If a person basks in the reflected glory of his or her group, which of the following is
most likely?

a. The person will not engage in self-serving biases.

b. The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit.
c. The person has a prevention orientation.
d. The person has an entity theory of the world.
e. The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.

7. Which of the following statements about cultural variation in self-enhancement

motivations is FALSE?

a. Research has found cultural differences in the percentage of people who report having
high self-esteem.
 b. Research has found cultural differences in the percentage of success versus failure
memories that people recall.
c. Research has found evidence for cultural differences in self-enhancement among both
children and adults.
d. Research has found that some collectivistic cultures display levels of self-
enhancement comparable to those found in individualistic cultures.
e. Research has found evidence for cultural similarities in the degree to which people
enhance the qualities of their relationship partners and groups.

8. Do East Asians really self-enhance less than North Americans? Research has
examined a number of alternative explanations. These include all of the following
EXCEPT

a. East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans but Western biases in our
research methods prevent us from seeing these motivations.
b. East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans but only when researchers
measure traits that are important to East Asians.
c. East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans and studies that say
otherwise are flawed because they aren’t measuring people’s true feelings and are
instead inadvertently measuring cultural norms for describing oneself.
d. East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans if researchers go beyond
measuring adult college students and also study children and groups with less
traditional educational experiences.
e. All of these alternative explanations were discussed in the textbook.

9. Tara is studying self-enhancement in South Korea compared to the United States.

Her results suggest that Americans describe themselves more positively on a
variety of personality dimensions than do South Koreans, but she is worried that
this effect isn’t real and that what is really happening is that the South Korean
participants feel compelled to be modest. Do you think this alternative explanation
is credible?

a. Not really: If Tara’s study examines a wide range of personality dimensions, the study
is comprehensive enough that the findings are likely an accurate reflection of South
Korean’s self-enhancement motivations.
b. Not really: If Tara’s study ensures anonymity, and uses indirect measures of self-
enhancement, the findings from past research suggest it is unlikely that her
participants feel compelled to hide their self-enhancement motivations.
c. Yes: Research shows that East Asians regularly portray that they are more modest
than they really are and that Westerners regularly boast about their positive qualities
even when they do not feel very positive about themselves.
 d. Yes: Research shows that cultural norms are more important than internal feelings
among East Asians, so it makes sense that Tara’s South Korean participants would
rather report being modest than report positive feelings about the self.
e. I don’t know: The existing research is mixed and more research needs to be
conducted before a firm conclusion can be drawn.

10. The self-serving bias is ________. This explains why Spencer, an American
college student, is likely to recall more ________ compared to Hirohito, a
Japanese college student, who is likely to recall more ________.

a. more common among Westerners than East Asians; failure memories; success
memories
b. more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure
memories
c. more common among East Asians than Westerners; failure memories; success
memories
d. more common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure
memories
e. equally common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure
memories

11. Ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell a used book that he’s had for a decade.
Kent, an American student, wants to sell the same book, which he has also owned
for a decade. They price their respective books depending on how much they think
the books are worth. The books themselves are valued at $50. Which of the
following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be?

a. Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50

b. Ichiro: $70; Kent: $30
c. Ichiro: $20; Kent: $20
d. Ichiro: $30; Kent: $70
e. Ichiro: $70; Kent: $70

12. Recall that the textbook describes several different explanations for the origins of
cultural differences in self-enhancement motivation. How is the Protestant
Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much?
 a. The Christian doctrine that all of God’s creations should be respected requires that
people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive
terms.
b. Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves.
c. Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one’s faults. The
shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults.
d. People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this
leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light.
e. None of these statements is relevant.

13. Calvin is a Protestant Christian who believes in predestination. Which of the

following statements accurately describes how Calvin’s religious beliefs influence
how he perceives himself and his chances of going to heaven after he dies?

a. “I engage in good deeds, therefore I know I am a good person and will likely go to
heaven.”
b. “I experience a lot of positive outcomes in my life. This means that God thinks I am a
good person and that I will go to heaven.”
c. “I treat others like I would like to be treated. This makes me a better person and more
likely to go to heaven instead of hell.”
d. “I am modest enough to know that there is a possibility that I may not be good enough
to get into heaven.”
e. “Since other people view me as a good person, God probably does too. This means
that I am likely to go to heaven.”

14. Which of the following statements is MOST likely to encourage self-enhancing

motivations?

a. “You can only rely on yourself, so you better be good enough.”

b. “The path you travel in life is yours, and yours alone.”
c. “From the moment you are born, you are connected to others.”
d. “You always have people to turn to in times of need. You are never really alone.”
e. “It is better to be overly positive about your future than overly negative.”

15. Which of the following statements is TRUE about face?

a. People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities.

b. All people have roughly the same amount of face.
c. Face is more easily lost than it is gained.
 d. Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem.
e. The importance of face is unrelated to collectivism.

16. Choong-hyun is motivated to maintain face, especially among his co-workers.

Consequently, Choong-hyun is also motivated to

a. ensure that he views himself positively.

b. ensure that his coworkers view him positively.
c. avoid spending time with his co-workers.
d. try to spend more time with his co-workers.
e. engage in behaviors that show that he is an average person and no better than
anyone else.

17. Your mother adopts a prevention orientation in her parenting. Which of the
following statements reflects this?

a. When you bring home an A- on an assignment, your mother rewards you with a treat.
b. When you get an A- on an exam, your mother encourages you to review the questions
you missed.
c. When you get average grades on your report card, your mother pushes you to think
about how you are going to achieve your academic goals.
d. When you fail an exam, your mother responds with warmth and support and does not
criticize your abilities.
e. When you are studying for a big exam, your mother encourages you to “think
positively” and “envision succeeding.”

18. Kosuke is a Japanese student who has just won a drawing competition. Jack is a
Canadian student who has also just won a drawing competition. Immediately after
their victories, they are asked to create another drawing. Compared to Kosuke,
what is Jack more likely to do?

a. spend more time drawing than Kosuke

b. stop drawing earlier than Kosuke
c. draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke
d. spend less time drawing than he would if he had not won
e. move on to a different task
19. Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement
orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to
encourage them both to persist when studying for their upcoming math exam is to
give

a. both students very difficult sample questions to study.

b. both students very easy sample questions to study.
c. Claudia very easy sample questions but give Hideki very difficult sample questions.
d. Claudia very difficult sample questions but give Hideki very easy sample questions.
e. both students a mixture of easy and difficult questions.

20. Hasan, an American college student, is enrolling in a cultural psychology course

next semester. He has to decide between two different sections of the course, with
two different professors. To help him make a decision, Hasan reads the reviews for
these professors on a popular college course review website. Based on research
on promotion and prevention orientation, which review is MOST consistent with
Hasan’s motivational orientation?

a. “Both Dr. A and Dr. B are great professors.”

b. “You should think carefully about which class you want to take. They both have their
downsides.”
c. “Dr. B really cares about her students and goes out of her way to help them succeed.”
d. “Dr. A’s exams are very difficult. She tests you on information that is not discussed in
class.”
e. “Dr. B has a monotone voice, which makes her class sessions super-boring.”

21. After studying abroad for a semester, Jing is excited to return home to China and
reconnect with her friends. She wants to ensure that her friends still view her
positively. What should Jing do to maintain face with her friends?

a. Brag to her friends about all the academic opportunities and awards she received
while studying abroad.
b. Compliment her friends a lot by drawing attention to their positive qualities.
c. Talk positively about China and negatively about her experiences while studying
abroad.
d. Demonstrate her high social status by purchasing and wearing name brand clothing.
e. View herself positively: If she is self-confident, her friends will notice her positive
qualities.
22. Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face?

a. Donna, who says, “I try to approach any opportunities that come my way.”
b. John, who says, “I really like to make myself feel good about myself.”
c. Michelle, who says, “I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening.”
d. Wolfgang, who says, “I cannot change who I am—I am who I am.”
e. Leon, who says, “I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am.”

23. A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a
mountain. The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the
mountain and continues on from the other side or simply tunnel through the
mountain. This person decides that people should not be pushed around by nature
and so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms best
describes this way of thinking?

a. secondary control
b. entity theory of the world
c. self-enhancement
d. incremental theory of the world
e. maintaining face

24. In Western cultures, ________. In East Asian cultures, ________.

a. individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world; the social world is
viewed as more changeable than individuals.
b. the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals are
viewed as more changeable than the social world.
c. individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; the social world is
viewed as more changeable than individuals.
d. individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; individuals are
viewed as more changeable than the social world.
e. the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals and the
social world are viewed as similarly changeable.

