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Keywords: This study investigated the functional properties of three species of edible insects: Gryllodes sigillatus, Schistocerca
Edible insects gregaria, and Tenebrio molitor. The water and oil holding capacity, solubility, and foaming and emulsion prop-
Entomophagy erties were evaluated. The protein solubility showed minimum values at pH 5. The highest water and oil holding
Functional properties capacity was noticeable for the T. molitor protein preparation (3.95 g/g) and for the G. sigilltus protein pre-
Protein preparations
paration (3.33 g/g), respectively. The G. sigillatus protein preparation also showed the highest foaming capacity,
foam stability, and emulsion activity (99.0%, 92.0%, and 72.62%, respectively), while the protein preparation
from S. gregaria exhibited the highest emulsion stability (51.31%). This study has shown that whole insects and
protein preparations thereof can be suitable for development of new food formulations.
1. Introduction 2015) but there are only few data about the functional properties of
insect protein. These properties could be helpful to clarify the use of
In the last decade, the interest of entomophagy has been con- insect powder or protein extracts in different food products, for ex-
tinuously growing. Currently, insects are consumed by two billion ample bread, pasta, and dairy products.
people worldwide and even insect foods have recently become available Currently, many commercial food products are fortified in order to
in the US and Europe. More than 2100 insect species have been docu- increase their nutritional value. For example, ham is enriched with
mented in literature as edible (Jongema, 2017). Moreover, insects are protein derived from legumes and fruit juices are enriched with vita-
still promoted as a good source of protein and the production of edible mins. Edible insects are a great material for food fortification for several
insects in developing countries is supported by various institutions such reasons. First of all, they are rich in protein of high biological value
as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. with a good amino acid profile and a high level of digestibility.
However, the use of insects in food production requires further in- Moreover, insects are a good source of a variety of micronutrients such
vestigations at different levels, for example to search for opportunities as minerals: copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, sele-
to use them in various forms. This may be necessary since Western nium, and zinc and vitamins: riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and
consumers may be reluctant to accept insects as a protein source folic acid (Ramos-Elorduy et al., 2012; Rumpold & Schlüter, 2013).
(Shelomi, 2015). In many countries, whole insects are often consumed Their lipid profile is desirable for humans. They are a source of un-
but they can also be processed to pastes and powders; furthermore, saturated fatty acids, for example omega-3 (Zielińska et al., 2015).
insect proteins, fats, and chitin can be isolated before use in food pro- Given their nutritional value, insects can be a good product for food
ducts as well. This could be a useful way for increasing acceptability supplementation and entomophagy does not have to be associated with
among wary consumers. Edible insects can also be processed into a the consumption of whole insects any more.
more palatable form by grinding or milling. It is an easy way to obtain In this study, three species of insects (Tenebrio molitor, Schistocerca
high-protein insect flour with other valuable components such as vi- gregaria, Gryllodes sigillatus) were selected, which are well known and
tamins or minerals (Yi et al., 2013). easy to breed in Europe; each of them belongs to a different order or
Several studies have shown that edible insects are a good source of family and is bred widely in Europe. These species have also been re-
protein (Ramos-Elorduy, Moreno, & Camacho, 2012; Rumpold & ported to have the biggest potential to be used as food and feed in the
Schlüter, 2013; Zielińska, Baraniak, Karaś, Rybczyńska, & Jakubczyk, EU (EFSA, 2015). Moreover, the nutritional value of these insects was
Abbreviations: G. sigillatus, Gryllodes sigillatus; S. gregaria, Schistocerca gregaria; T. molitor, Tenebrio molitor; TNBS, picrylsulfonic acid; OHC, oil holding capacity; WHC, water holding
capacity; FC, foaming capacity; FS, foam stability; EA, emulsion activity; ES, emulsion stability
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ewelina.ziel@tlen.pl (E. Zielińska).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.058
Received 30 October 2017; Received in revised form 17 January 2018; Accepted 19 January 2018
Available online 20 February 2018
0023-6438/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
E. Zielińska et al. LWT - Food Science and Technology 91 (2018) 168–174
studied. The most important information for determination of the centrifuged at 8,000g for 15 min. The precipitate was weighed and the
functional properties is the protein content, and the studied species difference in the weight was calculated. The results were presented as
contain 52.35, 76.0, and 70.0% of protein, respectively (Zielińska et al., gram of water absorbed per gram of the sample.
