ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL AND BUSINESS COLLEGE

RESEARCH AND COMMUNITY SERVICE

OCCUPATIONAL NEEDLE STICK AND SHARP INJURIES

AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HEALTH CARE
PROFESSIONALS FOUND IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS OF
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA.

By: ROMAN BEDASO (BSC NURSE)

NAME OF ADVISOR: KASAHUN KETEMA (ASS.PROF.)

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO ADDIS ABABA

MEDICAL AND BUSINESS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF MASTER’S
DEGREE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

DECEMBER, 2023
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
OCCUPATIONAL NEEDLE STICK AND SHARP INJURIES AND
ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
FOUND IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA.

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL AND BUSINESS

COLLEGE MASTERS OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH

ROMAN BEDASO (BSC NURSE)

ADVISOR: - KASAHUN KETEMA (ASS.PROF.)

DECEMBER, 2023
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
 ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL AND BUSINESS COLLEGE

ADVISORS’ THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMISSION APPROVAL

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Occupational needle stick and sharp injuries and
associated factors among health care professionals found in public hospitals of Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia and has been carried out by Roman Bedaso, ID. No __________, under my/our
supervision. Therefore I/we recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and
hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department of health services management for
defense.

Name of principal advisor Signature Date

i
ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL AND BUSINESS COLLEGE

Examiners’ Thesis Proposal Approval sheet

Approved by: We the examiners’ board approve that this thesis has passed through the
defense and review process

Chairperson_______________Signature____________________Date___________________

External Examiner ____________Signature_________________ Date__________________

Internal Examiner ____________Signature_________________ Date___________________

Principal advisor ____________Signature_________________ Date___________________

Signature and Stamp of the Department

ii
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Master’s degree thesis proposal in Public health is my original work
and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, and all sources of material
used for this thesis / dissertation have been duly acknowledged.

Name: _________________________________________

Signature: ______________________________________

Date: _______________________________________

iii
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR

By my signature below, I declare and affirm that this thesis is my own work. I have followed
all ethical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data analysis and
completion of this thesis. All scholarly matter that is included in the thesis has been given
recognition through citation. I affirm that I have cited and referenced all sources used in this
document. Every serious effort has been made to avoid any plagiarism in the preparation of
this thesis.

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for master of public health
degree to Addis Ababa Medical and Business College. I would like to declare that this thesis
has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic
degree, diploma or certificate.

Name:_________________________________ Signature: ____________ Date: __________

Program: Masters of Public Health, Addis Ababa Medical and Business College

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr Kasahun Ketema (Ass.Prof.) for his
valuable advice, consultation and comments throughout this research proposal. I would also
like to thanks Addis Ababa Medical & Business College. Next to this, I would like to thank
management members of each public hospital for their cooperation during sample size
calculation.

v
ABBREIVATION AND ACRONYMS
AA Addis Ababa
AARHB Addis Ababa Regional Health Bureau
CDC Center for Disease Control
EPINET Exposure Prevention Information Network
ETB Ethiopian Birr
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HCWs Health Care Workers
HCPs Health Care Professionals
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IP Infection Prevention
NSSI Needle Stick and Sharp Injuries
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
USA United States of America
WHO World Health Organization

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................ii

ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL & BUSINESS COLLEGE...........................................................i

ADVISORS’ THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMISSION APPROVAL............................................i

ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL & BUSINESS COLLEGE..........................................................ii

Examiners’ Thesis Proposal Approval sheet.............................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................iii

ABBREIVATION AND ACRONYMS...................................................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................v

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................viii

SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................ix

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1

1.1 Back Ground.....................................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem..................................................................................................2

1.3. Significance for the study................................................................................................4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................5

2.1 Magnitude of occupational needle stick and Sharpe injuries...........................................5

2.2 Socio demographic factors...............................................................................................5

2.3 Working environment.......................................................................................................6

2.4 Behavioral factors.............................................................................................................7

Figure 1: conceptual framework for occupational needle stick and sharp injuries adapted
and modified from different literatures (22,28,32).............................................................8

3. OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................9

3.1 General Objective:............................................................................................................9

3.2 Specific Objective:...........................................................................................................9

4.1. METHODS AND MATERIALS......................................................................................10

4.1 Study Setting..................................................................................................................10

vii
 4.2 Study design...................................................................................................................10

4.3 Source population...........................................................................................................10

4.4 Study Population............................................................................................................10

All health care professionals found in the selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa city
administration...................................................................................................................10

4.5. Inclusion Criteria:..........................................................................................................10

4.6. Exclusion Criteria:.........................................................................................................10

4.7 Sample size.....................................................................................................................10

4.7 Sampling procedure........................................................................................................11

4.8 Data collection tools and procedures..............................................................................13

4.9 Study variables...............................................................................................................13

4.9.1 Dependent variable..................................................................................................13

4.9.2 Independent Variable...............................................................................................13

4.10 Data quality..................................................................................................................14

4.11 Data analysis.................................................................................................................14

4.12 Operational definitions.................................................................................................14

4.13 Ethical Consideration...................................................................................................15

4.14. Dissemination of Finding............................................................................................15

5. RESULT...............................................................................................................................16

5.1. Socio-demographic characteristics................................................................................16

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of health care professionals (n=468) at public

hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023................................................................................17

5.2 Work environment related factors..................................................................................18

Table 2 : Work environment and work related characteristics of health care professionals
(n=468) in public hospitals found in, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023........................................19

5.3. Behavioral related factors..............................................................................................20

Table 3 : Behavioral related characteristics of health care professionals (n=468) in public

hospitals found in Addis Ababa, 2023.....................................................................................21

viii
 5.4 Prevalence of needle stick or sharp injuries...................................................................22

Table 4: Needle stick injury among health care professionals found in the selected public
Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023...............................................................................23

5.5 Bivariate and Multivariate logistic Regression Analysis of needle stick or sharp injury
among health care workers found at selected hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023....26

Table 5: Factors associated with needle stick and sharp injuries among health care
professionals in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.............................27

6. DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................28

7. LIMITATION AND STRENGTH OF THE STUDY.........................................................30

8. CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................31

9. RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................32

10. REFERENCES...................................................................................................................33

11. ANNEXES:........................................................................................................................38

11.1 Annex-I: Participants information sheet and consent form......................................38

11.2 Annex-II ስለ ጥናቱ በአማርኛ መረጃ መስጫና ፈቃደኝነት መጠየቂያ ቅጽ............................40

11.3 Annex-III: English version questionnaire....................................................................42

11.4 Annex-IV የአማርኛው ትርጉም መጠይቅ.........................................................................50

ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of health care professionals (n=468) at public
hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023................................................................................17
Table 2 : Work environment and work related characteristics of health care professionals
(n=468) in public hospitals found in, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023........................................19
Table 3 : Behavioral related characteristics of health care professionals (n=468) in public
hospitals found in Addis Ababa, 2023.....................................................................................21
Table 4: Needle stick injury among health care professionals found in the selected public
Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023...............................................................................23
Table 5: Factors associated with needle stick and sharp injuries among health care
professionals in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.............................27

