TRƯỜNG ĐHSPKT HƯNG YÊN

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT HƯNG YÊN
KHÓA NGOẠI NGỮ- NGÔN NGỮ ANH
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TIỂU LUẬN
VĂN HỌC ANH MỸ

Họ và tên: Nguyễn Thị Thu Thùy

Mã Sv: 11318066
Lớp: TAK16.3

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CONTENTS

1. About the author....................................................................................................3

1.1. The life...........................................................................................................3
1.2. The careers......................................................................................................5
1.3 The works.........................................................................................................5
1.4. The writing styles............................................................................................7
2. The summary/ plot summary (of the novel)..........................................................7
3. Analysis.................................................................................................................8
3.1. The main contents/themes...............................................................................8
3.2. The main characters.........................................................................................9
characteristics of Frederic Henry in chapter IX.................................................9
characteristic of Passin in chapter IX.................................................................9

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1. About the author.

1.1. The life

Ernest Hemingway is a highly esteemed American author. He was born in

Cicero, Illinois on July 21, 1899. Hemingway served during World War I and also
worked within the journalism sector before publishing a short collection entitled In
Our Time. His most famous works include For Whom the Bell Tolls, A Farewell to
Arms, and The Sun Also Rises. He is also well known for The Old Man and the
Sea, the novel for which he received the 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In addition to winning
the Pulitzer, Hemingway was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in 1954. He died by
committing suicide in Ketchum, Idaho on July 2, 1961. After his birth, Ernest
Hemingway spent much of his youth in a conservative Chicago suburb. However,
his parents (Grace and Clarence Hemingway) also raised him in northern
Michigan. There, Hemingway learned to fish, hunt, and appreciate the natural
environment.
During his high school era, the budding writer worked for his school
newspaper. While working for Trapeze and Tabula, the majority of his writings
were about sports. Once he graduated, Hemingway began working for the Kansas
City Star. This work helped Hemingway attain a level of experience that would
greatly influence his minimalist prose style. In discussing the time, he spent at the
Kansas City Star, Hemingway has remarked that it was here that he learned to
write simple sentences. He found this to be very useful and stated that working for
newspapers was not a harmful enterprise for youthful writers as long as they got
out of the field in time. Ernest Hemingway relocated overseas in 1918 to serve in
World War I. He also worked for the Italian Army as an ambulance driver. He was
given the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery for his service. Because of sustained
injuries, he also spent time in a Milan-based hospital. While there, Hemingway met
Agnes von Kurowsky. Although the nurse originally accepted his marriage
proposal, she subsequently left him to pursue another love interest. This love
failure left Hemingway devastated. However, it functioned as the source for works
such as A Farewell to Arms and “A Very Short Story.”Hemingway returned to the
U.S. at the age of 20 while still coping with the brutalities of the war. Upon
returning, Hemingway spent some time working at the Toronto Star. While in
Chicago, he met his future wife, Hadley Richardson. They married and then
relocated to Paris. Here, Hemingway worked for the Star as a foreign
correspondent

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While in Paris, Hemingway quickly began playing an integral role in the