2015). The physicochemical properties of proteins, protein size, and
flexibility play an important role in determining their functional
2.5. Oil holding capacity
properties, for example small molecular weight proteins give very good
emulsion-forming abilities because of rapid diffusion to the interface.
Oil holding capacity (OHC) was determined according to the
Proteins are commonly used to improve the functional properties of
method of Haque and Mozaffar (1992) with a slight modification. The
food compositions. In fact, the functional properties of proteins are
sample (0.5 g) was added to 10 ml of vegetable oil and mixed for 30 s in
dependent on pH.
a vortex mixer. Afterwards, the dispersion was centrifuged at 8,000g for
The aim of this study was to determine the functional properties of
15 min. The precipitate was weighed and the difference in the weight
flours and protein preparations obtained from edible insects. In this
was calculated. The results were presented as gram of oil absorbed per
study, the solubility, water and oil holding capacity, and foaming and
gram of the sample.
emulsifying properties were determined.
2.1. Raw materials Foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) were determined
according to the method of Guo et al. (2015). Twenty milliliter of a 1%
The mealworms Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, Coleoptera: sample was homogenized in a high shear homogenizer mixer (pol-eko
Tenebrionidae) (larvae), locusts Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, H500, Poland) at a speed of 16,000 rpm for 2 min. The whipped sample
Orthoptera: Acrididae) (adult), and crickets Gryllodes sigillatus was immediately transferred into a cylinder. The total volume was read
(Fabricius, Orthoptera: Gryllidae) (adult) were obtained from a com- at time zero and 30 min after homogenization. The foaming capacity
mercial supplier from Poland. All individuals of these species were and foam stability were calculated from the formula:
fasted for approximately 48 h to clear their gastrointestinal tract of any
Foaming capacity (FC) (%) = [(V0eV)/V] × 100
residual food. For each species tested, approximately 0.5 kg of material
was frozen and lyophilized. The insects were ground in a laboratory Foam stability (FS) (%) = (V30 /V0) × 100
grinder.
Where: V – volume before whipping (ml), V0 – volume after whipping
(ml), V30 – volume after standing (ml).
2.2. Method for obtaining the protein preparation
Proteins were isolated according to the Girón-Calle, Alaiz, and 2.7. Emulsifying properties
Vioque (2010) method with slight modification. Briefly, insect flour
was stirred for 1 h with 0.2% NaOH at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v), pH 11, at Emulsifying properties were determined according to the method of
room temperature. After centrifugation at 8,000g, precipitation of Wu, Wang, Ma, and Ren (2009). The sample was dispersed in distilled
proteins was carried out at the isoelectric point pH 4.5 and room water (1% w/v) and 15 ml of the dispersion were homogenized (pol-eko
temperature. Precipitated proteins were centrifuged at 4 °C for H500, Poland) with 15 ml of vegetable oil at a speed of 20,000 rpm for
20 min at 8000 g and washed with distilled water. Afterwards, the 1 min. Afterwards, the samples were centrifuged at 3000 g for 5 min
protein preparations were lyophilized and kept at −18 °C until further and the volume of the individual layers were read. Emulsion stability
analysis. was evaluated by heating the emulsion for 30 min at 80 °C. Then, the
samples were centrifuged at 3000 g for 5 min. Emulsion activity and
emulsion stability were calculated from the formula:
2.3. Solubility
Emulsion activity (EA) (%) = (Ve/V) × 100
The protein solubility was determined according to the method of
Castellani, Martinet, David-Briand, Guérin-Dubiard, and Anton (2003) Emulsion stability (ES) (%) = (V30/Ve) × 100
with a slight modification. The sample was dispersed in distilled water Where: V – total volume of tube contents, Ve – volume of the emulsified
and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and layer, V30 – volume of the emulsified layer after heating.
