Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Do you have
difficulties answering
previous questions?
Why?
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Self-Concept Model:
Three C’s and Four Selves
Self-Concept
•complexity
•consistency
•clarity
Self- Concept Characteristic:
Self-Concept
•complexity
•consistency
•clarity
Complexity
Number of distinct and important roles
or identities that people perceive about
themself
Give one of your characteristic
for each of the following role:
As a Student:
As a Friend:
As Malaysian:
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Consistency
Multiple selves (self-percieved roles)
require similar personality, values and
other attributes
Although you have different characteristics
for different roles (you have multiple
selves),
------Vice Versa-----
Self-Concept: Self-Verification
• Motivation to verify/maintain our self-concept
• Stabilizes our self-concept
• Prefer feedback consistent with self-concept
• Self-verification outcomes:
– More likely to remember information consistent with our
self-concept
– Less likely to accept feedback that differs from our self-
concept
– Motivated to be with those who affirm/reflect our self-
concept
Self-Concept: Self-Evaluation
• Self-esteem
– The extent to which people like, respect, satisfied with
themselves.
– High self-esteem: less influenced by others, more persistent,
more logical thinking
• Self-efficacy
– Belief that we can successfully perform a task
• Perceived support from MARS model elements
– General self-efficacy – “can-do” belief across situations
• Locus of control
– General belief about personal control over life events
– Higher self-evaluation with internal locus of control
Self-Concept: Social Self
• Social identity
- defining ourselves in terms of groups to which we
belong or have an emotional attachment
• Groups selected when easily identified, your membership
is the exception (you are a minority), the group has high
status
• Social identity => motivated to abide by team norms and
easily influence by peer pressure
• Personal identity => speak more frequently against the
majority and less motivated to follow the team’s whishes
If you have a strong personal
identity, you are less likely to be
influenced by your social group
(you will not share the same social
identity)
------Vice Versa-----
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This in my lunch.
What happened to this fried fish?
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PERCEPTION
Perception Defined
• The process of receiving
information about and
making sense of the world
around us
– Determining which
information gets noticed
– Determining how to
categorize this information
– Determining how to
interpret information within
our existing knowledge
Perception Defined
• Selecting vs ignoring sensory
information
• Selective attention: Affected by
features of person/object – size,
motion
• Affected by the perceiver’s
characteristics – assumptions,
expectations, needs
– Emotional markers are assigned
to selected information
• Confirmation bias
– Screening out information
contrary to our beliefs/values
Perceptual Organization/Interpretation
• Categorical thinking
– Mostly nonconscious process of organizing
people/things (perceptual grouping) into categories
that are stored in our long term memory.
• Perceptual grouping principles
– Similarity or proximity
– Cognitive Closure -filling in missing pieces
– Perceiving trends
• Interpreting incoming information
– Emotional markers automatically evaluate information
Mental Models in Perceptions
• Knowledge structures that we develop to
describe, explain and predict the world around
us
• Help make sense of situations
– Fill in missing pieces
– Help to predict events
• Problem with mental models:
– May block recognition of new
opportunities/perspectives
Specific Perceptual Processes
1. Stereotyping
2. Attribution Process
3. Self-fulfilling prophecy
4. Others
1. Stereotyping
• Assigning traits to people based
on their membership in a social
category
• Why people stereotype:
– Categorical thinking
– Innate drive to understand and
predict how others will behavior
– Supports self-enhancement and
social identity
Stereotyping Through Categorization,
Homogenization, Differentiation
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Problems with Stereotyping
• Problems with stereotyping
– Overgeneralizes – doesn’t represent everyone
in the category
– Basis of systemic and intentional discrimination
• Overcoming stereotype biases
– Difficult to prevent stereotype activation
– Possible to minimize stereotype application
We do judge people for what they did and the
outcome they produced
------ or ----
Internal External
Attribution Attribution
External Attribution
Attribution Errors
• Self-Serving Bias
– Tendency to attribute our successes to internal
factors and our failures to external factors
• Fundamental Attribution Error
– Tendency to overemphasize internal causes of
another person’s behavior, whereas we recognize
external influences on our own behavior
– This error is less common that previously thought
1.
What do you want for your
Birthday present?
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1.
From whom will you ask/hope
for this Birthday present?
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2.
What will you do to ensure you
get this Birthday present?
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3.
What do you think the other
person will do in reaction to
your action?
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4.
Will you finally get what you
wanted?
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Your answer do explain Self-
Fulfilling Prophecy
3. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• The perceptual process in which our
expectations about another person cause
that person to act more consistently with
those expectation.
3. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle
1. Supervisor
forms
expectations
4. Employee’s 2. Expectations
behavior matches affect supervisor’s
expectations behavior
3. Supervisor’s
behavior affects
employee
Hidden
Area Unknown
Hidden Unknown
Area
Unknown Area Area
to Others
End of Topic 3