literary sector that Gertrude Stein referred to as “The Lost Generation.” As
Hemingway’s mentor, Stein enabled him to meet a wide range of talented authors
and artists. Some of them included James Joyce, Pablo Picasso, Ezra Pound, and F.
Scott Fitzgerald. Then, in 1923, Hemingway and his wife gave birth to their son,
John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway. At this point, Hemingway also started attending
Pamplona, Spain’s Festival of San Fermin.
Hemingway and his wife took a trip to the Festival of San Fermin in 1925
with a group of American and British expatriates. It was this trip that would
function as the premise of Hemingway’s first narrative, The Sun Also Rises. This
novel is generally considered to be Hemingway’s most impressive work, in large
part because it offers a poignant look at the postwar disillusionment that came to
define his generation.
Following the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hadley and Hemingway
divorced. The divorce is attributed to Hemingway’s affair with Pauline Pfeiffer.
Pfeiffer became the writer’s second wife following the finalization of his divorce
to Hadley. After these events, the author continued writing. At this point, he spent
time completing a collection of short stories, Men Without Women. Following
their marriage, Hemingway’s wife became pregnant. Shortly thereafter, the couple
chose to relocate to America. In 1928, their son Patrick Hemingway was born. The
couple then spent summers in Wyoming while settling in Key West, Florida.
Throughout this period in his life, Hemingway completed A Farewell to Arms. It is
this novel that secured Hemingway’s position in the literary canon. When not
writing, Ernest Hemingway devoted much time to deep-sea fishing, bullfighting,
and big-game hunting. During the time he spent reporting about the Spanish Civil
War, the author met Martha Gellhorn. Gellhorn was a fellow war correspondent. It
was during this 1930s era that Hemingway also compiled the material for what
would be his next book, For Whom the Bell Tolls. The author was eventually
nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for this novel. Around this era, Hemingway’s
marriage to Pfeiffer began to deteriorate. After Pfeiffer and Hemingway divorced,
he married Gellhorn. The couple then bought a farm close to Havana, Cuba. This
home would function as their primary residence during the winter season.
In 1941, America entered World War II. It was during this time that
Hemingway worked as a correspondent. He took part in several key moments of
the war, one of which included the D-Day landing. As the war began coming to a
close, the writer met Mary Welsh. After divorcing Gellhorn, he went on to marry
her. Hemingway wrote The Old Man and the Sea in 1951. This is likely the
author’s most famous novel and eventually won him the Pulitzer Prize. Throughout
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his career, Hemingway continued his exploration of Africa and sustained numerous
injuries while there. He also survived several plane crashes. Hemingway earned the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. During this apex of his career, Hemingway
began struggling with serious illnesses. In addition to dealing with depression,
Hemingway sought treatment for liver disease and high blood pressure. After
writing a memoir entitled A Moveable Feast, Hemingway chose to retire in Idaho.
While there, he continued battling with both physical and mental health issues. On
July 2, 1961, Ernest Hemingway killed himself in his Ketchum residence.
1.2. The careers
Ernest Hemingway started writing at a young age. His earliest writings were
journaled entries for an assortment of magazines. He continued journalism
throughout his career but he is most famous for his fiction novels. He also spent
time writing non-fiction and short story collections. In addition to all of the
previous genres mentioned Hemingway wrote one play.
Hemingway had a unique style of writing that no other author of his time
had. “Hemingway, Ernest Miller (1899–1961), American novelist and short-story
writer, whose style is characterized by crispness, laconic dialogue, and emotional
understatement. His writings and his personal life exerted a profound influence on
American writers of his time. Many of his works are regarded as classics of
American literature; some have been made into motion pictures.” (“Hemingway,
Ernest Miller”). Hemingway’s style could be explained as simple but crisp. He
often used simple sentences in his works as well as very few adverbs and
adjectives. He did not set out to make his pieces juicy and descriptive, he wanted
his work to be raw and right down to the bone.
Hemingway had a slow start to become a well-known author but once he hit
that point in his career he did become a household name. “The recognition of
Hemingway as a major and representative writer of the United States of America
was a slow but explosive process. His emergence in the western canon was an even
more adventurous voyage. His works were burnt in the bonfire in Berlin on May
10, 1933, as being a monument of modern decadence. That was a major proof of
the writer’s significance and a step toward world fame” (“A Case of Identity:
Ernest Hemingway”). Hemingway is one of the few authors that it doesn’t matter if
someone read his book, they still likely know who he is.
1.3 The works
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in 1899 to a young doctor and his wife,
a professional singer. He was the second of six children. His first short story was
published in 1916 as part of his high school anthology. Two years later, he enlisted
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in the reserves for World War One. He was stationed in Italy. After the war, he
spent many years of his life as an expatriate between France, Italy, Spain, and
Cuba where his wife lived after his death. His first serious novel, The Sun Also
Rises, was published in 1926. His father, who had spent most of his life wrestling
with depression, committed suicide in 1928. Hemingway was divorced and
married several times and sired a couple of children. He won the Nobel prize for
literature in 1954 for The Old Man and the Sea. Seven years later, after a few
accidents and sicknesses, Ernest Hemingway took his own life at the age of 62.
Hemingway lived during a tumultuous period of international conflict
(World War I and World War II). . This period saw a new development of prose in
the works of James Joyce, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and William Faulkner, as well as
poetry with Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot. Hemingway was a close associate of
Fitzgerald, who often commented on his books. He was also an admirer of Joyce
and a financial supporter of an aging Ezra Pound. While other authors, such as
George Orwell, were social commentators, Stephen Cooper maintains that
"Hemingway seemed to resolutely pursue his own interests" because to him
literature was more important than politics. His other novels and short stories such
as For Whom the Bell Tolls, and To Have and Have Not, support this focus on the
individual. Hemingway flaunted his interest in big game hunting and bullfighting;
this was part of what Peter Messent calls "that public persona which the writer
himself was only too keen on occasions to foster."
A Farewell to Arms was first published as a series in the United States in
1929. The series was banned in some cities, most notably Boston, for its sexual
content. This banning, however, did not affect Hemingway's growing popularity. A
Farewell to Arms made its film debut three years later, a debut which Hemingway
refused to attend. Hemingway crafted this novel from a wealth of personal
experience. He was stationed in Italy in 1918 and wounded that July. During his
hospital stay, he began and ended a relationship with a nurse. Later, when he was
free-lance writing in Greece and Turkey, he witnessed the retreat of the Greek
army and its civilians. All of these experiences provided Hemingway with the
palette he used to create this tale.
Hemingway's effect on modern American literature is difficult to gauge, but
tangible nonetheless. Drastically different authors such as Kerouac have claimed
him as an influence. Recent scholarship has panned Hemingway for narrow-
mindedness and misogyny, but his work remains indispensable for understanding
an important period of our history. As Raymond S. Nelson says, "Hemingway tried
to tell the truth about his times, to correct the 'lies' which former generations told,
whether wittingly or unwittingly."