11 using 1 or 6 mol/L HCl and 1 or 6 mol/L NaOH. The volume of the
mixture was adjusted to obtain the final concentration of protein
(10 mg/ml). Total protein content in the sample was determined after 2.8. The sensory evaluation
solubilization of the sample in 0.5 mol/L NaOH. The mixture was
stirred for 90 min and centrifuged at 8,000g for 15 min. The protein The panel for sensory analysis was composed of 75 members aged
content in the supernatant was determined using the Bradford method from 21 to 30 years (58 women, 17 men). The characteristics of the
(1976). Protein solubility was calculated from the formula: flours and protein preparations, such as color, consistency, smell, and
overall acceptability were evaluated on a scale of 1–5 (1–bad, 5–very
Solubility (%) = (Ps/Pt) × 100 good).
where: Ps – protein content in the supernatant, Pt – total protein content
in the sample. 2.9. Statistical analysis
2.4. Water holding capacity All experiments were run in triplicate and the results were presented
as means ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed
Water holding capacity (WHC) was determined according to the using the STATISTICA v. 10.0 for one-way analysis of variance
method of Diniz and Martin (1997) with a slight modification. The (ANOVA) and the differences of the means between the samples were
sample (0.5 g) was dispersed in 20 ml of distilled water and stirred with determined using the Tukey test. P-values below 0.05 were considered
a shaker at 540 rpm for 30 min. Afterwards, the dispersion was significant.
169
E. Zielińska et al. LWT - Food Science and Technology 91 (2018) 168–174
The results for the protein solubility are presented in Fig. 1. The a ab
protein solubility of all samples showed minimum values at around pH
oil holding capacity (g/g)
bility of the materials mentioned above was similar although the au-
thors used different dilutions of the samples and the protein was gels in designed food products. As a result, molecules in colloidal sys-
determined with different methods. Solubility is one of the most im- tems are homogeneously dispersed, which improves the interfacial
portant physicochemical and functional properties of protein and de- properties (Zayas, 1997).
pends on hydration and the degree of hydrophobicity of protein mo-
lecules (Sathe & Salunkhe, 1981). Good solubility of proteins is
important in many uses, mainly for formation of emulsions, foams, and 3.2. Water holding capacity
100 Fig. 2 shows the result of the water holding capacity. Higher water
90 holding capacity was noticeable for the protein preparations than the
80 whole insects and the highest water holding capacity was noted in the
70 Tenebrio molitor protein preparation (3.95 g/g), while the lowest value
solubility (%)
60 was noted for the whole ground T. molitor (1.29 g/g). This is important
50
information for the use of these forms in food industry. The big dif-
40
ference in water holding capacity between protein preparations and
30
20
insect flour might be a good indicator of the applications of these forms
10 for different food products. An opposite situation was observed in the
0 case of Schistocerca gregaria – similar WHC values were noted for the
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 protein preparation and the insect flour (2.31 g/g and 2.18 g/g, re-
pH spectively). This is also important information that could be helpful in
the analysis of the cost-effectiveness and benefits brought by the use of
Fig. 1. Protein solubility with changes at pH 2–11. Tenebrio molitor (square), Gryllodes one of the presented forms of insects. Protein isolates are obviously
sigillatus (triangle), Schistocerca gregaria (circle).
richer in protein than whole insects but do not contain vitamins,
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E. Zielińska et al. LWT - Food Science and Technology 91 (2018) 168–174
Table 1
Functional properties of studied insect species and selected plant seeds rich in protein.