LIST OF FIGURES

x
Figure 1: conceptual framework for occupational needle stick and sharp injuries adapted and
modified from different literatures (22,28,32)...........................................................................8
Figure 2: schematic presentation of sampling procedure of HCPs in selected public hospitals
of Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023................................................................................................12
Figure 3: Prevalence of NSSI among health care professionals found in the selected public
hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2023...............................................................................................22
Figure 4: Responses given by study participants during whom they sustain NSSI among
health care professionals found in the selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2023.........25

SUMMARY
Background: Every day, health care workers are exposed to dangerous and deadly blood
borne pathogens through contaminated needle sticks, sharps, or splash exposures at work
xi
places. Worldwide, about 40% of HBV and HCV infections and 2.5% of HIV infections
in health care workers are attributable to occupational sharps exposures. In Ethiopia, little
was known about associated factors that affect it.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of occupational needle stick and sharp injuries and
associated factors among health care professionals found in Public Hospitals of Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
Method: -Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in all the selected public
hospitals of Addis Ababa. A total of 480 study participants were selected by systematic
random sampling technique among each professional at each public hospital. Data was
collected by using structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was
done and p-value <0.05 and 95%CI of AOR was used to declare the significance.
Result: The prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among health care professionals
in the last 12 months was 27.6% (95% CI: 23.3, 31.7). Health care professionals who
were age >25 years was 5.624 times more likely to face needle stick and sharp injuries
(AOR=5.624; 95% CI, (2.518, 12.561)) than compared to those who were age <25 years.
Health care professionals who were not regularly apply personal protective equipment’s
were 2.431 times more likely to face needle stick and sharp injuries (AOR=2.431; 95%
CI, (1.387, 4.259)) than those who did use personal protective equipment’s regularly and
those with average monthly income <=4000ETB were 6.772 times getting needle stick
and sharp injuries as compared with those with average monthly income >4000Etb
(AOR=6.772; 95% CI, (1.935, 23.705). Moreover, the probability of getting needle stick
and sharp injuries among health care professionals who had worked on average less than
or equal to 39 hours per week were 81.2% less as compared with those who had worked
for greater than or equal to 40 hours per week (AOR=0.188; 95% CI, (0.095, 0.375))
Conclusion & recommendation: The prevalence of occupational needle sticks and sharp
injury which may expose HCPs to blood borne pathogens, was high. Compliance with
standard precautions age, monthly income and working hours per week were found to be
associated with NSSI.
Key Words: needle stick and sharp injuries, Health care worker

xii
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back Ground

Needle stick and sharp injuries are a piercing body trauma caused by a sharp medical
equipment’s that was used to screen, diagnosis, treat or follow a patients disease
conditions. Needle stick injury is defined as injuries that are caused by objects such as
hypodermic needles, blood collection needles, cannula, and needles used to connect parts
of intravenous delivery systems. Every day, health care workers are exposed to dangerous
and deadly blood borne pathogens through contaminated needle sticks, sharps, or splash
exposures at work place(1). Needle stick and sharp injuries usually happen during
medication, administration, operative procedures, blood sample collection, needle
recapping and poor handling of sharp materials(2).

Worldwide, it is estimated that 3 million health care workers experienced needle stick and
sharp injuries every year (1). The prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among
health care works in UK was 20.9%(3). In the United States, the CDC reported that the
annual number of sharp injuries among the HCWs is 385,000(5). According to the WHO
report, the number of needle stick and sharp injuries per person among HCWs is 4 per
year in Africa, Asia, and Western Mediterranean(4). In Sub-Saharan Africa, an average of
two to four HCWs suffers needle stick injuries per year (5). In Ethiopia, the prevalence of
needle sticks and sharp injury is 19.1% in Bale zone(6), 34.5% in Dessie town(7), 43% in
Dessie referral hospital(2), and 25.9% in central zone of Tigray(8).

Injuries from needles and other sharp devices used in healthcare settings are associated
with the occupational transmission of more than 20 pathogen(9,10). The three infections
most commonly transmitted to health care workers are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis
C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(11).

Health workers in areas such as operating, delivery and emergency rooms and
laboratories have a higher risk of exposure. The most common factors of needle stick and
sharp injury are recapping and unsafe collection and disposal of sharp wastes(9,6). In
Ethiopia there are some studies conducted in few parts of the country. Specifically,
research data regarding the prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among health
care professionals of public hospitals are limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at
assessing the prevalence of occupational needle stick and sharp injuries and the
corresponding factors among health care professionals of public hospitals found in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
1
1.2 Statement of the problem

Needle stick and sharp injuries are the most common professional risk factors in different
health sectors(13). Needle stick and sharp injuries are defined as the accidental
penetration of the skin by a needle or sharps contaminated with blood and or blood
contaminated body fluids, during a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure(14).

Every day, health care workers are exposed to dangerous and deadly blood borne
pathogens through contaminated needle sticks, sharps, or splash exposures at work place
and Globally, it is estimated that 3 million health care workers world wild experience
needle stick and sharp injuries every year(1). According to center for disease control and
prevention (CDC) agency for safety and health at work, more than 385,000 needle stick
and sharp injury cases are reported annually among health care workers working in
hospitals in United States(4).

Globally, regional and nationally done Systematic review and meta-analysis shows that
the incidence of needle stick and sharp injuries was higher (52%) in Africa than the other
continents(15).

Injuries from needles and other sharp devices used in healthcare settings are associated
with the occupational transmission of more than 20 pathogen(9,10). The three infections
most commonly transmitted to health care workers are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis
C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(4).
Among the 35 million health care workers worldwide, about three million receives
percutaneous exposures to blood borne pathogens each year; 2 million of those to HBV,
0.9 million to HCV and 170,000 to HIV. These injuries may result in 15,000 HCV,
70,000 HBV and 500 HIV infections. Worldwide, about 40% of HBV and HCV
infections and 2.5% of HIV infections in health care workers are attributable to
occupational sharps exposures from which more than 90% of those infections occur in
developing countries. (16). Health workers in areas such as operating, delivery and
emergency rooms and laboratories have a higher risk of exposure. The most common
factors of needle stick and sharp injury are recapping and unsafe collection and disposal
of sharp wastes(12).
One sharp injury can cause a number of costs to the health care facility and worker,
including; loss of employee time, tying up staff to investigate the injury, expense of
laboratory testing, cost of treatment for infected staff and cost of replacing staff and in
addition stress on the affected worker and family, feeling of distress and anxiety can be
enormous(17).

2
In Ethiopia there was limited data regarding the prevalence of needle stick and sharp
injuries among health care professionals. There are some studies conducted in few parts
of the country. Specifically, research data regarding the prevalence of needle stick and
sharp injuries among health care professionals of public hospitals are limited. In addition,
the contributing factors like socio demographic and work environment factors have been
given little attention. Therefore, the stud was aimed at assessing the prevalence of
occupational needle stick and sharp injuries and the corresponding factors among health
care professionals of public hospitals found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

3
1.3. Significance for the study
In developing countries, exposure and health impacts to needle stick and sharp injuries
are rarely monitored and much remains to be done to protect HCWs from such risks that
cause infections, disability and death, that may in turn impact the quality of health
care(18). Even though there are similar studies conducted in some parts of Ethiopia,
applicability of the findings and recommendations specifically to health care
professionals and to the specific study area is difficult due to variation in reference to
time and existing environmental factors. In addition, the researches done are not enough
especially in identifying factors affecting needle stick and sharp injuries among health
care professionals. The findings of this research were helping the management of public
hospitals in the development of effective preventive strategies and improve occupational
health and safety of health care professionals. Furthermore, researchers were using this
study as a reference in order to conduct further studies.