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1.4. The writing styles

Hemingway’s style and works have created both criticism and controversy
as well as many praises. Hemingway’s father is one of the many who criticized
Hemingway’s style. His father was upset about his son’s writing style because of
how vulgar it was. Despite the vulgarity, criticism, and controversy brought about
by Hemingway’s writing he was still honored with multiple different awards. His
most famous awards won for his writing are the Nobel Prize in Literature and the
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Hemingway is still extremely well known today.
Multiple books are analyzing his individualistic style and many writers even
attempt to mimic his style. Some of his novels have even been turned into major
motion pictures as well as films about the details of Hemingway’s life.

2. The summary/ plot summary (of the novel)

Frederic Henry is an American serving as a Lieutenant of an ambulance
division in the Italian Army. In the first part of the book, Fred goes on leave to
Naples and returns. Through his friend, Lt. Rinaldi, he meets a British nurses' aide
named Catherine Barkley whose fiancee perished the previous year in the Somme.
Fred is immediately smitten with Catherine and he spends a lot of time courting
her. At the mess hall, they make fun of Fred's other friend, the priest. As the snows
clear, it is time for the offensive to begin again, and Fred goes with his three
ambulances to a post in the mountains. During the first night here, there is a
bombardment, and Fred is seriously wounded in the legs. One of his drivers is also
wounded and another is killed. Fred is shipped to a field hospital, but when an
American hospital is opened in Milan, he is shipped there.
Fred is not expected by the hospital in Milan, but they receive him anyway.
Catherine comes with her friend, Miss Ferguson, to work at this hospital and be
close to him. The first estimate for Fred's recovery is six months, but a second
doctor operates on him almost immediately. Before long, Fred is walking on
crutches and going to restaurants with Catherine. She works the night shift so they
can be together at night. Fred has begun to drink too much. Once recovered, Fred
is granted a three-week leave but he loses it because he comes down with jaundice
from drinking too much. Catherine confesses to him that she has become pregnant;
Fred is not upset with her, only worried. Before he is to return to the front, they
spend a night together in a hotel. He leaves on a train in the middle of the night to
return to Gorizia.