Insects Form WHC (g/g) OHC (g/g) FC (%) FS (%) EA (%) ES (%)
Tenebrio molitor whole 1.29 ± 0.19 1.71 ± 0.13 31.0 ± 1.41 26.0 ± 0.94 65.96 ± 1.5 27.59 ± 1.18
protein preparation 3.95 ± 0.2 2.74 ± 0.06 32.67 ± 0.94 30.33 ± 0.47 66.6 ± 2.16 51.31 ± 0.46
Gryllodes sigillatus whole 2.34 ± 0.28 2.82 ± 0.08 41.0 ± 1.41 34.67 ± 2.82 62.0 ± 1.25 31.65 ± 0.92
protein preparation 3.44 ± 0.13 3.33 ± 0.11 99.0 ± 1.41 92.0 ± 1.88 72.62 ± 1.9 38.3 ± 0.8
Schistocerca gregaria whole 2.18 ± 0.07 1.98 ± 0.16 22.33 ± 1.41 19.33 ± 0.94 69.17 ± 0.59 48.11 ± 0.57
protein preparation 2.31 ± 0.19 3.22 ± 0.16 32.0 ± 1.88 6.17 ± 0.71 67.78 ± 1.6 50.41 ± 1.99
Plant seeds
chickpea whole 1.19 ± 0.01 1.10 ± 0.02 52.00 83.0 61.14 ± 0.61 94.19 ± 1.64
lentil whole 1.33 ± 0.02 0.93 ± 0.00 80.00 99.0 65.75 ± 0.11 91.99 ± 4.75
soy whole 1.30 0.84 70.00 nd 18.00 nd
protein isolate 4.47 1.54 235.00 nd 25.00 nd
lupin protein isolate 1.68 1.43 89.29 43.91 59.94 95.78
fenugreek protein isolate 1.68 ± 0.01 1.56 ± 0.32 70.00 55.0 61.00 ± 0.13 61.00 ± 0.13
indian kidney bean whole 2.60 2.40 109.5 ± 1.8 70.0 nd nd
red kidney whole 2.25 ± 0.13 1.52 ± 0.11 45.70 ± 1.40 41.20 ± 1.80 55.00 ± 1.80 52.40 ± 1.80
small red kidney whole 2.65 ± 0.20 1.23 ± 0.08 38.20 ± 0.90 43.30 ± 1.60 60.50 ± 1.90 62.30 ± 2.20
peanut defatted flour 1.30 0.90 51.00 96.00 57.00 nd
Source: Siddiq, Ravi, Harte, & Dolan, 2010; Du, Jiang, Yu, & Jane, 2014; Piornos et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2017; Kinsella, 1979; El Nasri & El Tinay, 2007.
WHC: Water Holding Capacity, OHC: Oil Holding Capacity, FC: Foaming Capacity, FS: Foam Stability, EA: Emulsion Activity, ES: Emulsion Stability.
minerals, fatty acids, or chitin and their production is more expensive Nasri and El Tinay, 2007). OHC is required in many food applications,
than milling insects. Moreover, flour from S. gregaria can be a valuable e.g. in bakery products, ground meal formulation, and meat substitutes;
addition enriching bread with not only protein but also vitamins, mi- therefore, it is suggested that the studied species of insects could be
nerals, or chitin. Due to the high WHC of this flour, it can be ad- used in food industry due to their high OHC.
ditionally contribute to improvement of the selected properties of bread The oil holding capacity of whole insects and protein preparations is
products. presented in Fig. 2. The lowest water holding capacity of the insect
Omotoso (2006) studied the functional properties of Cirina forda flour coincided with the lowest oil holding capacity (T. molitor 1.29 g/g
(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) – one of the most widely eaten insects in and 1.71 g/g, respectively). This is probably related to the fact that T.
Southern Nigeria. The water holding capacity of dried ground insect molitor contains substantially less protein than the other insect species
was 300% and this value is the most similar to the WHC of the Gryllodes tested (52.35%) and considerably more fat (24.7%) (Zielińska et al.,
sigillatus protein preparation (3.44 g/g). Besides, WHC for the whole T. 2015). The differences in OHC were possibly due to the different con-
molitor (1.29 g/g) is similar to that determined analogically by Omotoso formational characteristics, surface hydrophobicity, or lipophilicity of
(2015) for the silkworm larvae and pupae (Bombyx mori) (175% and these proteins (Deng et al., 2011). The low OHC value for T. molitor may
115%, respectively). In turn, Zhao et al. (2016) reported the WHC for a be the result of the lowest non-polar amino acid content in protein
Tenebrio molitor protein extract to be 1.87 ml/g, while our studies among the tested species (257.6 mg/g) (Zielińska et al., 2015). Fur-
showed two times higher results (3.95 g/g). Probably these differences thermore, the protein preparation from T. molitor was shown to exhibit
result from the protein extraction method used by authors as well as the the lowest oil holding capacity among all the preparations (2.74 g/g).