25. Which of the following is an example of secondary control?

a. You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so you do not have such a
busy time at the end of the term.
 b. You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the
following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule.
c. You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.
d. You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look good
on you.
e. You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.

26. Which of the following is the best example of primary control?

a. You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park.
b. You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong
preference for yellow.
c. You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their
favorite dish.
d. You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you
as much as you had hoped.
e. You buy a dog as a pet because you are allergic to cats.

27. Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate
fraud. The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets will
be that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to

a. recommend strong punishment of the agents.

b. view the real estate companies to be at fault.
c. predict similar events will happen in the future.
d. remove their assets from the companies involved.
e. perceive the agents as having exercised choice.

28. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on
cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

a. People from Japan report using primary control to pursue their goals, whereas North
Americans report using secondary control to pursue their goals.
b. People from collectivistic cultures are more likely to perceive groups as agents of
primary control than are people from individualistic cultures.
c. Both Japanese and U.S. participants report that primary control experiences feel more
powerful than secondary control experiences.
d. Both Japanese and U.S. participants report that secondary control experiences feel
forced; that is, participants feel compelled to adjust in these situations.
 e. Recent research shows that preventing a person from engaging in primary control
elicits anxiety among members of relatively collectivistic cultures.

29. Makayla is from the United States and Michiko is from Japan. Given what you
know about cultural influences on primary and secondary control, which of the
following statements describes these women best?

a. Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced
others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she influenced
versus adjusted to others.
b. Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to
others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to
versus influenced others.
c. Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to
others, whereas Michiko is equally likely to remember influencing and adjusting
situations.
d. Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they adjusted
to, versus influenced, others.
e. Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they
influenced, versus adjusted, to others.

30. Helen has lived in an Eastern, collectivistic culture her entire life. Which of the
following statements about Helen is consistent with your knowledge of cultural
influences on primary and secondary control?

a. When Helen and her friends disagree about what movies to watch or restaurants to
visit, Helen feels compelled to go along with her friends’ wishes and ends up feeling
frustrated and unhappy.
b. When Helen was a child, her mother gave her a lot of opportunities to choose how
they would spend their day and what food they would eat for dinner.
c. Although Helen likes yoga more than aerobics, she signs up for an aerobics class
because sessions are held at night, which is a more convenient time for her to attend.
d. Helen remembers several instances when she agrees to do her roommate’s chores,
but she does not recall being able to persuade her roommate to assist her with her
own chores.
e. At work, Helen stands out as a leader: She inspires her team to devote a lot of time
and energy to their projects so they are completed on time.
31. As a member of his college debate team, Marvin’s goal is the same as his
teammate’s goal: to win! In preparation for a major competition, Marvin’s coach
institutes several rules that will help the team members focus, including a rule to
abstain from drinking alcohol the night before the competition. If Marvin is from a
collectivist culture, how will he most likely respond to this rule?

a. “It is unfair for the coach to dictate how I can and can’t behave.”
b. “I had no say in this rule, so I won’t obey it.”
c. “I don’t like another person making a decision for me.”
d. “I appreciate my coach’s help and agree that this rule will help me focus.”
e. “I don’t mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately
benefits me too.”

32. Siya, an Indian student starting her first year in college, is deciding on a major.
Which of the following factors is most likely to guide her decision-making process?

a. Her personal preferences: Siya is interested in health care, so she may major in
nursing or biomedical sciences.
b. Her past experiences: Siya struggled to earn a good grade in physics, so she won’t
major in that subject.
c. Advice from her parents: Siya’s parents expect her to pursue a professional career
after college, so she is considering a business major.
d. Advice from her friends: All her friends think that psychology is an enjoyable topic, so
Siya may choose this major.
e. Advice from her classmates: Several classmates from high school told Siya that
engineering majors tend to make high salaries after college.

33. You are a teacher who assesses your students’ science knowledge by having
them play one of many science games available on the computer, so you want
them to take this task seriously. Your class is comprised of Asian American and
European American children. How will you maximize their motivation to play these
science games?

a. Allow all the children to choose the game they want.

b. Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students but let the
European American students choose for themselves.
c. Let the mothers of the Asian American children choose the game for them and let the
classmates of the European American children choose for them.
d. Let the European American students choose for themselves and ask students from
another school to choose for the Asian American students.
 e. Let both the European American and the Asian American parents choose for their
children.

34. One frozen yogurt parlor has 10 flavors from which to choose (Parlor X. and
another parlor has more than 100 (Parlor Z). You ask people to choose which one
they want to patronize. Which of the following is most indicative of people’s
preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook?

a. Americans, like people from other Western cultures, will always prefer to go to Parlor
Z.
b. Europeans will prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do.
c. Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, in fact they will have a more
difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X.
d. Americans will prefer it if their significant others choose for them.
e. Europeans will have no preference for either parlor.

35. At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, “Based on Iyengar and
colleagues’ work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger
preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices
for themselves.” Do you agree?

a. No: Asian Americans prefer choices that are made for them by an ingroup member but
not by an outgroup member.
b. No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have
someone else choose for them.
c. Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of
who that person is because they are high in agreeableness.
d. Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of
who that person else is, because they are high in collectivism.
e. No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.

36. Charlotte, an American student from the United States, and her friend Chanda,
who is from India, are talking with each other about their college academic
advisors. They realize that they have both received the same advice from their
advisors: they should take more statistics courses than their major requires. Given
what you know about cultural influences on choice, how is each woman likely to
respond to her advisor’s advice?
 a. Charlotte: “My advisor is only saying this because it will benefit her and the college if I
spend more money on extra coursework”; Chanda: “My advisor is helping me be more
competitive for graduate school by sharing this strategy.”
b. Charlotte: “I’m going to follow this advice even though I don’t like it because it is too
much work”; Chanda: “I’m going to follow this advice because I like this advice: It will
enhance my skills.”
c. Charlotte: “If I follow this advice it will help me improve my critical thinking skills”;
Chanda: “If I follow this advice it will limit my ability to hone other skills in other
courses.”
d. Charlotte: “I am going to follow this advice because I don’t have much experience
making academic choices on my own”; Chanda: “ I am not going to follow this advice
because it differs from my personal preferences.”
e. Charlotte: “I trust that my advisor is providing this advice because she knows what is
best for me”; Chanda: “I worry that my advisor is only providing this advice because
that is what the university wants her to say.”

37. As you recall, researchers have conducted a number of studies examining how
people from the United States and India experience choice differently. Which of the
following statements is INCORRECT regarding these research findings?

a. Relative to North Americans, Indians report that they have less free choice in their
lives.
b. Relative to North Americans, Indians respond less negatively when they are prevented
from making their own choices.
c. Relative to North Americans, Indians are more likely to go along with the advice they
received from someone else.
d. Relative to North Americans, choices made by Indians are guided less by personal
preferences and more by an authority figure’s expectations.
e. Relative to North Americans, Indians perceive themselves as making more choices,
even in research studies where the two groups receive the same number of
opportunities to make choices.

38. Research conducted on East and West Germany found that

a. West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans.
b. although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than
West Germans.
c. East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas
West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families.
d. East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans.
 e. East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than
West Germans.

39. When studying socioeconomic influences on choice, researchers hypothesize that

working-class adults will perceive and experience choice differently than upper-
middle-class adults. What is the rationale for this hypothesis?

a. Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus upper-middle-

class) adults experience fewer opportunities to make choices and more situations
where there are constraints on their personal choices.
b. Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus upper-middle-
class) adults care less about making choices in daily life.
c. Because of their relatively higher income, upper-middle-class (versus working-
class) adults have a lot more friends, and thus more opportunities to make choices.
d. Because of their relatively longer work hours, upper-middle-class (versus working-
class) adults have fewer opportunities to make choices in daily life, so they are very
excited to make choices when the opportunity arises.
e. Because of their relatively longer work hours, working-class (versus upper-middle-
class) adults spend less time with family, and thus experience fewer social constraints
on their choices.

40. According to Kim and Markus’s (1999) study, working-class Americans liked the
pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-
middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose. This can be
explained by

a. upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than

working-class Americans.
b. working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class
Americans.
c. working-class Americans having more of a promotion orientation than upper-middle-
class Americans.
d. upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-
class Americans.
e. working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middle-class
Americans.