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There are fewer people in Gorizia and the town is not as cheerful. Lt. Rinaldi
has become more depressed. He makes a scene in the mess hall and then leaves.
The priest and Fred talk about life and war. The next day Fred reports to a
mountain post to find his ambulance team. That night there is an Austrian attack
and they are forced to retreat. After a couple of days, a traffic jam is created from
all the people retreating. Fred directs his three trucks to take a side road. Soon
after, the trucks become stuck. They must continue on foot. At a river, one of the
drivers is killed. Soon after, another tries to leave but is captured. After a day, Fred
and his last driver attempt to rejoin the Italian army. The Italian officers, afraid of
German spies, are interrogating and shooting anyone who is not Italian. Fred jumps
into a river to escape execution and floats for some time. He jumps a train and
rides it to Milan.
In Milan, he finds out that Catherine has gone to a town called Stresa near
the Swiss border. He gets some new clothing from a friend and takes a train to
Stresa. He checks into a hotel and finds Catherine with her friend Miss Ferguson.
They are happy to be reunited. However, Miss Ferguson isn't happy to see Fred
because she doesn't trust him. They stay in Stresa for a day, but one night the
bartender, who is Fred's friend, warns him that he is to be arrested in the morning.
He offers them his boat to row to Switzerland. Fred rows through the night and
arrives in Switzerland where he and Catherine are first arrested, but later issued
provisional visas.
Together, Catherine and Fred stay in a remote mountain town called
Montreux. They spend all of their time together reading, hiking and talking.
Catherine's pregnancy has matured and when the spring comes they move into a
larger town. When Catherine goes into labor, they rush to the hospital. Even
though it is early in the morning when they arrive, Catherine still hasn't delivered
the baby by noon. The doctor suggests a caesarian. The operation seems to go well,
but Fred soon finds out that Catherine has hemorrhaged and that the child was born
dead, choked by its umbilical cord. Soon after this, Catherine dies from repeated
hemorrhaging.

3. Analysis
3.1. The main contents/themes
Henry arrives at the front and describes the military scene. He hands out
cigarettes to the other drivers, and they engage in a philosophical conversation
about the war's purpose. Passini objects the most, believing the war to be nothing
more than pointless violence. The men are hungry, so Henry and Gordini bring
back cold macaroni and a quarter of a block of cheese. As the men huddle in the

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dugout, eating pasta with their hands, a trench mortar explodes. The blast blows off
Passini's legs and wounds Henry's. Despite Henry's heroic efforts to save him,
Passini dies. The other two drivers find Henry and clumsily transport him to the
dressing station. In the ambulance on the way to the hospital, the soldier on a
stretcher above Henry bleeds out, the blood pouring through the bed and onto
Henry's clothes
3.2. The main characters
characteristics of Frederic Henry in chapter IX
In chapter IV, Frederic Henry proves to be a brave person in work optimistic
Firstly, Frederic Henry is optimistic. Henry is an officer, but instead of
telling the drivers under his command that they're being insubordinate, he engages
them in a debate. He has no ideological commitment to the Italian Army, though
he does think that the war is a necessary evil. "I believe we should get the war
over. . .It would not finish if one side stopped fighting. It would only be worse if we
stopped fighting."
Secondly, Henry is very brave. When the men get hungry, Henry and
Gordini run out and grab some macaroni and cheese from another bunker. “It is
dark outside as searchlights scan the mountains. The attack is at first delayed but
then begins. The sound of gun shell bursts is nearby. Fred runs and gets some pasta
shells and cheese to feed his drivers from the officers' tent where the major has
already begun to tend to the wounded”
characteristic of Passin in chapter IX
Passion is one of Fred's drivers before he is wounded. Passini is very much
against the war and thinks that everyone should stop fighting. Besides, he is also a
braver person.
Firstly, Passini doesn't agree and thinks that everyone should defend their
own home because there is nothing as bad as war, and there is no end to it "War is
not won by victory. What if we take San Gabriele? What if we take the Carso and
Monfalcone and Trieste? Where are we then? Did you see all the far mountains
today? Do you think we could take all of them too? Only if the Austrians stop
fighting. One side must stop fighting. Why don't we stop fighting? If they come
down into Italy they will get tired and go away. They have their own country. But
no, instead there is a war."
3.3 The author’s viewpoints