insects' origin. Moreover, Bußler, Rumpold, Jander, Rawel, and This value corresponds well with the value for a T. molitor protein ex-
Schlüter (2016) reported the WHC of 0.8 g/g dry mass for T. molitor tract obtained by Zhao et al. (2016) using a similar method to that used
flour, while our studies showed a value of 1.29 g/g, which may be in this study (2.33 g/g). T. molitor was also characterized by the lowest
caused by the different method of flour production and different trial OHC among the whole ground insects (1.71 g/g), while OHC for the T.
conditions. molitor flour prepared by Bußler et al. (2016) using a different method
Among the insect flours, the highest WHC was noted in the G. si- was lower (0.6 g/g dry mass). In turn, G. sigillatus was found to have the
gillatus flour (2.34 g/g) and a similar WHC value was found for the S. highest OHC among the whole insects and protein preparations (2.82 g/
gregaria flour (2.18 g/g). This is probably a result of the high content of g and 3.33 g/g, respectively). The S. gregaria protein preparation was
hydrophilic amino acids in these insects (390.6 and 371.4 mg/g, re- found to have an equally high value (3.22 g/g). Generally, the oil
spectively) (Zielińska et al., 2015). holding capacity for the studied species range from 1.71 g/g to 3.33 g/g
and can be compared to the similarly determined OHC for silkworm
3.3. Oil holding capacity (Bombyx mori) larvae and pupae (252.18% and 284.87%, respectively)
(Omotoso, 2015), or legumes such as kidney bean flour (2.2–2.3 kg/kg)
The fat/oil holding capacity is physical entrapment of oil (Kinsella, (Wani et al., 2013). The studied species show higher OHC than almost
1979). The oil absorbing mechanism involves capillarity interaction, all plant seeds rich in protein listed in Table 1, which suggests an op-
which allows the absorbed oil to be retained. Hydrophobic proteins portunity to substitute these materials in food products that require
play the main role in oil absorption. According to Sathe, Deshpande, high OHC values.
and Salunkhe (1982), the OHC can be related to the protein contents,
protein types, and the amino acid composition of proteins, in particular 3.4. Foaming properties
to hydrophobic residues that interact with hydrocarbon chains in fat
molecules. Furthermore, Kinsella (1976) investigated that more hy- Foam formation is governed by transportation, penetration, and
drophobic proteins show superior binding of lipids, indicating that non- reorganization of molecules at the air–water interface. To exhibit good
polar amino acid side chains bind the paraffin chains of fats. Therefore, foaming, a protein must be capable of migrating rapidly to the air–-
the OHC of different insect flours and protein preparations thereof are water interface, unfolding, and rearranging at the interface (Halling,
influenced by particle sizes, contents, composition and conformation of 1981). Foaming properties are dependent on the proteins and some
protein ingredient. OHC plays an important role in enhancing the other components, such as carbohydrates, present in the flours
mouth feel, the flavor retention, or improvement of palatability (El (Sreerama, Sashikala, Pratape, & Singh, 2012). The factors influencing
171
E. Zielińska et al. LWT - Food Science and Technology 91 (2018) 168–174
A A
120 74
72 a
a
100 ab a
70 ab
ab
68
80
66
b
60 64
b 62
40 c c
c 60
d
58
20
56
0 54
Tenebrio molitor Gryllodes sigillatus Schistocerca gregaria Tenebrio molitor Gryllodes sigillatus Schistocerca gregaria
B B
100 60
a
90 a a
50 a
80
emulsion stability (%)
70 b
foam stability (%)
40
60 c
50 30 c
40 b
bc 20
30 c
d
20 10
10 e
0 0
Tenebrio molitor Gryllodes sigillatus Schistocerca gregaria Tenebrio molitor Gryllodes sigillatus Schistocerca gregaria
Fig. 3. Foaming capacity (A) and foam stability (B) of insect protein preparations (pale) Fig. 4. Emulsion capacity (A) and emulsion stability (B) of insect protein preparations
and insect flours (dark). Different letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05). (pale) and insect flours (dark). Different letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05).