41. When it comes to making choices, working-class and upper-middle-class

Americans differ in that
 a. working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to
express themselves through their choices.
b. working-class Americans prefer making choices among a small set of options,
whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer making choices from a relatively larger
set of options.
c. upper-middle-class Americans think more deliberately and thus take longer to make a
decision compared to working-class Americans.
d. upper-middle-class Americans are more satisfied with choices they make for
themselves compared to choices made for them by others, whereas working-class
Americans are satisfied with choices regardless of who makes the choice.
e. working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to
experience “choice overload” and are consequently more willing to allow other people
to make their choices for them.

42. In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like
garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the
people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the
best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her
judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture.
Based on the results obtained using Asch’s paradigm across cultures, what do you
expect to happen in this case?

a. Participants from the individualistic culture will most likely not say that the garbage dish
is the best one.
b. Participants from both cultures will be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the
best one.
c. Participants from the individualistic culture will be more likely to say that the garbage
dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends.
d. A lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the
best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same.
e. No participants from either culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one.

43. A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is
allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All the cars are of the same make,
model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one
of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the
two colors, making the minority color very rare. Given this scenario, which of the
following statements is true?

a. East Asians will choose their cars randomly.

 b. Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors.
c. East Asians will choose minority-colored cars.
d. Americans will choose minority-colored cars.
e. East Asians will choose white cars.

44. You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to
create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea.
Based on Kim and Markus’s (1999) research on advertisements in Korea and the
United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your
commercial?

a. “No need for stockpiled money—Condo X is cheap and affordable!”

b. “Condo X—there’s nothing else quite like it.”
c. “The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it.”
d. “This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style.”
e. “Need a place to live? Try our condo!”

45. Kelly and Misha, two aspiring singers, are watching the MTV Video Music Awards
together and looking at the music charts. Kelly compares herself to Adele (Kelly
thinks she is worse than Adele), while Misha compares herself to Ariana Grande
(Misha thinks she is better than Ariana Grande). Name and define the processes in
which Kelly and Misha have engaged, respectively. Then, draw a graph that shows
Kelly’s and Misha’s self-esteem before and after they make their comparisons.
Assume that Kelly and Misha started out with the same level of self-esteem.

46. In a religious pamphlet being handed out to students on campus, the writer
suggests that people in the United States report having high self-esteem because
Protestantism, especially the concept of predestination, was part of the country’s
early foundations and has thus become ingrained within U.S. culture. Do you agree
or disagree with this pamphlet? Why or why not? What other explanations can
account for cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement motivation?

47. You work at your university’s tutoring center, and given your background in cultural
psychology,
 you are frequently assigned to tutor students studying abroad from various cultures
around the world. Describe how your understanding of cultural influences on face
and self-improvement could guide the motivational strategies you use to
encourage your international students from collectivistic cultures to persist at
studying for an upcoming exam.

48. Jessica and Jonathan are best friends. Jessica is very individualistic, while
Jonathan is very collectivistic. Based on research regarding primary and secondary
control, draw a graph for each person that shows the relationship between the
amount of anxiety they will feel based on how much personal control they have in
any given situation.

49. Your school’s counseling department emphasizes the importance of convincing

people to gain control by asserting themselves in their environment. Regardless of
one’s cultural background, everyone feels a greater sense of power when
changing the environment to suit him- or herself. Based on empirical research, do
you agree with your counseling department’s perspective? Why or why not?

50. Xiao Mao is an interdependent Chinese American child in elementary school, and
Kitty is an independent Canadian child. They are in the mall with their fathers
picking out board games as presents. How would their motivations to play the
board games compare if they chose the games themselves versus if their fathers
chose the games for them? Draw a graph to demonstrate the pattern of results that
you would expect.

51. What drives people to stand out or conform? Stated another way, what are some
possible explanations for why individualistic and collectivistic cultures differently
encourage motivations for uniqueness and conformity?
Answer Key

chapter 8

1. Answer: A

2. Answer: C

3. Answer: C

4. Answer: E

5. Answer: A

6. Answer: B

7. Answer: E

8. Answer: D

9. Answer: B

10. Answer: B

11. Answer: E

12. Answer: D

13. Answer: B

14. Answer: A

15. Answer: C

16. Answer: B

17. Answer: B

18. Answer: A

19. Answer: C

20. Answer: C
21. Answer: D

22. Answer: C

23. Answer: E

24. Answer: B

25. Answer: C

26. Answer: D

27. Answer: B

28. Answer: C

29. Answer: B

30. Answer: D

31. Answer: E

32. Answer: C

33. Answer: B

34. Answer: C

35. Answer: A

36. Answer: A

37. Answer: E

38. Answer: E

39. Answer: A

40. Answer: B

41. Answer: D

42. Answer: D

43. Answer: D
44. Answer: C

45. Answer: Kelly engaged in upward social comparison, or the act of comparing oneself to
someone who is doing better than him- or herself. Misha engaged in downward
social comparison, or the act of comparing oneself to someone who is doing
more poorly than him- or herself. The graph should resemble the following

figure.

46. Answer: Answers will vary. In general, the rationale and evidence described in the
textbook are supportive of this position. Alternative explanations include: (a)
people learn self-enhancement from their culture, especially their parents’
beliefs and child-rearing strategies and (b) self-enhancement stems from
cultural messages that emphasize individual beliefs and self-sufficiency or
cultural norms for providing more positive feedback.

47. Answer: Answers will vary. There should be an emphasis on references to saving face
via prevention orientations and persisting after a prior failure (versus success).

48. Answer: Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.

49. Answer: Answers will vary.

50. Answer: Xiao Mao will be more motivated to play with a board game chosen by her
father than by herself. The opposite would be true of Kitty. The graph will

resemble the following:

51. Answer: Answers will vary. The textbook emphasizes that independent self-views may
emphasize uniqueness motivations, whereas interdependent self-views may
emphasize fitting in (or belonging) motivations. Additionally, there are social
costs to dissenting (not conforming) across cultures, but these may be greater
in collectivistic cultures, which may explain why people from collectivistic
cultures are less likely to stand out and more likely to conform with their
behavior.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________

chapter 9

1. Considering analytic and holistic thinkers, which one does not belong: a human, a
giraffe, or a car?

a. analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car

b. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human
c. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
d. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car
e. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe

2. Analytic and holistic thinking differ in that analytic thinking involves ________ and
holistic thinking involves ________.

a. focusing on the whole context; focusing on the specific objects in a context

b. focusing on people in a context; focusing on nonhuman objects in a context
c. understanding objects in terms of their component parts; understanding objects in
terms of their important features
d. thinking about the relationships among objects; thinking about the relationships
between objects and their contexts
e. gaining knowledge by applying fixed, abstract concepts; gaining knowledge through
experience

3. Whereas analytic thinking is related to ________, holistic thinking is related to

________.

a. thematic categorization; taxonomic categorization

b. independent self-views; interdependent self-views
c. collectivistic worldviews; individualistic worldviews
d. situational attributions; dispositional attributions
e. field dependence; field independence.
4. Holistic thinking involves

a. understanding an object in terms of its attributes.

b. perceiving objects as separate from their contexts.
c. focusing on the connections between objects and their surroundings.
d. applying abstract rules or principles to understand the world.
e. identifying the different parts of an object.

5. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the historical underpinnings

of analytic and holistic thinking?

a. Philosophical traditions in Greece emphasized that people are disconnected from their
physical and social environments and thus encouraged a more analytic way of thinking
about the world.
b. Confucius argued that the world is a collection of distinct people, places, and things, a
perspective on the world that encouraged a more holistic way of thinking.
c. Plato and Aristotle perceived objects as possessing specific properties that defined
them and their actions, a perspective that encouraged a more analytic way of thinking.
d. Analytic thinking is common in the West today because 2,000 years ago the Greeks
had a less developed philosophical tradition than the Chinese.
e. Holistic thinking is common in the East today because 2,000 years ago, the Chinese
had a less developed scientific tradition than the Greeks.

6. During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony
Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face
and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles,
which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?

a. Both East Asians and Westerners will blame Tony’s family problems.
b. East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems and Westerners will blame Tony’s nasty
personality.
c. East Asians will blame Tony’s nasty personality and Westerners will blame Tony’s
family problems.
d. Both East Asians and Westerners will blame Tony’s nasty personality.
e. East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s
teammates.