4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Magnitude of occupational needle stick and Sharpe injuries
Globally, according to an estimation made by the World Health Organization (WHO), HCWs
due to their occupational exposure to percutaneous injuries leads about 1,100 deaths and
disability each year. Half of this deaths would occur in Sub-Sahara Africa(18). The study
done in Saudi Arabia showed that 22.2% of health care workers were experienced needle
stick and sharp injuries with 95% (CI 18, 26.8)(19).

In a study conducted Ondo state, Nigeria, 219(55.8%) HCWs had ever had needle stick
injuries during the course of their work (9). The study done at Bule Hora referral hospital
showed that the prevalence of sharp injuries was 45.4 %( 10).

In Ethiopia, little was known regarding the prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries
among HCWs. In a study conducted in regional hospitals of North East Ethiopia, the
prevalence of sharp injuries among HCPs was 32.8%(20). In another study conducted in
Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 343(55.1%) HCWs were injured by needle stick and sharps
in the last one year(21). In a study conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital,
showed the prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among nurses was 61.76%(22).

As study done in Tigray showed the prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries were 25.9%
(8). The other study done in Dessie referral hospital Amhara region showed the prevalence of
needle stick and sharp object injury was 43%(2).

2.2 Socio demographic factors

According to CDC, in the USA, about 385,000 needle stick and sharp injuries occur annually
to hospital employees where nursing staffs are most frequently infected (23). In a systematic
review conducted using published articles from January 1998 to May 2015, the highest
incidence of needle stick injuries was seen in nurses and that the associated factors were age,
level of education (24).

In a study conducted among HCWs at public tertiary hospitals in an urban community of

Mongolia revealed that, NSSI were almost 2.5 times more likely to occur among HCWs who
worked more than 35 hours per week, five times higher among those HCWs who gave more
than 10 injections per day than their counter parts and those HCWs who followed universal
precautions were 66% less likely to encounter NSSI than those who did not adhere to this
recommendations(25).

5
In a study conducted among HCWs in Ondo state, Nigeria, NSI was associated in HCWs age
group 25 years and below, male workers are highly likely to encounter NSI than their counter
parts and Among participants that had ever had NSIs, 58.6% were nurses, thirty-eight
(13.1%) were doctors, 37 (12.8%) were laboratory workers, and 45 (15.5%) were health
attendants(26).
As study done in Felege Hiwot, Referral, Hospital those with monthly income ≥1000 ETB
were 4.1 more likely to get injured than their counterparts (AOR=4.1, 95% CI: 1.27, 13.4)
and study done in Awi zone Amahara Regional state designated that male health care workers
were 10 times more likely to encountered needle stick and sharp injuries (AOR=10, 95% CI:
1.5, 16) than females (21, 24).

2.3 Working environment

The data from EPINET shows that needle stick injuries occur most frequently in the
operating and inpatient rooms and most of exposures to blood other potentially infectious
materials occur due to unsafe needle devices and improper handling and disposal of needles
and other sharps (15).

The other study done in Saudi Arabia indicated that Physician, nurse, Dentist and Lab tech
were significantly associated with higher NSI experience; un-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)
were 21.37 (2.70, 169.03), 20.27 (2.62, 156.87), 15.65 (1.78, 137.31) and 10.17 (1.31, 78.92)
respectively(19).

Previous studies conducted in different parts of Ethiopia have reported factors associated with
NSSI, including lack of occupational training, number of shift per month, working
department, satisfaction with working environment, working hours>40 per week(27), work
experience(28), working in the emergency unit(29).

As the study done in health facilities of Dessie indicated health workers experiencing work
over load (AOR=3.794; 95% CI: 2.268, 6.346) and with lesser work experience (AOR=
2.762; 95% CI: 1.381, 4.521) were significantly associated with needle stick and Sharp
injuries(7). The other study done in Dessie referral hospital showed that nurses who worked
in the emergency department were 11× more likely to experience needle stick and sharp
object injury compared with nurses who worked in outpatient department P = 0.004 (AOR =
11.511 95% CI 2.134, 62.09). Participants who were worked in adult health department were
10× more likely experience needle stick and sharp object injury when compared with
participants who were worked in outpatient department P = 0.006 (AOR = 9.742 95% CI
1.904, 49.859)(2).

6
2.4 Behavioral factors
The study done to assess the prevalence and associated factors of needle stick and Sharp
injuries among health care workers in northwestern Ethiopia showed disposal of Sharp waste
materials in a place other than in safety box (AOR= 2.65 95% CI: 1.18, 4.26), recapping of
needles (AOR= 2.27, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.56) and feeling sleepy at work (AOR= 2.24, 95% CI:
1.14, 4.41) were factors significantly associated with needle stick and Sharpe injuries(30).
The other study done in Awi Zone Amhara Region to identify occupational exposure of
health care providers to needle stick and sharp injuries indicated those who use universal
precautions were 99% times likely to face needle stick and sharp injuries (AOR= 0.01; 95%
CI: 0.002, 0.1) as compared to those who did not use universal precaution and those who
practiced recapping of needles were 21.3 times more likely to face needle stick and sharp
injuries (AOR= 21.2; 95% CI: 4.4, 23) than those who did not practiced recapping
needles(31).

7
 Socio-demographic
factors
- Age
-Sex
-level of education
-work experiance
-Monthly income
-Marital status

Occupational
needle stick
and sharp
Behavoural injuries
factors Work environment
-Use of PPE factors
-Use of safety -Training on IP
containers -Working hours per
-disposal of used weak
needles and sharps -Working department
-Recaping needles -Availability of safety
-Follow up of guidlines
universal -Availability of PPE
precaution

Figure 1: conceptual framework for occupational needle stick and sharp injuries
adapted and modified from different literatures (22,28,32).

8
3. OBJECTIVES
3.1 General Objective:
 To assess the magnitude of occupational needle stick and sharp injuries and
associated factors among health care professionals of Public Hospitals of Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
3.2 Specific Objective:
 To determine the prevalence of occupational needle-stick and sharp injuries among
health care professionals of public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
 To identify associated factors affecting occupational needle stick and sharp injuries
among health care professionals of public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.

9
4. METHODS AND MATERIALS
4.1 Study Setting
The study was conducted in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. The cities have 11 sub cities with
estimated total population of 4,022,125. In the City, there are 6 public hospitals governed by
the city administration, 5 specialty hospitals and 118 health centers. According to the data we
get from each hospital human resource unit there are a total of 7680 health care workers
amongst the 6 public hospitals excluding non-health professional staffs.

4.2 Study design

An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted.

4.3 Source population

All health care professionals working at the public Hospitals of Addis Ababa.

4.4 Study Population

All health care professionals found in the selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa city
administration.
4.5. Inclusion Criteria:
All health care professionals in all the selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa city
including; Doctors, nurses, midwives and laboratory personnel who have worked for at least
one year or more in their respective public hospitals. Since health care workers rotation was
done every 6 month and to consider all of them are assumed to have exposure to needle stick
and sharp injuries.

4.6. Exclusion Criteria:

All health care professionals who were on annual leave, maternity leave and those who were
critically ill during data collection was excluded from the study.