172
E. Zielińska et al. LWT - Food Science and Technology 91 (2018) 168–174
reported to have a FC of only 6% and a FS of 3.05% after 2 h which were better rated and they exhibited better functional properties, which
were determined using a similar method to that employed in this study makes them more useful in food industry.
(Adebowale, Adebowale, & Oguntokun, 2005). Acid-extracted protein
fractions from five different insects species, including the cricket 4. Conclusion
(Acheta domesticus) protein or the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) protein
were shown to have poor or no foam capacity, over a range of pH, but Good protein solubility is often associated with its good functional
the foaming capacity was differently determined than in our study - the properties (Kinsella, 1976). The results of our study are in agreement
solutions were aerated with nitrogen gas (Yi et al., 2013). In turn, with this statement. Protein from G. sigillatus exhibited good solubility
crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) heated at 50 °C for 30 min were found to in the widest range of pH and the flour and protein preparation thereof
have a FC of 100% with a FS of 90% after 1 h (Hall, Jones, O'Haire, & were generally found to have the best functional properties among the
Liceaga, 2017), which corresponds with our results for the G. sigillatus studied species.
protein (99% and 92%, respectively) obtained using a similar assay In this study, we demonstrated that edible insects could be con-
method. sidered an alternative source of protein. The good solubility of the in-
Currently, research is directed towards exploration of alternatives sect protein in a wide pH range facilitates the varied use in food in-
for eggs, a common foaming agent, in food products (Hall et al., 2017). gredient formulations - as a food additive in acid and alkaline food. Our
The data from this study suggests that G. sigillatus protein preparation result show that insects have high water and oil holding capacity, high
exhibited excellent foaming properties; hence, it can be a desirable emulsion activity, and moderate foaming capacity and foam stability;
foaming agent and has potential for such food applications. therefore, they certainly can be used in food formulations requiring
these properties. It can also be concluded that edible insects can be a
3.5. Emulsifying properties good source of protein ingredient in food systems.
The results of the emulsion activity and emulsion stability of the Funding
whole insects and protein preparations are presented in Fig. 4. The
differences between the emulsion activities and emulsion stabilities are This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
related to the amphiphilicity of the protein surface, protein contents agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
(soluble and insoluble), and other components. For emulsion activity,
the highest value was noted in the G. sigillatus protein preparation Conflicts of interest
(72.62%) with emulsion stability of 38.3%. Similarly, Omotoso (2015)
reported EA of 75% for silkworm B. mori but with lower ES (23%). The None.
emulsion activities for the whole insects were similar and ranged from
62% (G. sigillatus) to 69.17% (S. gregaria). S. gregaria was also char- References
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Das in Weiß gehaltene Zimmer ist an der Türe, den
Fensterleibungen und den Wänden mit überaus zierlichen, technisch
meisterhaft und mit feiner Formenempfindung ausgeführten
vergoldeten Schnitzereien ausgestattet. Die Stickereien in den 24
Panneaux und den 2 Sopraporten sind Kopien nach eigenhändigen
Arbeiten der Kaiserin Maria Theresia.
RAUM XX.
SITZUNGSSAAL.
Der Sitzungssaal ist von der Firma F. O. Schmidt nach dem
Originale im Schlosse Eszterháza bei Ödenburg im Stile Louis XV.
dekoriert. An der rechten Seitenwand eine Marmorbüste Seiner
Majestät des Kaisers, von Otto König, an der linken Seitenwand ein
lebensgroßes Porträt des Erzherzogs Rainer, gemalt von Siegmund
L’Allemand.
RAUM XXI.
ORIENTALISCHES ZIMMER.