7. Imagine viewing an image of a fish tank containing two red fish, a zebra-striped
fish, and pink rocks and sand on the floor of the tank. You view and study this
 image for 2 minutes before it is removed. Which of the following statements is most
true of you if you are field dependent?

a. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in a different underwater scene, you will
have difficulty recognizing the fish.
b. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in the same underwater scene, you will
have difficulty recognizing the fish.
c. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish without any background underwater scene,
you will have difficulty recognizing the fish.
d. If asked to recall the image later in the day, you will have difficulty remembering the
color of the rocks and sand.
e. If asked to recall the image later in the day, the first information you will recall will be
the colors of the fish.

8. A person participates in a study that uses the rod-and-frame test to assess

attentional style. Which of the following results is most likely to occur for a person
with a field dependent attentional style?

a. They erroneously state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is rotated
slightly.
b. They erroneously state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is also straight.
c. They accurately state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is rotated
significantly.
d. They accurately state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is rotated slightly.
e. They accurately state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is also straight.

9. Sheila is an elementary school art teacher. Sheila is looking through her students’
paintings to determine which paintings to display on the wall for the upcoming
holiday party. If Sheila has a field-independent attentional style, as opposed to a
field-dependent attentional style, she will

a. be more likely to notice that many of her students painted pictures of beaches and
sandcastles.
b. be more likely to notice that students who painted a house also painted a tree in the
same picture.
c. spend more time studying the background of the paintings.
d. focus her attention on whether a painting includes specific objects, such as cats and
dogs.
e. shift her gaze a great deal between different features of the painting and the
background.
10. An American student, Ronald, and his friend from China, Rui, are looking up at the
clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all
grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes
that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style,
which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?

a. Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than
Ronald.
b. Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in
general.
c. Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who
will base his answers more on a single cloud.
d. Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane
answers.
e. Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more
black-and-white.

11. Two computer science majors, Janet, who is from the United States, and Lan, who
is from China, are each creating a website for their final project. Given what you
know about how culture influences the presentation of complex information, which
of the following outcomes would you be most likely to expect regarding this
website?

a. Janet’s website will include fewer advertisements than Lan’s website.

b. Janet’s website will include more links than Lan’s website.
c. Janet’s website will include less written text than Lan’s website.
d. Janet’s website will include fewer images than Lan’s website.
e. The text on Janet’s website will be larger than the text on Lan’s website.

12. Which of the following people is most likely to show a field-independent attentional
style?

a. Alex, who is a very extraverted person

b. Amy, a farmer that shares her farmland with two other families in her community
c. Aisha, who has lived her entire life in a hunter-gatherer society
d. Allan, who is training to be a rabbi in the Jewish religion
e. Akira, who was born and raised in Japan
13. A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both
looking at a painting of a group of adults standing behind a child in the middle
foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what
would you find?

a. Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting but become more
similar over time attending to the people.
b. William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
c. Weiwei and William describe the painting differently but they are actually looking at the
people quite similarly.
d. William spends more time gazing at the child than does Weiwei.
e. The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to
Weiwei.

14. You are volunteering at a hospital that provides art therapy to children. You are
working with Miles, a child from South Korea, who draws a picture depicting his
family members playing outside in front of their home. Given what you know about
cultural differences in attention and artistic preferences, you expect that Mile’s
picture will

a. have a lower horizon, such that Miles colors green grass along the bottom edge of the
paper.
b. use a wide variety of colors, especially when depicting the clothing people are wearing.
c. have more objects in the background, such as fences, roads, or other houses.
d. include several natural features, like trees, mountains, and ponds.
e. depict his family as disproportionately large figures compared to other objects in the
scene, such as the house.

15. Maria perceives the world around her as an integrated whole. This suggests that
Maria is a(n) ________, who would also attend to ________.

a. analytic thinker; central figures in a scene

b. analytic thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene
c. holistic thinker; central figures in a scene
d. holistic thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene
e. attentional thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene
16. Last week you went on a date with someone you met through a mutual friend. At
the end of the date, you both agreed that you would like to meet again. However,
your date has not responded to any of your text messages. You think that your
date is merely busy with work, but your roommate thinks your date is too scared to
explicitly tell you they are no longer interested in dating you. Which of the following
best describes your response to the situation?

a. You are thinking your date in a dialectical way.

b. You are thinking about your date in an analytic way.
c. You are thinking about your date in a holistic way.
d. You are making a dispositional attribution.
e. You are making a situational attribution.

17. Which of the following statements reflects a dispositional attribution?

a. “She did what she felt was right.”

b. “Her behavior was beyond her control.”
c. “She did what her boss requested of her.”
d. “She went along with the crowd.”
e. “She didn’t have a choice in the matter.”

18. Megan’s baby is crying and she is trying to understand why. Megan would be
making the fundamental attribution error if she were to conclude that her baby

a. has a cranky temperament.

b. has a cranky temperament while disregarding the fact that the baby has a soiled
diaper.
c. has a cranky temperament while disregarding the fact that that the baby may have
inherited that cranky temperament from her.
d. has an easygoing temperament.
e. has an easygoing temperament but that the baby is temporarily uncomfortable
because of a soiled diaper.

19. Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan
Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT that

a. Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they age.

b. cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
c. Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
 d. Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they
age.
e. All of these statements are true.

20. Michael writes for the school newspaper. His editor often assigns him topics to
write about and specifies what position Michael should take on the topic. Michael’s
girlfriend, Brittany, knows this but still criticizes Michael after reading an article in
which he advocates raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is
committing the fundamental attribution error, which means that she did which of
the following?

a. Brittany assumed that Michael was not really in favor of the tuition increase and
agreed that Michael only wrote the article because the editor asked him to write it.
b. Brittany thought that Michael was behaving in a contradictory way by writing a pro–
tuition increase article while believing the opposite.
c. Brittany thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increases depended on the
perspectives of people around him.
d. Brittany ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article and
asserted that Michael wrote it only because he is personally in favor of tuition increase.
e. Brittany thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increases was due to both
situational and dispositional attributions, in equal amounts.

21. Carry made a friend named Martina while in college. Martina’s boyfriend likes to go
to bars to drink and makes Martina go there with him. Carry knows that Martina’s
boyfriend makes her go to the bars but still thinks Martina goes because she likes
to. The term that best describes Carry’s thoughts is

a. situational attributions.
b. articulatory suppression.
c. naïve dialecticism.
d. fundamental attribution error.
e. dispositional attributions.

22. Sybil was born and raised in the United States, and Yuchin was born and raised in
China. Sybil and Yuchin are eating dinner together at their favorite restaurant, but
are disappointed by the poor service. Based on what you know about cultural
differences in attribution, Sybil is likely to think ________, whereas Yuchin is likely
to think ________.
 a. “Our waiter is so rude!”; “Why did this restaurant hire such a slow waiter?”
b. “Our waiter lacks the skills needed to work at this restaurant”; “Our waiter must have
too many tables to serve”
c. “We would have gotten better service if we had come on a Monday”; “I wonder if our
meals were especially difficult to make”
d. “The cooks must be new”; “The incompetent waiter is ruining our meal”
e. “The waiter’s poor service affects this entire dining experience”; “I would rather dine at
this restaurant than dine somewhere unfamiliar”

23. Several classmates are leaving the library when they notice a woman tossing her
books in her backpack and crying. Which of the following people is most likely to
explain this behavior by making a situational attribution?

a. Kate, who is very extraverted

b. Victoria, who was born and raised in Canada
c. Elizabeth, who is a devout Protestant Christian
d. Mary, who was raised in a working-class family
e. Anne, who is a dialectic thinker

24. Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

a. field dependence.
b. high horizons in drawings.
c. family resemblance reasoning.
d. None of these answers is correct.
e. dispositional attributions.

25. Two health psychology researchers, Marie from North America and Zhiyong from
China, are studying rates of death from drug overdoses. Their research shows that
deaths from drug overdoses have increased significantly in Culture X over the past
10 years. Marie and Zhiyong are trying to predict whether such deaths will
increase, decrease, or stay the same in the future. Which of the following
predictions is most likely?

a. Both Marie and Zhiyong will predict that death rates will increase over the next 10
years.
b. Both Marie and Zhiyong will predict that death rates will decrease over the next 10
years.
 c. Both Marie and Zhiyong will predict that death rates will stay at their current position
over the next 10 years.
d. Whereas Marie will predict that death rates will continue to increase over the next 10
years, Zhiyong will predict that death rates will decrease.
e. Whereas Marie will predict that death rates will decrease over the next 10 years,
Zhiyong will predict that death rates will continue to increase.