4.7 Sample size

The sample size for General objective was determined by using single population proportion
formula based on the following assumptions,
- The prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries among health care workers taken
from previous study done at Bule Hora referral Hospital in 2020, for 12 months was
45.4%(9).
n= (Z/2)2*P(1-P) = (1.96)2*(0.454*0.546)
d2 (0.05)2
= 457,

Where, n- was the sample size to be determined,

10
 Z/2- for standard normal distribution at 95% confidence interval, was 1.96

p- Prevalence of needle stick injuries from previous study= 45.4%,

d- Was margin of error assumed to be 5% and

Adding 5% non-response rate, the final sample size was 480

4.7 Sampling procedure

Among the 6 public hospitals Administered under Addis Ababa city, 50% of them were
selected randomly. The total number of the study participants was obtained from human
resource unit of each hospital. The sample size (n) was distributed among this public
hospitals using proportional allocation method. Finally, simple random sampling technique
was used to select each professional at each public hospital after getting the list from their
monthly payroll. Since health care workers work in rotation every 6 months and have duty in
the night shift, all of them are assumed to have exposure to needle stick and sharp injuries
and study participants were selected using simple random sampling method.

11
 Total number of Public hospitals
governed by the city (6) with
total HCP= 7680

Randoml
y 3 of the
hospitals
will be
selected

Zewiditu Yekatit 12 Minilik the 2nd

memorial hospital hospital
hospital
=1226 = 1280
=872

Proportional allocation

124 182
174

The final 480 sample size was selected by simple random

sampling

Figure 2: schematic presentation of sampling procedure of HCPs in selected public

hospitals of Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023.

12
4.8 Data collection tools and procedures
Data was collected from the study subjects using structured and self-administered Amharic
version questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed after adopting and modifying to my
study objectives from literatures of similar studies(33,34). First it was modified in English
and translated back into Amharic version and was translated back to English to insure
consistency. It have four major components; socio-demographic, work environment and
work-related components, workers behavior and questions related to occurrence of NSSI.

Data was collected by recruited data collection facilitators of three BSC nurses and two male
supervisors who have MSC degree in Public Health all with previous experience in data
collection and supervision. The participants was selected using simple random sampling and
data was collected by arranging appropriate time for those randomly selected participants
with night duty shift using structured self-administered questionnaire. Data collection was
conducted from May 15-30, 2023 during working days.

4.9 Study variables

4.9.1 Dependent variable

Needle stick and sharp injuries among HCPs

4.9.2 Independent Variable

Socio-demographic characteristics
-age
-sex
-level of education
-work experience
-monthly income

Behavioral characteristics
-use of PPE
-recapping needles
-use of safety container

Work environment characteristics

-training on IP
-working hours per week

13
4.10 Data quality
Training was given for both data collectors and supervisors on briefing the general objective
of the study, and discussing the contents of the questionnaire by the principal investigator.
The questions were arranged sequentially using simple, clear, short and acceptable language.
Before the actual data collection, pre-testing of the questionnaire was carried out on the 5%
of sample size in one of the public hospitals that were not included in the study. It was
important to ensure clarity, wordings, logical sequence and skip patterns of the questions.
Based on the pretest, the time needed to complete an interview and the total number of days
needed for data collection was estimated. During data collection, data collectors and data
clerks were trained and closely supervised. Coding, double entry was done to ensure data
quality.

4.11 Data analysis

The data was coded, cleaned, edited, coded and checked for missing values and entered in to
Epi-Info version 7 and exported to statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25 for
analysis. Descriptive statistic including frequencies, mean and standard deviations were
calculated and the data was presented by using text, graphs, charts, tables and proportion.
Bivariate analysis was conducted primarily to check which variables have association with
the dependent variables individually. Variables found to have association with the dependent
variables at ≤ 0.2 probabilities were then entered in to multivariate logistic regression for
controlling the possible effect of confounders and finally the variables, which had P-values <
0.05 was taken as statistically significant on multivariate model.

4.12 Operational definitions

Occupational needle stick and sharp injuries: are occupational accidental puncture of any part
of the body to health care professionals at least once in the last one year career due to a
needle or sharp material during medical intervention(35).
Health care professionals (HCPs); are defined as Medical Doctors, health officers, nurses,
midwives and laboratory personnel whose activity involve direct contact with patients/clients
and are at risk of exposure with blood or other infectious body fluids from patients/clients in
a health-care set up(36).
Injury of HCPs: HCPs are considered to be injured if they encountered needle sticks or sharp
injuries at least once in the past twelve months(21).

14
Apply universal precautions: were based on the anticipated interaction health care worker
will have with blood, body fluid or potential pathogen exposure from the patient during
providing any health service(37).
Working hours: working hours for HCPs cut-off point was determined based on 39 hours
allowed for every civil servant per week and all extra times done at their facility or any other
private health facilities are considered as they worked 40 hours or more(38).

4.13 Ethical Consideration

Ethical approval letter was obtained from Addis Ababa public health research and emergency
management directorate as a result of support letter from Addis Ababa Medical & Business
College department of public health. Verbal consent was obtained from each participant
before they began to fill each questionnaire. Those unwilling to consent were not obliged and
are omitted from the study. The participants of the study were informed as they could put on
an end to the interview at any time. Confidentiality was assured by not taking names of the
respondents and was labeled only with number.
4.14. Dissemination of Finding
The result of this paper was disseminate to Addis Ababa Public Health Research and
emergency directorate and also given to Addis Ababa Medical & Business College
Department of Public health. Finally after conference presentation send for publication.

15
5. RESULT
5.1. Socio-demographic characteristics
A total of 468 subjects participated in the study with a response rate of 97.5%. Participant’s
median age was 29 years. Nearly two-third, 356 (76.1%) of the respondents were female. Of
the entire participants majority 461(98.9%) had worked for higher than or equal to 5 years
and majority 459 (98.1%) of the study participants were degree by educational status (Table
1).

16
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of health care professionals (n=468) at
public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
Variable Frequency Percent
Age (N=468)
25 79 16.88
>25 389 83.12
Sex (N=468)
Male 112 23.9
Female 356 76.1
Educational status (N=468)
Diploma 4 0.9
Degree 459 98.1
Masters & above 5 1.1
Work experience(N=468)
˂5 years 5 1.1
5 years 461 98.9
Average monthly income(ETB)(N=468)
4000 55 11.8
4100-5000 109 23.2
5100 304 65
Marital Status(N=468)
Married 289 61.8
Single 179 38.2

17
5.2 Work environment related factors
Result of this study revealed that 162(34.6%) of the respondents had got training on infection
prevention. More than half, 306(65.4%), reported the presence of safety guideline in their
working department. Half of, 234(50 %), of the study subjects reported that they had
received supervision by anyone related to infection prevention in the last one year (Table 2).

18
Table 2 : Work environment and work related characteristics of health care
professionals (n=468) in public hospitals found in, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
Variable Frequency Percent
Training on IP in the last 1 year

Yes 162 34.6

No 306 65.4
Working hours per week
39 hours 126 26.9
40 hours 342 73.1
Availability of safety guidelines
Yes 306 65.4
No 162 34.6
Availability of PPE
Yes 324 69.2
No 144 30.8
Availability of IP Committee
Yes 404 86.3
No 56 12
I don’t know 8 1.7
Supervision received on IP
Yes 234 50
No 234 50

19
5.3. Behavioral related factors
Result of this study revealed that 267(57.1%) of the respondents had recapped needles after
use. Majority, 379(81%) of the respondents reported they used universal precautions
regularly. Nearly two third, 340(72.6 %), of the study subjects reported that they had used
personal protective equipment’s regularly and majority 394(84.2%) of them reported they
were using safety containers regularly at work place (Table 3).