Das orientalische Zimmer, rechts neben der Eingangstür zur
Bibliothek gelegen, soll die Ausstattung eines Wohnraumes im
Oriente zur Anschauung bringen. In die Wände sind Holzschränke
mit geschnitzten Füllungen eingesetzt und zwei mit Holzgittern
verschlossene Fenster eingebrochen. Unter dem Fenster eine
maurische Wandétagère. Die Bänke in den Fensternischen sind mit
Daghestan-Teppichen und tambourierten Seidenpolstern belegt, der
Fußboden mit einem Smyrna-Teppiche, in dessen Mitte ein Taburett
mit Kaffeeservice. Von der Stalaktitendecke hängt eine messingene
Moschee-Ampel aus Damaskus herab.
Unter den oberen Arkaden, oberhalb der Stiege, befindet sich
das Denkmal für den Gründer und ersten Direktor des Museums, R.
v. Eitelberger († 1885), entworfen von H. Klotz, in Erzguß ausgeführt
von der Metallwarenfabrik Artur Krupp in Berndorf; im Stiegenhause
die Marmorbüste des Erbauers des Museums, H. Freiherrn von
Ferstel ( † 1883), von V. Tilgner, die Marmorbüste des Industriellen
Ed. v. Haas ( † 1880) und ein Medaillonbild des Professors der
Kunstgewerbeschule, Ferd. Laufberger ( † 1881), entworfen von A.
Kühne und J. Storck.
BIBLIOTHEK.
Die Bibliothek des Österreichischen Museums enthält als
Fachbibliothek solche Werke, welche sowohl durch Abbildungen als
durch historische, künstlerische oder wissenschaftliche
Erläuterungen die Zwecke des Museums zu fördern geeignet sind.
Sie besteht aus zwei Abteilungen, aus der eigentlichen
Büchersammlung und aus der Sammlung von Kunstblättern.
Die letztere umfaßt eine reichhaltige Sammlung von
Ornamentstichen aus der Zeit vom XV. bis XVIII. Jahrhundert[26] und
eine Vorbildersammlung, bestehend aus Einzelabbildungen von
vorzugsweise kunstgewerblichen Arbeiten aller Art in
Originalzeichnungen, Kupferstichen, Holzschnitten, Lithographien
und photomechanischen Druckverfahren.
Eine spezielle Erwähnung verdient die stattliche Anzahl von
Fachzeitschriften, welche in einem eigenen Zeitschriftenlesesaale
(dem ehemaligen Vorlesesaale) dem Publikum auf die bequemste
Art zugänglich sind, ferner die bedeutende Sammlung von
kunsttheoretischen und kunsttechnischen Schriften, von Schreib-
und Zeichenbüchern aus dem XVI. bis XVIII. Jahrhundert, von
Kostümwerken und die kostbare Kollektion von Original-Stick- und
Spitzenmusterbüchern aus dem XVI. und XVII. Jahrhundert. Weiters
enthält die Büchersammlung eine große Zahl von Abbildungswerken
aus den Gebieten der Architektur, Skulptur und Malerei und eine
lange Reihe der besten Vorlagenwerke für sämtliche Zweige des
Kunstgewerbes.
Den Grundstock der Kunstblättersammlung bildet die im August
1863 erworbene Kollektion von Ornamentstichen aus dem Besitze
des Kunsthändlers W. Drugulin in Leipzig, bestehend aus 5000
Blättern nebst 87 Kunstbüchern aus dem XVI. bis XVIII. Jahrhundert.
RAUM XXII.
In diesem Raume ist eine Anzahl von japanischen Wandbildern
(Kakemonos) teils religiösen, teils weltlichen Inhaltes aufgehängt.
RAUM XXIII.
An den Wänden die Türen eines altjapanischen Tempels, die aus
Holz geschnitzt und vergoldet sind, ferner bemalte
Holzschnitzereien, die als Füllungen in diesem Tempel gedient
haben. Auf Postamenten chinesische und japanische Vasen, neben
ihnen an der Wand Teller und Schüsseln. In Vitrinen Keramik
chinesischer und japanischer Herkunft.
RAUM XXIV.