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There is a literary element used in literature and has inspired many poets,
playwrights, and authors. The themes of love and war are featured in literature and
inspire authors to write wartime romances that highlight these two themes. Ernest
Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms deals with the collective themes in the human
experience such as love the reality of war. A Farewell to Arms is narrated from the
perspective of Fredric Henry, an ambulance driver in the Italian army, and pertains
to his experience in the war. The novel also highlights the passionate relationship
between Henry and Catherine Barkley, a British nurse in Italy. Henry’s insight
into the war and his intense love for Cathrine emphasize that love and war are the
predominant themes in the novel and these themes contribute to bringing out the
implicit and explicit meaning of the novel. Especially, in chapter IX, Henry in the
leg, he realized that was is inglorious, and the sacrifices made in war are
meaningless.
Henry is an officer, but instead of telling the drivers under his command that
they're being insubordinate, he engages them in a debate. He has no ideological
commitment to the Italian Army, though he does think that the war is a necessary
evil. Passini, however, argues that the war is fundamentally unjust.
Henry risks his life, not for glory, but to get some macaroni and cheese. He
is wounded, and Passini killed, in similarly inglorious circumstances: not attacking
the enemy or saving anyone, but just filling their stomachs. This illustrates the
absurdity and chance nature of the battle and critiques the heroic ideals of honor
and bravery in war.
Hemingway's effect on modern American literature is difficult to gauge, but
tangible nonetheless. Drastically different authors such as Kerouac have claimed
him as an influence. Recent scholarship has panned Hemingway for narrow-
mindedness and misogyny, but his work remains indispensable for understanding
an important period of our history. As Raymond S. Nelson says, "Hemingway tried
to tell the truth about his times, to correct the 'lies' which former generations told,
whether wittingly or unwittingly."
3.4 The author’s notable writing styles
Ernest Hemingway's prose style is often considered straightforward. He
avoided what is called "purple prose," giving the reader only as much description
as needed and keeping dialogue tight and natural. All the reader needs are the
surface information (the part of the iceberg we can see) to understand the
situations being discussed (or the water below the visible iceberg) Hemingway's

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signature declarative, terse prose serves him well in this novel. It enables our
narrator to be initially detached from life, and also serves to paint an
uncompromising picture of the war. Additionally, it is used to produce a realistic
narrative from Henry's point of view, shying away from elaborate schemes and
descriptions. By presenting a very ordered surface for the reader, the reader can
examine the chaos and complexity with a fairly clear head.
The use of adjectives is rare and used a lot of nouns as nouns are close to
things, and therefore to facts in keeping with the characters he wanted to portray. It
is surprising how he reveals the inner world of his personages. The author uses
precise words to help threaders imagine the story. This style of simplicity is a
trademark of Hemingway and what sets him apart from many other writers.
Plain words are simple declarative sentences that bring out the sensations of
the central characters and at the same time make the reader participate in the events
of the story. He gives some advice: “Use short sentences, use short first
paragraphs, use vigorous English, not forgetting to strive for smoothness, be
position, not negative”. Hemingway’s style of writing is striking. His sentences are
short, his words are simple. Yet they are often filled with emotion. A careful
reading can show us furthermore that he is a master of pause. That is, if we look
closely, we see how the action of his stories continues during the silences, during
the time his characters say nothing. This action is often full of meaning. There are
times when the most powerful effect comes from 35restraint. Such times occur in
Hemingway’s fiction. He perfected the art of conveying emotions with few words.
Hemingway is a classicist in his restraint and understatement. He believes that the
strongest effect comes with an economy of means
Finally, Hemingway is well-known for his use of objective correlatives, and
this novel is no exception. The vivid details, from crowded trains to gaudy hotel
rooms, oftentimes serve no purpose other than to paint a mood for the reader.
3.5. Lessons drawn
“As critical as what you put in is what to omit. This is straightforward to
mention but hard to do. once you’ve written a draft, study it aloud, however most
effective to yourself. if you study it to a person else, that person may ask
questions, that allow you to cause an extended draft. which can make matters