Table 3 : Behavioral related characteristics of health care professionals (n=468) in

public hospitals found in Addis Ababa, 2023.
Variable Frequency Percent

20
Recap needle after use
Yes 267 57.1
No 201 42.9
Regularly apply universal
precautions
Yes 379 81
No 89 19
Regularly use PPE
Yes 340 72.6
No 128 27.4
Use safety containers regularly
Yes 394 84.2
No 74 15.8

21
5.4 Prevalence of needle stick or sharp injuries
The prevalence of occupational needle sticks and sharp injury in the last twelve months at
least once among health care professionals was; 129(27.6%) with 95%CI of (23.3, 31.7)
(Figure 3). Of those health care professionals who had suffered needle stick and sharp
injuries in the last twelve months; majority 65(50.4%) had reported they had suffered the
injury once, followed by 47(36.4%) had suffered twice in the last one year. Of the reported
NSSI; majority were due to syringe needle 79(61.2%) followed by butterfly needle
34(26.4%) (Figure 4). Forty four (34.1%) of HCPs who got injured by NSS object never
reported the injury to the concerned body (Table 4).

Figure 3: Prevalence of NSSI among health care professionals found in the selected public
hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2023.

22
 Table 4: Needle stick injury among health care professionals found in the selected
public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
Variable Frequency Percent
No of injuries(N=129)
Once 65 50.4
Twice 47 36.4
Three times 5 3.9
Four times and above 12 9.3
Materials that cause NSSI (N=129)
Syringe needle 79 61.2
Butterfly needle 34 26.4
Blood glucose lancet 16 12.4
Depth of injury(N=129)
Deep 61 47.3
Superficial 68 52.7
Action taken immediately after injury(N=104)
Washing with soap and water 44 42.3
Washing with iodine/ alcohol 36 34.6
Get tested for HIV 12 11.5
Take TAT 12 11.5
Ever reported the injury(N=129)
Yes 85 65.9
No 44 34.1
Availability of reporting protocol (N=468)
Yes 255 54.5
No 101 21.6
I don’t know 112 23.9
Availability of safety guideline(N=468)
Yes 298 63.7
No 170 36.3
Availability of safety box(N=468)
Yes 423 90.4
No 45 9.6

23
Ever vaccinated against HBV(N=468)
Yes 316 67.5
No 152 32.5

24
 60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%
48.8% Series1
20.0%
26.4% 24.8%
10.0%

0.0%
Opening the needle Drawing blood from During injection on
cap patient patients

Figure 4: Responses given by study participants during whom they sustain NSSI among
health care professionals found in the selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2023.

25
 5.5 Bivariate and Multivariate logistic Regression Analysis of needle stick or sharp
injury among health care workers found at selected hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
2023.
The bivariate logistic regression showed that needle stick and sharp injury had significant
association with sex, age category, average monthly income, average working hours, training
on IP, presence of safety guideline, practicing needle recapping, use PPE regularly.
In the multivariable logistic regression, average working hours >=40hrs per week, age
category >25 years, average monthly income <=4000Etb and applying PPE regularly were
independent variables having significant association with needle stick and sharp injuries
among health care professionals. Health care professionals who were age >25 years was
5.624 times more likely to face needle stick and sharp injuries (AOR=5.624; 95% CI, (2.518,
12.561)) than compared to those who were age <25 years. Health care professionals who
were not regularly apply personal protective equipment’s were 2.431 times more likely to
face needle stick and sharp injuries (AOR=2.431; 95% CI, (1.387, 4.259)) than those who did
use personal protective equipment’s regularly and those with average monthly income
<=4000Etb were 6.772 times getting needle stick and sharp injuries as compared with those
with average monthly income >4000Etb (AOR=6.772; 95% CI, (1.935, 23.705). Moreover,
the probability of getting needle stick and sharp injuries among health care professionals who
had worked on average less than or equal to 39 hours per week were 81.2% less as compared
with those who had worked for greater than or equal to 40 hours per week (AOR=0.188; 95%
CI, (0.095, 0.375)) (Table-6).

26
 Table 5: Factors associated with needle stick and sharp injuries among health care
professionals in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
Variables 12-month
NSSI COR (95% CI) AOR (95%CI)
Yes No
Age (N=468)
25 29 50 1 1
>25 230 159 1.767(1.053 ,2.965) 5.624(2.518,12.561)**
Sex (N=468)
Male 41 71 1.618(0.958,2.733)
Female 218 138 1 1
Average monthly income(N=468)
4000 4 51 5.855(2.053,16.694) 6.772(1.935,23.705)**
4100-5000 51 58 1.197(0.725,1.978) 1.518(0.798,2.885)
5100 204 100 1 1
Regular use of PPEs(N=468)
Yes 200 140 1 1
No 59 209 2.089(1.272,3.431) 2.431(1.387,4.259)**
Availability of safety guidelines
(N468)
Yes 149 149 1 1
No 110 60 1.785(1.120,2.844) 1.312(0.760,2.265)
Recap needles(N=468)
Yes 179 88 0.633(0.411,0.974) 0.668(0.393,1.134)
No 80 121 1 1
Training on IP(N=468)
Yes 104 58 1 1
No 155 151 1.740(1.132,2.674) 1.270(0.734,2.199)
Average working hours per
week(N=468)
39 44 82 1 1
40 215 127 0.241(0.129,0.448) 0.188(0.095,0.375) **

27
6. DISCUSSION
This study attempted to assess the prevalence and associated factors among health care
professionals. In this study the prevalence of needle sticks and sharp injuries in the last
twelve months was 27.6% among the study participants. In multivariate logistic regression
analysis regularly applying of personal protective equipment, average monthly income age
and average working hours of heath care professionals per week were significantly associated
with needle stick and sharp injury.
The 27.6% prevalence of needle stick and sharp injuries in the last twelve months among
HCPs was consistent with the studies conducted in Hemodialysis units in Nigeria with 24.1%
(33,34,39). However, the prevalence from this study was higher than previous studies done
among health care professionals with the range of (28.5%-66.6%) conducted in different parts
of Ethiopia(Eastern Ethiopia, Bahirdar, Addis Ababa, Regional Hospitals of Ethiopia,
Wolaita Zone & Gamogofa Zone) (20,21,27,29,40,41). The higher prevalence among Addis
Ababa hospitals may be different time of recall periods and higher patient flow and also the
lower prevalence among other areas may be due to time difference in which as time goes due
to different trainings provided it may get lower compared to studies done before and cleaners
were added to their study group which may had less knowledge on ways of needle stick and
sharp injury prevention and consequences that may arise if exposed to injuries. Similarly the
prevalence in this study was lower compared to studies done in health care workers of
African countries(Ondo state Nigeria & Alexandria, Egypt) which were 55.8% and 67.9%
respectively(26,42). The possible reason for this might be due geographical variation in
which they might have different culture and different work area settings.
This study revealed that health care professionals who regularly apply personal protective
equipment were less likely to face needle stick and sharp injuries than those who did not
regularly apply universal precautions. This finding was consistent with the findings of studies
done in Awi Zone & Addis Ababa Hospitals(33,40). This may be due to HCPs who practice
simple and standard set of precautions like those who dispose needles and sharps using safety
boxes and those who apply safe system for health care waste management and disposal may
reduce their exposure for needle stick and sharp injuries.
Moreover, this study revealed those HCPs who worked for 40 hours were more likely to
face needle stick and sharp injuries than those who worked less per week. This may be due to
HCPs who worked longer may get tired and lost concentration at work and face NSSI and in
search of better payment HCPs may want to work overtime and expose them to NSSI.