26. Maris is preparing to apply to graduate programs this December, and she has
asked two of her professors to give her advice on her personal statement.
Professor Markus said, “You talk too much about your personal life in your
statement,” whereas Professor Sedikides said, “You should talk more about your
personal life in your statement.” As a dialectic thinker born and raised in China,
how do you think Maris will respond to this contradictory feedback?

a. Maris will respond negatively and experience a lot of anxiety and distress.
b. Maris will respond negatively and completely disregard the piece of information she
disagrees with most.
c. Maris will respond positively and think the contradiction is an interesting puzzle to
resolve.
d. Maris won’t have much of an emotional reaction in response to the contradictory
information.
e. Maris will be confused by the contradictory information and will seek out a third
opinion.

27. Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong
argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a
Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive
the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the
arguments if they are both presented to him?

a. Zhang will be less confident that either argument is true.

b. Zhang will become more convinced that each argument is true.
c. Zhang will become less convinced that Horatio’s argument is true and more convinced
that Gil’s argument is true.
d. Zhang will become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.
e. Zhang will become more convinced that Horatio’s argument is true but less convinced
that Gil’s argument is true.
28. Ayumi is a Japanese student and Alice is a European Canadian student. They are
both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-
descriptions. Given what you know about cultural influences on tolerating
contradictions, which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?

a. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different
situations.
b. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
c. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as
intelligence.
d. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
e. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

29. A person who takes a dialectical view on life is LEAST likely to say,

a. “When faced with contradictory information, a person needs to decide what is right and
what is wrong.”
b. “Sometimes I am very honest but sometimes I can be very dishonest.”
c. “Having high self-esteem can have both positive and negative consequences.”
d. “People should accept that reality is constantly changing.”
e. “What a person is currently experiencing may be very different from his or her past or
future experiences.”

30. The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in
organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic
chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students’
performance?

a. East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally
articulate their thinking process but their performance will be relatively unaffected if
they recite their own names repeatedly.
b. Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally
articulate their thinking process or recite their own names repeatedly.
c. Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian
students on the problems.
d. Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on
the problems.
e. Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly
on them.
31. Which of the following statements is consistent with findings from research studies
examining cultural influences on talking and thinking?

a. Miko, a mother from Japan, speaks to her infant daughter less than does Mabel, a
mother from the United States.
b. Rushi, who is from China, finds that he can recognize people more easily when he
verbally describes their faces when they first meet.
c. Fengmian, a Chinese college student, will perform an academic task better if he can
express his thoughts as he completes it, as opposed to staying silent.
d. Jane, an American college student, will perform an academic task better if she can
express her thoughts as she completes it, as opposed to staying silent.
e. Fen, a Chinese infant, vocalizes more than Marcus, a European Canadian infant,
when the two are playing with stuffed animals at their daycare center.

32. You work at your university’s tutoring center, where you are tutoring two students
taking the same Nursing course: Kimberly, a European American student, and
Meilin, an Asian American student. Both students are studying for a first aid exam
where they will be required to assess and treat different types of injuries by
applying a multi-step process. Given what you know about cultural differences in
thinking aloud, what study advice would you give to each student?

a. You would encourage both Kimberly and Meilin to verbally describe each step of the
process as they apply it.
b. You would encourage both Kimberly and Meilin to not express their thoughts out loud
but rather to remain silent while applying the multi-step process.
c. You would encourage Kimberly to verbally describe how she is assessing and treating
each injury but you would encourage Meilin to remain silent as she assesses and
treats each injury.
d. You would encourage Kimberly to remain silent as she assesses and treats each injury
but you would encourage Meilin to verbally describe how she is assessing and treating
each injury.
e. You would encourage Kimberly to perform the multi-step process without any
distractions whereas you would encourage Meilin to perform the multi-step process
while distracting herself by thinking about something else.

33. Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between talking
and thinking? Eastern cultural traditions emphasize that talking and thinking

a. are closely related, such that more talking reflects more thinking.
b. are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only when
people are knowledgeable about the topic at hand.
 c. are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only when
people are not distracted by other verbal tasks.
d. are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only among
people that are typically silent and only verbalize their thoughts when something is
important to them.
e. are unrelated, such that more talking does not necessarily reflect more thinking.

34. With which of the following is a low-context culture most closely associated?

a. implicit communication
b. entity theory of the self
c. explicit communication
d. incremental theory of self
e. incremental theory of the world

35. Your roommate is from a high-context culture. As a result, which of the following is
most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?

a. You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but
she says, “I guess so,” with a very subtle disapproving expression.
b. Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, “I will think
about it,” because you are unsure.
c. Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she
leaves you a note on your door to let you know.
d. You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling
you exactly what she is thinking, providing the whole context so you can understand.
e. Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to
tell you.

36. Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural
differences in communication style?

a. Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only
by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other.
b. Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend Tanaka because Tanaka’s cell phone
is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka’s voice mail.
c. Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing,
more so than his American friend Claudia.
 d. Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his
friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.
e. Tetsuya, who is Japanese, focuses more on the meaning of a speaker’s words,
whereas his American friend Mike focuses more on the speaker’s tone of voice.

37. Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in
parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of
reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to
describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural
difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in
the size of reindeer-related vocabulary?

a. English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer.
b. Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers.
c. English speakers have less numerical cognitive ability than do Saami speakers.
d. Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.
e. English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.

38. A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal

sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes
from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant?

a. His native language has a writing system that goes from left to right.
b. He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west.
c. He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.
d. He uses two spatial markers on his body—his head and his feet—to indicate how time
passes.
e. He conceptualizes time as going from east to west and is facing north.

39. Color terms from different cultures around the world

a. vary in arbitrary ways.

b. are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green
spectrum.
c. vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other
cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.
d. all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.
e. do not consistently contain a word for “black.”
40. Bagiai is a member of the Piraha culture, which has a smaller numerical system
than large-scale Western cultures. Bagiai is hunting and comes across a group of
10 tapirs (large pig-like mammals). He kills 2 to take back to his camp. If Bagiai
were asked, “How many tapir remain alive?” how would he answer this question
and why?

a. Bagiai would say, “8 tapir remain alive” because people from all cultures have terms
for numbers up to the number 10.
b. Bagiai would say, “8 tapir remain alive” because his cultural concept of numbers allows
for basic addition and subtraction.
c. Bagiai would say, “Many tapir remain alive” because while he is able to provide rough
estimates of quantity, his language does not include precise terms for numbers larger
than 2.
d. Bagiai would say, “Many tapir remain alive” because his culture is high-context and
explicit communication is less necessary, given the large degree of shared information
within the community.
e. Bagiai would say, “I don’t know how many tapir remain alive” because his numerical
vocabulary is limited and there only exists language to represent the addition and
subtraction of 1, not 2.

41. Given the cross-cultural research on odor perception, which person would perform
the best on an odor identification task?

a. Person V, who is highly accurate when identifying colors

b. Person W, who is from a highly industrialized culture
c. Person X, who is from a small-scale, tribal culture
d. Person Y, whose culture has a large vocabulary of color words
e. Person Z, whose culture has a large vocabulary of odor words

42. People who speak ________ are more likely to use ________ when describing an
unintentional action, and consequently they will be ________ accurate when
identifying the person that engaged in the action.

a. English; active voice; less

b. Spanish; passive voice; less
c. English; passive voice; more
d. Spanish; passive voice; more
e. Spanish; active voice; more
43. You are visiting your friend Shirley and she is giving you directions to the
neighborhood grocery store. Which of the following statements is accurate if
Shirley thinks about space in absolute terms?

a. “Take a left on Kangaroo St., then a left on Koala Ave.”

b. “Drive past the McDonald’s, then turn toward the KFC.”
c. “The grocery store is east of the bank and north of the soccer field.”
d. “The grocery store will be on your right after you pass the high school.”
e. “You will drive 3.2 miles down Kangaroo St. and 1.8 miles down Koala Ave.”

44. Which cultural groups are the most likely to perceive colors differently?

a. Culture A, which has six color terms, and Culture B, which has seven color terms.
b. Culture E, which has a color term for yellow but not green, and Culture F, which has a
color term for green but not yellow.
c. Culture J, which calls green nol, and Culture K, which calls green burou.
d. Culture N, which describes the sky as blue, and Culture O, which describes a grassy
field as blue.
e. Culture S, which would categorize magenta as red, and Culture T, which could
categorize magenta as either red, purple, or pink.