In den beiden großen Vitrinen Lackarbeiten in Schwarzlack und
Goldlack. An den Wänden in Vitrinen Figuren japanischer
Gottheiten, teils aus Holz geschnitzt und vergoldet, teils aus Lack,
und Objekte des täglichen Gebrauches aus verschiedenen
Materialien, wie kleine Hausaltärchen, Schalen, Schüsseln,
Kästchen etc.
Beim Fenster in einer Vitrine eine Kollektion von Netzhes
(Medizinbüchsen), Kämmen und Inros.
Bei den Fenstern je ein japanischer Reisekoffer.
RAUM XXV.
In diesem Raum ist an der Wand ein Behang in Webetechnik
ausgeführt und aus 11 Stücken zusammengesetzt chinesischer
Herkunft angebracht, davor eine buddhistische Gottheit und große
chinesische Fischbehälter mit Malerei aus Porzellan aufgestellt.
In der Vitrine beim Fenster chinesisches Porzellan.
RAUM XXVI.
In den Vitrinen an der Wand eine Kollektion teilweise alter
japanischer Waffen und chinesischer Porzellanfiguren. In der
Mittelvitrine Porzellane aus Satsuma.
Neben den Vitrinen japanische Lackkästchen.
XXVII. Porzellanzimmer. A. Keramische Sammlung. B.
Glassammlung. C. Vorlesesaal.
D. ZUBAU.
RAUM XXVII.
ALT-WIENER PORZELLANZIMMER, so genannt wegen des
reichen Porzellandekors aus der frühen Zeit der Wiener
Porzellanfabrik.
Die Türen und Türfüllungen, die Fenster und Fensterleibungen,
der Kaminaufsatz und die Lambrien sind aus Eichenholz und belegt
mit zahlreichen Porzellanplättchen, die in ornamentalen vergoldeten
Rähmchen aus Vergoldermasse gefaßt sind und, strenge
symmetrisch gehalten, aus dem Ende der Regierungszeit Karls VI.
stammen. Die Möbel haben vergoldete Holzgestelle, sind mit reicher
Schnitzerei verziert und mit Porzellanplättchen mit bunten
chinesischen Blumen verziert. Sie zeigen schon den Rokokostil
ebenso wie die ornamentalen vergoldeten Holzschnitzereien an den
Wänden. Auch die Bilderrahmen sind in diesem Stile gehalten, und
später etwas verändert worden, vielleicht zur selben Zeit, in der die
reich geschnitzte Wanduhr ausgeführt wurde, wohl in den achtziger
Jahren des XVIII. Jahrhunderts.
Die Wände und Möbel sind mit altem goldgelbem Brokat
überzogen.
Über das Porzellan in diesem Zimmer vgl. Seite 172.
KERAMIK.
Die keramische Sammlung ist im neuen Museumszubau im
ersten Stock aufgestellt und gibt ein anschauliches Bild der
Entwicklung dieses Industriezweiges von der Antike bis in die
Gegenwart.
Der Töpferton, ein Verwitterungsprodukt tonerdehaltiger
Gesteine, ist teils seiner natürlichen Beschaffenheit nach, teils
infolge künstlicher Beimengungen ein Material von außerordentlich
mannigfaltigen Qualitäten, dessen Verwendung in die Frühzeit
menschlicher Kultur zurückreicht. Verschiedenheiten des
keramischen Produktes ergeben sich aus der Beschaffenheit und
Zusammensetzung des Tones, der Stärke des Brandes, sowie aus
der Art des Überzuges, der Glasur.
Die wichtigsten Etappen in der Entwicklung der europäischen
Keramik bilden die Erfindung der Töpferscheibe, die Anwendung der
Zinnglasur und damit die Herstellung der echten Fayence und die
Entdeckung des Kaolintones, wodurch die Herstellung keramischer
Erzeugnisse ermöglicht wurde, welche dem ostasiatischen Porzellan
in allen wesentlichen Eigenschaften gleich kommen.
Die Aufstellung beginnt links vom Haupteingange mit der
Sammlung antiker Vasen und Terrakotten.[27]
ANTIKE KERAMIK.