American Novel

Ernest Hemingway
LIFE AND WORKS
Made by: Marija Dzidzeva,
162621
 Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and
journalist. His economical and understated style—which included his iceberg theory—had a strong influence
on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and public image brought him admiration from later
generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was
awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two
nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three nonfiction works were published
posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature. Hemingway was raised in
Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he was a reporter for a few months for The Kansas City Star before
leaving for the Italian Front to enlist as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously
wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms
(1929). In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of four wives. They moved to Paris, where he
worked as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and fell under the influence of the modernist writers
and artists of the 1920s' "Lost Generation" expatriate community. Hemingway's debut novel The Sun Also
Rises was published in 1926. He divorced Richardson in 1927, and married Pauline Pfeiffer. They divorced
after he returned from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), which he covered as a journalist and which was
the basis for his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940. He
and Gellhorn separated after he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He maintained permanent
residences in Key West, Florida in the 1930s and in Cuba in the 1940s and 1950s. On a 1954 trip to Africa, he
was seriously injured in two plane accidents on successive days, leaving him in pain and ill health for much of
the rest of his life. In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where, in mid-1961, he died by suicide.
 Life
 Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in
Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer
ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian
Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter
for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek
Revolution.
 During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he
described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms
(1929), the study of an American ambulance officer’s disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter.
Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most
ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel,
The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman’s journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish
and the sea, and his victory in defeat.
 Hemingway – himself a great sportsman – liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters – tough, at times
primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this
confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection for
understatement are particularly effective in his short stories, some of which are collected in Men Without Women
(1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Hemingway died in Idaho in 1961.
Works
 Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) was an American
novelist, short-story writer, journalist, and sportsman.
His economical and understated style—which he
termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on
20th-century fiction. Many of his works are
considered classics of American literature.
 Hemingway produced most of his work between the
mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded
the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published
seven novels, six short-story collections, and two
nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story
collections, and three nonfiction works were published
posthumously.
The Sun Also Rises
 The Sun Also Rises is the first novel by American writer Ernest
Hemingway. It portrays American and British expatriates who
travel along the Camino de Santiago from Paris to the Festival of
San Fermín in Pamplona and watch the running of the bulls and the
bullfights. An early modernist novel, it received mixed reviews
upon publication. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes
that it is now "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work" and
Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner-Martin calls it his most
important novel. The novel was published in the United States in
October 1926 by Scribner's. A year later, Jonathan Cape published
the novel in London under the title Fiesta. It remains in print. The
novel is a roman à clef: the characters are based on people in
Hemingway's circle and the action is based on events, particularly
Hemingway's life in Paris in the 1920s and a trip to Spain in 1925
for the Pamplona festival and fishing in the Pyrenees.
The Old Man and the Sea
 The Old Man and the Sea is a 1952 novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway. Written between December 1950 and
February 1951, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging fisherman who catches a giant marlin after a long struggle, but then loses his
bounty to sharks. The novella was highly anticipated and was released to record sales; the initial critical reception was equally
positive, but attitudes have varied significantly since then.

 The last major fictional work to be published during Hemingway's lifetime, The Old Man and the Sea was begun in Cuba during a
tumultuous period in the author's life. His previous novel Across the River and Into the Trees had met with negative reviews and,
amid a breakdown in relations with his wife Mary, he had fallen in love with his muse Adriana Ivancich. Having completed one book
of a planned "sea trilogy", Hemingway began to write as an addendum a story about an old man and a marlin that had originally been
told to him fifteen years earlier. He wrote up to a thousand words a day, completing the 26,531-word manuscript in six weeks.
A Farewell to Arms
 A Farewell to Arms is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, set during
the Italian campaign of World War I. First published in 1929, it is a first-person
account of an American, Frederic Henry, serving as a lieutenant in the ambulance
corps of the Italian Army. The novel describes a love affair between the American
expatriate and an English nurse, Catherine Barkley.
 Its publication ensured Hemingway's place as a modern American writer of
considerable stature. The book became his first best-seller and has been called
"the premier American war novel from World War I". The title might be taken
from a 16th‑century poem of the same name by the English dramatist George
Peele.
 The novel has been adapted a number of times: initially for the stage in 1930; as a
film in 1932, and again in 1957; and as a three-part television miniseries in 1966.
The film In Love and War, made in 1996, depicts Hemingway's life in Italy as an
ambulance driver in events prior to his writing of A Farewell to Arms.
Lost Generation
 Lost Generation, a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and
established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term is also used more generally to refer
to the post-World War I generation. Fitzgerald became adept at tailoring his short fiction to the
vicissitudes of commercial tastes after recognizing that slick magazines such as the Saturday
Evening Post and Esquire were more likely to publish stories that pandered to young love and
featured saccharine dénouements.
 The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the
postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a United States that, basking under
Pres. Warren G. Harding’s “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly
provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Ernest Hemingway, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane, and
many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the 1920s. They
were never a literary school.
 Gertrude Stein is credited for the term Lost Generation, though Hemingway made it widely
known. According to Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast (1964), she had heard it used by a
garage owner in France, who dismissively referred to the younger generation as a “génération
perdue.” In conversation with Hemingway, she turned that label on him and declared, “You are
all a lost generation.” He used her remark as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926), a
novel that captures the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast-living set of disillusioned young
expatriates in postwar Paris