45. A person says, “There is more space between the numbers 50 and 60 than
between the numbers 10 and 20.” This represents a ________ understanding of
numbers, which is common among ________.

a. linear; adults in industrialized cultures

b. linear; young children in industrialized cultures
c. logarithmic; adults in industrialized cultures
d. logarithmic; young children in industrialized cultures
e. logarithmic; both adults and children in industrialized cultures

46. How might different cultures have come to think so differently about their worlds?
Demonstrate your understanding of the origins of analytic and holistic thinking by
explaining their historical underpinnings and relationships to other cultural
concepts that reinforce them.
47. Draw a landscape scene containing at least a building, a tree, an animal, and the
moon. State whether your picture reflects the artistic approach more characteristic
of American or East Asian art, and identify and describe at least two features that
demonstrate this.

48. Eric and Andy are sitting on a park bench, watching people. They decide to play a
game in which they try to explain the behaviors of the people around them (e.g.,
why did that person kick the dog?). Given that Eric is an analytic thinker and Andy
is a holistic thinker, draw a graph that represents what proportion of their
attributions you expect to be dispositional attributions. For this question, just graph
the expected pattern of results; exact numbers are not important.

49. The following is a graph showing an increase in the popularity of the Spotify music
streaming service between the years 2013 and 2019. Complete the graph by
drawing two lines, one corresponding to what a dialectical person would predict will
happen between 2019 and 2025 and one corresponding to what a nondialectical
person would predict will happen between 2019 and 2025.

50. Your Math professor, Dr. Corey, requires that all students give a class presentation
where they solve a mathematical problem on the board and describe their
reasoning to the class as they write. Dr. Corey states that explicitly verbalizing
one’s reasoning helps students better understand how to solve the math problem.
 Based on research on cultural understandings of the association between talking
and thinking, do you agree with Dr. Corey’s assumption? Why or why not?

51. Why is implicit communication more common and comfortable in high-context

versus low-context cultures? Explain your rationale and support it with both an
anecdotal example and the findings from one research study.

52. A cognitive psychologist is teaching a course in which he teaches that humans

have cognitive abilities that exist at birth: It does not matter what language a
person speaks, because language has minimal impact on people’s psychology.
Critique this psychologist’s perspective by providing empirical evidence showing
three domains that are affected by the language that one speaks.
Answer Key

chapter 9

1. Answer: C

2. Answer: E

3. Answer: B

4. Answer: C

5. Answer: C

6. Answer: B

7. Answer: A

8. Answer: A

9. Answer: D

10. Answer: C

11. Answer: C

12. Answer: C

13. Answer: D

14. Answer: C

15. Answer: D

16. Answer: E

17. Answer: A

18. Answer: B

19. Answer: B

20. Answer: D
21. Answer: E

22. Answer: B

23. Answer: D

24. Answer: C

25. Answer: D

26. Answer: C

27. Answer: C

28. Answer: B

29. Answer: A

30. Answer: A

31. Answer: A

32. Answer: C

33. Answer: E

34. Answer: B

35. Answer: A

36. Answer: B

37. Answer: D

38. Answer: E

39. Answer: D

40. Answer: C

41. Answer: E

42. Answer: D

43. Answer: C
44. Answer: E

45. Answer: D

46. Answer: Answers will vary, but should include some reference to (a) Greek and Chinese
scientific and philosophical traditions, (b) social/situational experiences in
individualistic and collectivistic cultures, and (c) independent and
interdependent self-views.

47. Answer: Answers may vary.

48. Answer: Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.

49. Answer: The nondialectical line should be a linear continuation of the line. The dialectical
line should go in the opposite direction of the nondialectical line (i.e., negative
slope) or have a weaker slope.

50. Answer: Answers will vary but could include a discussion of the findings from Kim (2002;
see also Figure 9.13) with an emphasis on the finding that Asian American’s
performance on the IQ items declined when they were asked to talk aloud.

51. Answer: Answers may vary.

52. Answer: Answers will vary but may refer to the research evidence showing that language
influences how people perceive color (especially the categorical perception of
colors), odors, memory for unintentional behaviors, spatial perception of objects
and time, and/or numerical cognition.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________

chapter 10

1. Which of the following descriptions of an emotional experience is consistent with

the James-Lange theory of emotions?

a. Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he
sees her.
b. Ryan is happy because it is one of the basic emotions.
c. Ryan feels sadness because his longtime pet has just died.
d. Ryan feels excitement because his heart started racing after having held his breath for
a minute while under water in the pool.
e. Ryan thinks he feels fear instead of excitement because his heart started racing after
he encountered a shark during his dive and he knew that the shark was dangerous.

2. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes

an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

a. the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses
b. how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration on seeing his boss
c. the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences on seeing his boss
d. how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people
e. the disgust that Ed experiences on seeing his boss

3. Leslie is going on a date with Jessica. While planning the date, Leslie thinks, “I
really want Jessica to feel happy with me.” Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch
a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy because the film was so
funny but attributes her happiness to Leslie instead. Which of the following
explains Jessica’s attribution of her happiness to Leslie?

a. James-Lange theory of emotion

b. linguistic relativity of emotional experience
c. universal emotions
d. two-factor theory of emotions
 e. facial feedback hypothesis

4. Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store.
Upon seeing a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate
sped up. To Davina, an increased heart rate means that she is excited, so she
concluded that she must be feeling excited right now. A two-factor theorist would
________ with her conclusion because ________.

a. disagree; emotions cannot be determined solely from interpreting physiological

reactions
b. disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her physiological reactions
mean
c. disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited
d. agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement
e. agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them

5. Schachter and Singer’s (1962) study of emotions found that people

a. sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria.

b. attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.
c. who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions.
d. with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with
interdependent views of self.
e. have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and
their emotions.

6. Based on the results from Schachter and Singer’s (1962) experiment on the two-
factor theory of emotions, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel
the most agitated?

a. when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel angry

b. when he is with someone who is trying to make him feel euphoric
c. when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused
d. when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused
e. when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal
 7. Research suggests that the emotion of ________ is also universal but is
expressed with the whole body, not just the face.

a. contempt
b. pride
c. shame
d. interest
e. embarrassment

8. You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying
happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. You present these photographs to groups
of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to
identify which emotion is being expressed. Which of the following results is most
likely?

a. People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority
of the photographs.
b. People from all cultural groups will struggle to accurately identify emotions in the
photographs because they picture people from an unfamiliar culture.
c. People from the United States will accurately identify emotions in significantly more
photographs than people from Japan and Argentina.
d. People from Japan will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs
than people from Argentina and the United States.
e. People from Argentina will accurately identify emotions in significantly more
photographs than people from Japan and the United States.

9. The basic emotions can best be characterized as

a. nonuniversals.
b. ritualized displays.
c. at least existential universals.
d. display rules.
e. at least functional universals.

10. You conducted a study testing whether people can accurately identify the emotions
happiness and sadness depicted in photographs of different emotional
expressions. Your findings show that people in the United States and the United
Kingdom accurately identified these emotions in over 90% of your photographs.
 Your colleague tells you that this study is weak evidence for universal facial
expressions and that you should conduct a follow-up study. Which of the following
variations would provide stronger evidence that facial expressions of emotions are
universal?

a. You enroll twice as many participants in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.

b. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well
as Japan and South Korea.
c. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well
as a small-scale, less industrialized cultural group in Indonesia.
d. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the same cultures (the United States and
United Kingdom) but expand your set of photographs to include emotional expressions
of surprise and fear.
e. You present twice as many emotion photographs in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.

11. Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry
when she got to work at the office. As a result, her facial expression greatly
resembled the basic anger expression. She walked by two coworkers on her way
to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese). Which of the
following is most likely to occur?

a. Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry.

b. Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry.
c. Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana’s eyes in determining her
emotional state.
d. Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry.
e. Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

12. The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not
recognized elsewhere—reflects

a. feelings of sadness.
b. a ritualized display.
c. a basic emotion.
d. an accessibility universal.
e. a reflexive emotional expression.

13. An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)

 a. functional universal.
b. accessibility universal.
c. existential universal.
d. human universal.
e. nonuniversal.

14. Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the
following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?

a. Person A, who is American

b. Person B, who is also feeling upset
c. Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues
d. Person D, who is Korean
e. Person E, who is expressing sadness

15. Real smiles engage muscles around the mouth and eyes, whereas fake smiles
only engage muscles around the mouth. Given what you know about cultural
variations in which parts of a facial expression are observed, which of the following
people will have the most difficulty distinguishing between a real and fake smile?

a. Margo, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to disguise their emotions
b. Julia, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to express their emotions
c. Kady, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to display positive emotions
more than negative emotions
d. Rachel, who lives in a culture where people display negative emotions more than
positive emotions
e. Alice, who lives in a culture with a lot of ritualized displays

16. Kartika believes that people should have emotional “smoothness.” This means that
she

a. feels no emotions.
b. transitions easily from one emotion to another.
c. has emotional highs and lows.
d. tries to avoid strong displays of emotions.
e. thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions.
17. Countries that have a more heterogenous history of immigration are more likely to
have cultural display rules that encourage people to

a. conceal emotions.
b. express emotions.
c. express emotions, but less intensely.
d. conceal positive emotions but express negative emotions.
e. conceal negative emotions but express positive emotions.

18. Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display
of excitement. What does this imply?

a. Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display.

b. Shawn did not need to learn to make this display.
c. Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him.
d. People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that Shawn is excited.
e. This display of excitement involves Shawn’s whole body.

19. Imagine a study-abroad program in nursing that includes students from several
cultures that are quite different from one another. Which of the following
statements accurately reflects how the heterogeneity of this student program will
likely influence how the students communicate their emotions?

a. The students will choose to present themselves modestly by dampening the intensity
of their emotions.
b. In an attempt to foster social harmony, the students will conceal their negative
emotions and express their positive emotions.
c. The students will choose to compete against each other by expressing more positive
emotions when they succeed but dampening their negative emotions when they fail.
d. To ensure that they understand each other clearly, the students will choose to express
their emotions.
e. The students will choose to highlight their personal successes by expressing more
pride and less shame.

20. Identify the response that most accurately completes the following statement: In
cultures where expressing anger has more (versus less) potential to disrupt social
harmony, people

a. express anger less.

 b. experience anger less.
c. experience anger less and express it less.
d. experience anger more but express it less.
e. experience anger less but express it more.

21. A classroom of European Canadians and Chinese Canadians students is watching

a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural
differences in anger responses, one would expect

a. cultural group differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their
emotional experiences.
b. that the Chinese Canadian students will not show any physiological anger response,
whereas the European Canadian students will.
c. cultural group differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return
to baseline.
d. that the Chinese Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological
response, despite reporting being less angry than the European Canadian students.
e. that the Chinese Canadian students’ physiological responses will fluctuate much more
than the European Canadian students’ physiological responses.

22. Mike is a Chinese Canadian who was just shoved in the mall by a stranger.
Compared to a European Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is

a. more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.

b. less likely to be embarrassed by the event.
c. more likely to understand what happened to him.
d. less likely to understand why the man shoved him.
e. more likely to openly express his angry emotions.

23. Your health psychology professor says, “Suppressing intense emotions will
negatively affect your health.” Do you agree?

a. Yes, research shows that suppressing emotions is associated with higher blood
pressure for both North Americans and East Asians.
b. No, research shows that suppressing emotions is unrelated to physical health
outcomes for both North Americans and East Asians.
c. It depends; research shows that suppressing negative—but not positive—emotions is
associated with poorer health for both North Americans and East Asians.
 d. It depends; research shows that suppression is associated with poorer health for North
Americans, but unrelated to health for East Asians.
e. It depends; research shows that suppression is only associated with poorer health if
suppression is a difficult or uncommon strategy for regulating emotional experiences.

24. Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions.
According to research by Kitayama and colleagues (2000) on emotions associated
with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel
such positive emotions?

a. positive interpersonally engaged emotions

b. negative interpersonally disengaged emotions
c. positive interpersonally disengaged emotions
d. negative interpersonally engaged emotions
e. both positive interpersonally engaged and disengaged emotions

25. Hideki, who is from Japan, is asked to describe his reactions to winning this year’s
baseball championship game. Which of the following statements will be interpreted
by the Japanese as expressing the most emotion?

a. “I can’t believe it. It is so exciting!”

b. “I’m so happy. I can’t wait to celebrate with my family!”
c. “I’m so relieved. The game was so close!”
d. “I feel great because I played my best!”
e. “I’m elated. I can’t wait for next season!”

26. As an American exchange student in Japan, Daniel is trying to understand the

cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese
friend Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European
American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in
emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to
notice?

a. Michiru experiences more respect than his European American friends.

b. Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European American friends.
c. Michiru feels better than his European American friends when he is experiencing
respect for other people.
 d. His European American friends experience both more shame and more anger than
Michiru.
e. Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European American
friends.

27. According to research by Mesquita (2001), comparisons of Surinamese and

Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal
that

a. Surinamese and Turkish immigrants express more relational concerns than Dutch
citizens.
b. Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch
citizens.
c. Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens.
d. Surinamese and Turkish immigrants express more distinctiveness concerns than
Dutch citizens.
e. Surinamese and Turkish immigrants experience more interpersonally disengaging
emotions than Dutch citizens.

28. Which of the following statements about shame is true?

a. Emotional experience in Turkey is associated with maintaining face.

b. Emotional experience in Japan is associated with defending one’s honor.
c. The Japanese are more likely to experience shame but not anger.
d. People in Turkey are likely to experience anger but not shame.
e. People in Turkey and Japan have the same emotional experience.

29. Which of the following conclusions about the relationship between language and
emotion is INACCURATE given the research evidence summarized in the
textbook?

a. There is large variation in the number of emotion words across different languages.
b. Cross-cultural variation in emotion words suggests that cultures disagree about what
constitutes a basic emotion.
c. Cultures vary in how they perceive distinctions and similarities between different
emotions
d. The evidence coalesces to suggest that descriptions of emotions do not impact one’s
feelings of emotions.
e. All of these conclusions are accurate.
30. A person from the United States may understand what amae means but may not
experience it in the same way as a person from Japan. This is because

a. people from the United States are uncomfortable being dependent on others.
b. people from the United States rarely behave inappropriately toward close others.
c. people from the United States engage in fewer gestures that affirm closeness within a
relationship.
d. the behaviors that elicit amae mean different things to people in the United States and
Japan.
e. the behaviors that elicit amae are absent from American culture.

31. Which of the following statements about language and emotional descriptions is
true?

a. All languages have at least 20 different emotion words.

b. All languages include a word for fear.
c. All languages distinguish between the emotions of sorrow and anger.
d. If an emotion word has no equivalent in English, English-speaking people are unable
to feel that emotion.
e. If an emotion word has no equivalent in English, it is likely that English-speaking
people will experience that emotion differently.

32. Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for
Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

a. Alex participates in an activity he enjoys.

b. Alex feels a great deal of excitement.
c. Alex has a vast network of friends.
d. Alex abides by his culture’s norms.
e. Alex receives a prize from his school’s prize drawing.

33. Citizens of the country Esperana report low levels of happiness, something the
Esperana government wants to change. Which of the following initiatives would be
least likely to increase citizens’ happiness?

a. government programs to ensure that the everyone has access to health care
b. community task forces aimed at reducing neighborhood crime
 c. programs that encourage attendance at religious services
d. a special investigator to reduce corruption within the government
e. town hall meetings to allow civil discussion, including dissenting opinions about
government policies

34. Which of the following statements about subjective well-being across cultures is
true?

a. Nation-level factors—such as degree of corruption—have limited effects on individual-

level satisfaction.
b. Good luck is an important part of the definition of happiness in all cultures.
c. The more a country deters crime through severe punishments, the happier its citizens
will be.
d. Greater equality of opportunity in a country is associated with greater subjective well-
being.
e. The magnitude of the relationship between money and happiness is greater in
countries where resources are readily available.

35. Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across
cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to
be happy?

a. It is an accessibility universal.
b. It is a functional universal.
c. It is a naïve pursuit.
d. It is an existential universal.
e. It is a nonuniversal.

36. The relation between money and happiness is that

a. there is no relation between money and happiness.

b. people who are richer than their neighbors are happier but absolute levels of money do
not predict happiness.
c. money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of personal income.
d. money is positively related to happiness in poor countries but negatively related to
happiness in rich countries.
e. money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but this
relationship is weaker in developed countries which have higher levels of wealth.
37. Don is from an individualistic culture and Juan is from a collectivistic culture.
According to a study by Suh and colleagues (1998) on the relationship between life
satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding
subjective well-being is to be expected?

a. Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

b. Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
c. Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
d. Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
e. Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes
Juan.