28
However, this result is not consistent with the study conducted in Gamogofa Zone(27). The
reason for this difference could be variation in work load or their might be higher patient flow
in the study area compared to Gamogofa.
Average monthly income <4000Etb was the other factors associated with needle stick and
sharp injuries which was in line with a research done in Felege Hiwot referral hospital found
in Bahir Dar(43). The reason might be due to the fact that those health care workers with
lower monthly income could have the probability of working overtime in different private
and public hospitals in order to gain lots of incentives. In addition this study highlighted that
needle stick and sharp injuries was prevalent among age >25 years which was consistent with
study done in Sudi Arabia(44 ,45 ). This might be explained by work load to be stressed and
loss their ability to concentrate and fatigue.

29
7. LIMITATION AND STRENGTH OF THE STUDY
The strength of the study includes; it had representative sample and good response rate. The
limitation of the study includes information related to needle stick and sharp injury was
obtained by asking the respondents to recall weather they had faced it in the last one year.
This may incur recall bias that may under or overestimate the prevalence of needle stick and
sharp injury. Because of the cross-sectional study design used, the study could not answer the
direction of causality between independent factors and needle stick and sharp injury.

30
8. CONCLUSION
The prevalence of occupational needle sticks and sharp injury which may expose HCPs to
blood borne pathogens, was high. Compliance with standard precautions age, monthly
income and working hours per week were found to be associated with NSSI.

31
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
 This study revealed 27.6% or at least three out of ten HCP exposed to sharps injury.
This was found significant among HCP who had not use regular use to sharps injury.
 Thus, the training of HCP should always be undertaken for new employees and
periodically for those already employed.
 Moreover, periodical assessment of HCP knowledge and skills and training about the
use of new medical equipment’s helps to prevent exposure to sharps injury
 Health care professionals should strengthen their adherence to personal protective
equipment.
 Further follow up studies has to be done and involve all public and private hospitals
of Addis Ababa by researchers.

32
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37
11. ANNEXES:

11.1 Annex-I: Participants information sheet and consent form

Research Project: occupational needle stick and sharp injuries and associated factors among
health care professionals of Public hospitals found in, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Name of Principal Investigator: Roman Bedaso
Introduction: This information sheet and consent form is prepared by the investigator whose
main aim is to study the prevalence and associated factors of occupational needle stick and
sharp injuries and associated factors among health care professionals of Public hospitals of
Addis Ababa. The investigator is MPH student from Addis Ababa Medical & Business
College Department of Public Health.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of needle stick and sharp
injuries to health care professionals that arise in the work place and identifying what factors
could affect it so that preventive and control measures can be taken.
Procedures: You are kindly invited to take part in this research because I believe you can
provide the necessary information for the research. Participation into the study is on
voluntary basis. If you are willing to participate in this project, you need to understand and
sign the consent form. Then, you were asked to give your response by the data collectors. All
the responses given by the participants and the results obtained were kept anonymous and
confidential. No one outside the research team will have access to your responses.
Risk and/or Discomfort: Except for the possible loss of time this study will not pose any risk
to you.
Benefits: There is no any direct benefit like incentives given to study participants from this
study. However, the study findings would be used to design and implement prevention and
control strategies related to needle stick and sharp injuries among health care professionals in
the future.

Confidentiality and Anonymity: The information that we WAS collected from this research
project WAS kept confidential. Information about you that WAS collected from the study
WAS stored in a file, which will not have your name on it, and it will not be revealed to
anyone except the principal investigator. Your participation in this study is voluntary.
Right to Refuse or Withdraw: you have the full right to refuse from participating in this
research (you can choose not to respond some or all of the questions) if you do not wish to
participate; and this will not affect you. You have also the full right to withdraw from this
study at any time you wish to, without losing any of your rights as a resident of this site.
38
Content and Duration of the Questionnaire: The questionnaire will look into the following
details; socio demographic characteristics, behavioral, work environment and work-related
factors and questions related to most recent needle stick and sharp injuries. The questionnaire
will take you approximately 15-20 minutes to give complete response.
Person to Contact for Further Information: If you have any question you can contact the
principal investigator in the following address:
Name: Roman Bedaso
Tel: +251913640409
Email:romanbilisen@gmail.com

Contact information for complaint: If you have any concern that the research team is
conducting their activities unethically or inappropriately please contact Addis Ababa Medical
& Business College Department of Public Health with the following address:
Tel:
Email:
If you agree to participate in this study, I appreciate your truthfulness. And after having this
consent form read to you, please put a sign below to show if you are willing to participate
(No need of writing your name).

Are you willing to participate in this study?

Yes [] No []
If yes, proceed to self-administered questionnaire below; If No, thank you!
Result of interview; 1) completed 2) partially completed 3) refused 4) others……………

39
11.2 Annex-II ስለ ጥናቱ በአማርኛ መረጃ መስጫና ፈቃደኝነት መጠየቂያ ቅጽ
የምርምር ፕሮጀክት፡-በጤና ባለሙያወች ላይ የሚያጋጥማቸውን ስለታም በሆኑ እንደ መርፌ ባሉ ሹልና
ስለታም የህክምና መገልገያ መሳሪያወች የጉዳት ስርጭትና ተጓዳኝ መንስኤወች ለማወቅ የሚደረግ
ጥናት፡፡

ጥናቱን የሚያካሂደው ስም፡- ሮማን በዳሶ

መግቢያ፡- ይህ የመረጃ መስጫና ፈቃደኝነት መጠየቂያ ቅጽ በአጥኝው የተዘጋጀበት ዋና አላማው ከስራ

ጋር በተያያዘ በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ መስተዳደር፣ ስር በሚገኙ ሆስፒታሎች ውስጥ በሚሰሩ የጤና
ባለሙያወች ላይ የሚደርሰውን እንደ መርፌ ባሉ ሹልና ስለታም የህክምና መገልገያ መሳሪያወች የስርጭት
መጠንና ተጓዳኘ መንስኤወችን ለማወቅ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱን የሚያካሂዱት ግለሰብ አዲስ አበባ ሜድካል እና
ቢዝነስ ኮሌጅ በህበረተሰብ ጤና አጠባበቅ የድህረ-መረቃ ተማሪ ናቸው፡፡

አላማ፡- የጥናቱ አስፈላጊነት በጤና ባለሙያወች ላይ የሚደርሰውን እንደ መርፌ ባሉ ሹልና ስለታም
የህክምና መገልገያ መሳሪያወች የስርጭት መጠንና ተጓዳኘ መንስኤወችን በማወቅ ጉዳቱን ለማስወገድና
ለመከላከል የሚያስችሉ አቅጣጫወችን መለየት፡፡