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clearer. but if your purpose is spare prose, it facilitates to pay attention to the vain
or distracting word or word. it may look proper on the web page. However, while
you hear it, it can sound like that extra be aware in a trumpet solo. “As a non-
conformist who usually had the obnoxious need to riot against winning flavor, it
was herbal for me to despise Hemingway: he becomes the chief of the lost
generation, the person who unmarried-handily invented the fashion of the
contemporary age– in different words, yet any other over-hyped dead white guy, a
representation of the establishment I hate. this turned into a controversial opinion
in most college lecture rooms, filled as they had been with dedicated papa
admirers. however regardless of how unpopular, I’d protect my case against the
person of machismo: his lean, muscular writing- I insisted- wasn’t innovative nor
was his simple fashion the conscious preference of an artist so much as the
heedlessness of a novice missing ability. he couldn’t pick phrases with the
cautious ear for his or her connotative meanings like Plath; he couldn’t string
together evocative sentences like his buddy/rival Fitzgerald.
Not best did I despise the sparseness of his prose— I hated his incessant
repetition of the same phrases. Jesus H. Christ, Hemingway! is it certainly vital to
repeat the word “leaves” four times in a quick passage of one hundred and twenty-
six phrases? did you in no way learn how to vary your phrase choice? however
simply as I got here to comprehend Hemingway’s austere story-telling, I finally
diagnosed the artistry of his repetition. his chronic repeating of “leaves” wasn’t a
sloppy oversight: it turned into an intentional desire. However, why return to the
word 4 times? in literature, “leaves” are archetypal symbols of maturity that
characterizes coming near loss of life and rot. in line with Clark, Hemingway
repeats this word to underscore how battle annihilates all, certainly one of a
farewell to hands’ paramount issues:
“Whilst something is over-designed, we often criticize it as being too busy
or cluttered. the identical is authentic of the humanities. first, it became miles
Davis and then tony Bennett who preached the virtues of knowing which musical
notes to miss. Didion is so tuned into Hemingway that she can see the small
deletions, Which can create a huge effect. it isn't obvious why the deletion of the
before leaves makes this type of huge distinction, but it does. perhaps the impact
upon the reader comes from the established order of a pattern accompanied using a
variant of the norm. notice that the phrase leaves seem 4 times inside the passage,
in three instances preceded by way of the item them. within the 1/3 example, the
disappears, handiest to be restored inside the last words. the author sends out lots

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of signals that depart is important, consisting of repeating it 4 instances, then

letting it stick out at the top of the paragraph, abutted to the white area.
So, what's the distinction between “the leaves” and “leaves”? perhaps it's far
the distinction between specificity and generality. between things that might be
contained within a space or moment and people that appear. the defines certain
leaves which are included with dirt and fallen. without it, I am getting a more
sense of chaos- once-dwelling matters scattered to decay. Now and then in
memories, leaves are not just left. falling leaves are a handy and historical logo for
the lack of lifestyles and the alternate of seasons. they will be losing from the
timber among summer and wintry weather. but take into account that the dust of
the roads coats the leaves, performing, perhaps, as a sort of environmental
defoliant. and where does that dirt come from? from troop moves. why are the
troops there? to wage war. and what does the struggle do? it tramples the
entirety, kills everything. So maybe the dirt is not simply dirt at all. maybe it’s an
iconic image of mortality. dirt to dust.”
“Range your words” is a dictum proclaimed in lecture rooms anywhere.
considering that we first put pen to page, we— being committed college students—
obeyed this decree, rigorously perusing the word list and straining to discover a
synonym so we wouldn’t repeat the equal element. “no, we couldn’t probably use
a phrase two times!” we thought, dreading the stern, too-serious ink of our English
instructors. so, in preference to repeat the word “argue,” we used the state-of-the-
art “assert” or the professional-sounding “declare.” though we’ve been taught that
repetition is a sign of an inferior writer, Clark indicates it’s an imperative addition
to any wordsmith’s toolbox. as writers, we can repeat to emphasize, to spotlight,
to underline, to underscore. just as Hemingway restates the phrase “leaves” to
name attention to the devastating results of conflict, we can reiterate a symbol or
image to enhance the underlying message of our work.
References
Beegel, Susan F. Hemingway's Craft of Omission. Ann Arbor: U.M.I.
Research Press, 1988.
Burwell, Rose Marie. Hemingway: The Postwar Years and the Posthumous
Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Cooper, Stephen. The Politics of Ernest Hemingway. Ann Arbor, U.M.I.
Research Press, 1987.

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Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 1929, 1951,

1995.
Messent, Peter. Ernest Hemingway. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
Nelson, Raymond S. Hemingway: Expressionist Artist. Ames. Iowa State
University Press, 1979.
Reynolds, Michael. Hemingway: An Annotated Chronology. Detroit:
Omnigraphics Inc., 1991.

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