38. Recall that Oishi (2002) asked European American and Asian American
participants to report their satisfaction every day for a week (actual satisfaction)
and also asked them to recall how satisfying the week was after it was over
(retrospective satisfaction). Which of the following statements accurately describes
the results of this study?

a. Both groups of participants reported having a moderately satisfying week in terms of

their actual and retrospective satisfaction.
b. Whereas the European Americans reported similar levels of actual and retrospective
satisfaction, the Asian Americans retrospectively recalled their week as more satisfying
than they actually reported.
c. Whereas the Asian Americans reported similar levels of actual and retrospective
satisfaction, the European Americans retrospectively recalled their week as more
satisfying than they actually reported.
d. Whereas the European Americans reported higher actual versus retrospective
satisfaction, the Asian Americans reported higher retrospective versus actual
satisfaction.
e. Whereas the Asian Americans reported higher actual versus retrospective satisfaction,
the European Americans reported higher retrospective versus actual satisfaction.

39. As described in the textbook, when asked to think back over their lives, European
Americans recall their past experiences as more satisfying than do Asian
Americans. Which of the following conclusions accurately describes why this
cultural difference occurs?
 a. European Americans and Asian Americans struggle differently with remembering past
events.
b. European Americans and Asian Americans possess different theories of an ideal life.
c. European Americans and Asian Americans place different degrees of importance on
past versus future life experiences.
d. European Americans and Asian Americans differ in the degree to which they feel
positive emotions.
e. European American and Asian American cultural environments are different in the
amount of positive versus negative experiences they offer.

40. Your friend Lon is from an interdependent, collectivistic culture. Knowing this,
which of the following statements would you expect Lon to convey to describe his
personal theory of satisfaction?

a. “In my ideal life, I would be happy all the time.”

b. “I either experience positive emotions or negative emotions. I rarely feel mixed
emotions.”
c. “When I reflect on my past, I focus on my positive life experiences.”
d. “It is valuable to achieve a balance between positive and negative life experiences.”
e. “I would prefer to experience negative emotions, since they help you learn more about
yourself.”

41. Your literature professor says, “The great Russian authors engaged in a lot of self-
reflection. That is why they were all depressed.” Is this statement true? Why or why
not?

a. Yes, research shows that Russians engage in more self-reflection than North
Americans and that this high level of self-reflection is associated with greater
depression.
b. No, research shows that self-reflection is associated with greater depression among
North Americans but not Russians.
c. No, research shows that self-criticism, but not self-reflection, is associated with greater
depressive symptoms among Russians.
d. It depends; research shows that, for Russians, greater self-reflection is related to more
depression, but only among Russians who have a strong distrust of others.
e. It depends; research shows that, for Russians, greater self-reflection is related to more
depression but only when they reflect on negative aspects of the self.
42. Research shows that the correlation between experiencing positive emotions and
experiencing depression is ________ for European Americans and ________ for
East Asians.

a. negative; positive
b. positive; null
c. positive; negative
d. null; negative
e. negative; null

43. You ask your classmate Bohai, who is originally from Taiwan, about his interests.
Given what you know about cultural influences on ideal affect, how would you
expect Bohai to respond?

a. “The last 5K race I ran was exciting; I was the fastest in my age group.”
b. “I love the beach; the sound of the waves is so soothing.”
c. “I couldn’t imagine life without my pets; they help boost my mood when I’m feeling
down.”
d. “I read every science fiction novel I can get my hands on; they are filled with action and
adventure.”
e. “I just saw a documentary on tap dancing; I was so interested that I signed up for
lessons.”

44. You are illustrating a book for preschool-aged children that depicts a day in the life
of Mojo the monkey. Your publisher wants you to create different illustrations for
copies of the book marketed in the United States and China. Based on research on
culture and emotion, books marketed in the United States should ________,
whereas books marketed in China should ________.

a. depict Mojo feeling shame; depict Mojo feeling anger

b. depict Mojo meditating; depict Mojo jumping
c. depict Mojo expressing a wide range of emotions; depict Mojo expressing primarily
happiness
d. depict Mojo with large eyes and a large smile; depict Mojo with small eyes and a small
smile
e. depict Mojo feeling happy among family; depict Mojo feeling happy among friends
45. Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (who is Latin American) and
Sayako (who is Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs
to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the
following scenarios is likeliest to happen?

a. Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and
calmness.
b. Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness and
Sayako will choose a rollerblading club that offers awards to members that win races.
c. Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and
Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.
d. Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies
and Sayako will choose a horror movie club that watches movies that slowly build
tension and fear.
e. Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo salsa dance class that promotes
excitement and exhilaration.

46. Your mother is suggesting that people’s emotions come about simply due to the
physiological signs that people experience. Each emotion is accompanied by its
own specific set of physiological signs. By reading those signs, we are able to
identify our emotional states. As a person who subscribes to the two-factor theory
of emotions, based on empirical findings, do you agree with what your mother
said? Why or why not?

47. What features of an individual or features of the photographed target would

increase the likelihood that the individual will accurately identify the emotion
expressed on the face of the photographed target? Discuss at least one factor and
support your response with empirical evidence.

48. In a debate with your friend, he says he believes that Asian Canadians actually
experience the same emotions with the same intensity as do European Canadians.
He believes that even when Asian Canadians say that they are experiencing an
emotion less intensely, they actually feel the emotion as intensely as European
Canadians. Critique your friend’s claim by providing empirical evidence to support
your perspective.
49. There are four people participating in a study, two Japanese participants
(Masatoshi and Hitoshi) and two European American participants (Mason and
Harry). They are all discussing their recent emotional experiences. Masatoshi and
Mason both report experiencing a lot of respect for others, and Hitoshi and Harry
both report experiencing a lot of pride. Based on this information and empirical
evidence on cultural differences in emotional experiences, draw a graph that
shows the extent to which each person feels positive feelings in general.

50. Subjective well-being is linked to many important consequences and is correlated

with many other variables. Draw a graph representing the relationship between
gross domestic product (GDP) and subjective well-being. In your graph, the units
for GDP should be in terms of percentage of the GDP of the United States.

51. Wanda (a European Canadian) and her roommate Eun-mi (a Korean Canadian)
are discussing which course they should enroll in next semester. For each student,
describe how her emotional experiences are likely to influence their choice of
courses. Next, describe in sufficient detail one reason why their emotional
experiences may differently shape their decisions in this scenario.

52. Methamphetamine is a drug that enhances mood and increases energy, putting
users into an excitatory state. Morphine is a drug that slows heart rate and
respiration rate, putting users into a more sedated but euphoric/positive mood
state. Applying what you know about the empirical evidence on cultural differences
in ideal affect, draw a graph that shows the likely drug preference of Doo-sam (a
South Korean) and Tommy (a European American), respectively, for
methamphetamine and morphine.
Answer Key

chapter 10

1. Answer: D

2. Answer: C

3. Answer: D

4. Answer: A

5. Answer: B

6. Answer: E

7. Answer: D

8. Answer: A

9. Answer: C

10. Answer: C

11. Answer: E

12. Answer: D

13. Answer: C

14. Answer: D

15. Answer: B

16. Answer: D

17. Answer: B

18. Answer: D

19. Answer: D

20. Answer: C
21. Answer: C

22. Answer: A

23. Answer: D

24. Answer: A

25. Answer: B

26. Answer: C

27. Answer: A

28. Answer: C

29. Answer: D

30. Answer: D

31. Answer: E

32. Answer: D

33. Answer: C

34. Answer: D

35. Answer: E

36. Answer: E

37. Answer: B

38. Answer: C

39. Answer: B

40. Answer: D

41. Answer: B

42. Answer: C

43. Answer: B
44. Answer: D

45. Answer: C

46. Answer: Answers will vary.

47. Answer: Answers may vary. In general, the research discussed in the textbook suggests
that an individual will be more likely to accurately identify emotions in the face of
a photographed target if (a) the individual and photographed target are from the
same culture or speak the same language; (b) the individual and target are from
the same culture and the photograph only depicts the target’s eyes; (c) the
individual and target are from the same culture and the target is expressing
fear; (d) the individual is from a lower socioeconomic status background; (e) for
an individual from Japan, the photograph includes the target’s eyes; (f) if, for an
individual from the United States, the photograph includes the target’s mouth.

48. Answer: Answers will vary.

49. Answer: The students’ graphs should resemble the following figure.

50. Answer: Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure. The key is that the
inflection point should be at 40%.

51. Answer: Answers will vary but can reflect the fact that Wanda’s enrollment decision is
more likely to be guided by her anticipated enjoyment or interest in the course
topic, whereas Eun-mi’s decision is more likely to be guided by her perception
of the value or usefulness of the course material. Students may explain this
difference in decision as influenced either by Wanda receiving more positive
benefits from pursuing enjoyable coursework than Eun-mi or Eun-mi
 experiencing fewer negative consequences from pursuing a challenging course
that she may fail.

52. Answer: Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.