ሂደቶች፡- በአክብሮት በዚህ ጥናት እንዲሳተፉ የተፈለገበት ምክንያት ለጥናቱ አስፈላጊ የሆነ መረጃ
ይሰጣሉ ብዬ ሰለማምን ነው፡፡ በጥናቱ የሚያደርጉት ተሳትፎ በፈቃደኝነት ላይ ብቻ የተመሰረተ ነው፡፡
በፕሮጀክቱ ለመሳተፍ ፈቃደኛ ከሆኑ የፈቃደኝነት መጠየቅያውን በአግባቡ ተረድተው ሊፈርሙ ይገባል፡፡
በመቀጠልም በመረጃ ሰብሳቢው በኩል መልስወን ይጠየቃሉ፡፡ በተሳታፊዎች የሚሰጡ ምላሾችና የሚገኙ
ውጤቶች ሚስጥራዊነታቸው የተጠበቀ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱን ከሚያካሂደው ቡድን ውጭ ማንኛውም ሶስተኛ
ወገን ምላሽዎን እንዲያውቅ አይደረግም፡፡

ጉዳት፣አለመመቸት፡- ሰአትዎን ከመሻማት በስተቀር ጥናቱ ምንም አይነት ጉዳት አያደርስብዎትም፡፡

ጥቅም፡- ለጥናቱ ተሳታፊወች ቀጥተኛ ጥቅም እንደ ገንዘብ ባይኖረውም ከጥናቱ የሚገኙ ውጤቶች በጤና
ባለሙያወች ላይ ለሚያጋጥመው በመርፌና መሰል ስለታምና ሹል የህክምና መገልገያ መሳሪያወች
የሚደርሱ ጉዳቶችን ወደፊት መከላከልና መቆጣጠር የሚያስችሉ ስትራቴጂወችን ለማውጣትና
ለመተግበር ያግዛል፡፡

ሚስጥራዊነትና ማንነትን ስለአለማጋለጥ፡- ከዚህ ጥናት የሚሰበሰበው መረጃ ሚስጥራዊነት የተጠበቀ

ነው፡፡ ከእርስዎ የሚሰበሰበው መረጃ ላይ ስምዎት አይጻፍም እንዲሁም ማንም በማይደረስበት ቦታ ፋይል
ተደርጎ ይቀመጣል፡፡ መረጃውም ከአጥኝው በስተቀር ለማንም ግለሰብ አይገለጽም፡፡ የእርስዎ ተሳትፎ
በፈቃደኝነት ላይ ብቻ የተመሰረተ ነው፡፡

40
ፈቃደኛ ያለመሆንና የማቋረጥ መብት፡- በዚህ ጥናት ላይ ሙሉ ለሙሉ ወይንም ለመመለስ
ለማይፈልጓቸው ጥያቄወች በከፊል ወይንም በመሉ የመዝለል መብትዎ የተጠበቀ ነው እንዲሁም ጥናቱ
እርስዎን አይጎዳም፡፡ እንዲሁም በሚሰሩበት የስራ አካባቢ ጥናቱን መሳተፍ ከጀመሩ ቢኋላ በፈለጉበት ጊዜ
የማቋረጥ መብትዎ ሙሉ ለሙሉ የተጠበቀ ነው፡፡

የመጠይቁ ይዘትና ቆይታ፡- መጠይቁ በአጠቃላይ በዋናነት በአራት ክፍሎች የተከፈሉ፤ ማህበራዊና ስነ-
ህዝባዊ፣ ባህሪ፣ የስራ አካባቢና ከስራ ጋር ተያያዥ የሆኑ ጉዳዬችና በቅርብ ጊዜ ያጋጠሙ በስለታምና ሹል
የህክምና መገልገያ መሳሪያወች የሚደረሱ ጉዳቶችን ይዳስሳል፡፡ መጠይቁ በአጠቃላይ ከ 15-20 ደቂቃ
ይወስዳል፡፡

የበለጠ መረጃ ለማግኘት፡- ማንኛውም አይነት ጥያቄ ካለዎት ጥናቱን የሚያካሂደውን ግለሰብ
በሚቀጥለው አድረሻ ማናገር ይችላሉ፡፡
ስም፡- ሮማን በዳሶ
ስልክ ቁ. ፡- +251913640409
ኢ-ሜይል፡- romanbilisen@gmail.com

ቅሬታ ለማቅረብ፡- ጥናቱን የሚያካሂደው ቡድን ጥናቱን ሲያካሂዱ ስነ-ምግባር በጎደለው ወይንም
ያለአግባባ እያካሄዱ ነው ብለው ካመኑ እባክዎትን ለሪፍት ቫል የህብረተሰብ ጤና አጠባበቅ ኢንስቲቲዩት
በሚቀጥለው አድረሻ ቅሬታዎን ማቅረብ ይችላሉ፡፡
Tel:
Email:
በዚህ ጥናት ላይ ለመሳተፍ ፈቃደኛ ከሆኑ፤ እውነተኛነትዎን ማበረታት እወዳለሁ፡፡ ይሄንን የፍቃደኝነት
መጠጠቂያ ቅጽ ካነበቡ ቡኃላ፤ በጥናቱ ለመሳተፍ ፈቃደኛ ከሆኑ ከታች ባለው አማራጭ ላይ የራይት ()
ምልክት ያድርጉ፡፡ (ስምዎን እንዲጽፉ አትጠየቁም)

በዚህ ጥናት ላይ ለመሳተፍ ፈቃደኛ ነዎት?

አዎ [] -ፈቃደኛ ከሆኑ ወደ መጠይቁ ይግቡ አይ [] -አመሰግናለሁ!

የመጠይቁ ውጤት: - ሀ) ሙሉ በሙሉ የተሞላ ለ) በከፊል የተሞላ ሐ) ፈቃደኛ አይደለም መ) ሌላ ካለ

ይገለጽ

11.3 Annex-III: English version questionnaire

Self-administered questionnaire on occupational needle sticks and sharps injuries among
healthcare workers of public hospitals of Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

41
 Read the questions carefully and circle the number among the choices and write an answer to
open questions in the space provided. You can select one option, select more than one option,
or give a word/words or numbers according to the respective questions.

Questionnaire ID: ------------------------- Name of Public Hospitals----------------------------

Part I: Socio-demographic characteristics of the health care professionals of public Hospitals

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.
No Question Choices Skip Code
101 What is your sex? 1. Male 0-Male
2. Female 1-Female
102 How old are you? -------(Age in completed years)
103 What is your marital status? 1. Married 1-Married
2. Single 2-Single
3. Widowed 3-Widowed
4. Divorced 4- Divorced
5. Separated 5-Separated
104 What is your educational 1. Certificate/12+ As it is
status? 2. Diploma
3. Degree
4. Masters and above
105 What is your average monthly ---------ETB
income?

Part-II Work environment and work-related characteristics

No Question Choices Skip Code
201 What is your current profession? 1. Health officer As it is

42
 2. Degree Nurse
3. Diploma Nurse
4. Degree Midwife
5. Diploma Midwife
6. Degree Laboratory
7. Lab technicians
202 What is your current working 1. Emergency As it is
section/department? 2. Inpatient
3. OPD
4. Injection and dressing
5. U5/Pediatric
6. Labor & Delivery
7. Family planning
8. EPI
9. IMNCI
10. Laboratory unit
11. TB and Leprosy
12. Others, Specify----------
203 For how long you have been in this working --------months/years
section?
204 What is your total service year in the health --------years
facility?
205 Do you work in shifts? 1. Yes to 0-No
2. No Q207 1-Yes
206 If yes to Q #205, which shift 1. Day As it is
2. Night
3. Both
207 On average, how many hours do you work 1. 39 hours As it is
in the public health hospital per week? 2. 40 hours
208 On average, how many patients/clients do ---------Patients
you attend per day?
209 Is there any infection prevention committee 1. Yes 0-No
in the public health hospital? 2. No 1-Yes

43
 3. Don’t know 2-I don’t
know
210 Did you receive training on IP in the last 1 1. Yes 0-No
year? 2. No 1-Yes
211 In your working room, is their safety 1. Yes 0-No
guideline? 2. No 1-Yes
212 In the last one year, is there anyone who 1. Yes 0-No
supervised you at work regarding to 2. No 1-Yes
infection prevention?
213 Were personal protective equipment’s 1. Yes 0-No
available at your working department 2. No 1-Yes
regularly?

Part-III Participants’ behavioural factors about needle stick and sharps injury
No Question Choices Skip Code

301 Do you recap needles after 1. Yes 0-No

use? 2. No to Q#304 1-Yes
302 If “yes” to Q#301, how 1. Always As it is
often 2. Usually
3. Sometimes
303 If “yes” to Q#302, how do 1. With one hand As it is
you recap the needles after 2. With two hands
use?
304 Do you regularly apply 1. Yes 0-No
universal precautions? 2. No 1-Yes
305 Do you regularly use 1. Yes 0-No
personal protective 2. No to Q#307 1-Yes
equipment’s?
306 If “Yes” to Q 427, How As it is
often do you use?

307 Are you satisfied with 1. Very satisfied As it is

your job? 2. Satisfied
3. Neutral

44
 4. Unsatisfied
5. Very unsatisfied
308 Do you use safety 1. Yes 0-No
containers regularly? 2. No 1-Yes

Part-IV: In reference to your most recent needle stick and/or sharp objects injury
No Question Choices Skip Code
401 Have you had faced needle stick 1. Yes 0-No
and/or sharps injuries at your 2. No 1-Yes
work place in your professional
carrier?
402 Have you had faced needle stick 1. Yes 0-No
and/or sharps injuries at your 2. No to Q#413 1-Yes
work place in the last twelve
months?
403 How many times have you been 1. Once As it is
injured by needles stick or sharp 2. Twice
objects in the last 1 year? 3. Three times
4. Four times and above
404 What type of item caused this 1. Syringe needle As it is
injury? (including needles and 2. Butterfly needle
Sharps) 3. Intravenous catheter
4. Tapping needle
(circle all that apply) 5. Blood glucose lancet
6. Phlebotomy needle
7. Suture needle
8. Surgical blade
9. Glass item
10. Other (specify)----------
405 Where did the injury occurred? 1. Emergency As it is
2. Inpatient
3. OPD

45
 4. Injection and dressing
5. U5/Pediatric
6. Delivery
7. Family planning
8. EPI
9. IMNCI
10. ANC
11. PMTCT
12. VCT
13. ART
14. Laboratory unit
15. TB and Leprosy
16. Others, Specify-----------
406 How deep was your needle 1. Deep As it is
stick/sharp injury? 2. Superficial
407 How did you sustain the injury? 1. Opening the needle cap As it is
(circle all that apply) 2. Drawing blood from patient
3. During injection on patients
4. Recapping
5. Washing the instrument
6. Disassembling needle and
syringe after use
7. Attempting to bend the
needle
8. Accidental uncapping of
needle already recapped
9. Transferring blood into test
tube
10. By needle after use, before
disposal
11. Injured by improperly
disposed needle
12. While introducing the
needle into a disposal box
46
 13. Injured by needle
protruding from disposal
box
14. Injured accidentally by
carelessness held by
colleague
15. Sudden movement of the
patient
16. Lack of concentration
17. During handling and
collection of wastes
18. Other, specify________
408 Have you taken any action by 1. Yes 0-No
yourself after the injury? 2. No to 1-Yes
Q#410
409 What did you do immediately 1. Washing with soap and As it is
after the injury? water
2. Wash with iodine or
(Circle that all apply) alcohol solution
3. Get tested for HIV
4. Take post exposure
prophylaxis (PEP)
5. Take tetanus anti-toxoid
(TAT)
6. Squeezing to extract
more blood
7. Applying pressure to
stop bleeding
8. I did not take any action
9. Other, specify
410 Have you ever reported the 1. Yes 0-No
injury to infection prevention 2. No to Q#413 1-Yes
and control department?

47
411 If “Yes” to Q413, when did you 1. Immediately after the As it is
report the injury? injury
2. Late before going off
duty
3. The following days
4. More than two days
after injury
5. Other, specify----------
412 If “No” to Q413 (NOT 1. I was too busy at that As it is
reported), why? time
2. Needles that injured me
(circle all that apply): was never used in a
patient
3. sharp object was used
on patient did not have
infectious diseases of
concern
4. My colleagues
suggested that I should
be all right and did not
have to worry
5. I did not know if I
needed to report the
event
6. I did not know how to
report
7. I did the report when I
was injured in the past
8. I had either hepatitis B
antigen or antibody
9. I had been injured for
too many times
10. Other (specify)-----------

48
413 Was there protocol for reporting 1. Yes 0-No
the needle sticks/ sharp injury in 2. No 1-Yes
your working unit? 3. I don’t know 2-I don’t know
414 Were safety guidelines 1. Yes 0-No
available at your department? 2. No 1-Yes
415 Was safety box available at 1. Yes 0-No
your work place? 2. No 1-Yes
416 Have you ever vaccinated 1. Yes 0-No
against Hepatitis B virus? 2. No 1-Yes

Date of interview------------------------------
THANK YOU!

Signature of facilitator…………………. Signature of supervisor………………………

11.4 Annex-IV የአማርኛው ትርጉም መጠይቅ

በአዲስ አባባ ከተማ ስር በሚገኙ ሆስፒታሎች ውስጥ ያሉ የጤና ባለሙያ ከስራ ጋር በተያያዘ
ለሚያጋጥሙ ሹል የሆኑ እንደ መርፌና ስለታም የህክምና መገልገያ መሳሪያወች ምክንያት ለሚያጋጥሙ
ጉዳቶች ለማጥናት የተዘጋጀ በተሳታፊው የሚሞላ መጠይቅ፡፡

49
 ጥያቄወችን በጥንቃቄ ያንብቡና መልስወን ምርጫ ላላቸው በማክበብ ይመልሱ፡፡ እንደየጥያቄወቹ አንድና
ከአንድ በላይ መልስ መስጠት ይችላሉ፡፡
የመጠይቁ መለያ ኮድ፡ _____________ የሆስፒታሉ ስም፡ _________________

ክፍል 1፡- በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ሆስፒታል ስር ለሚገኙ የጤና ባለሙያወች ለሚደረገው ጥናት ማህበራዊና
ስነ-ህዝባዊ ገጽታወች

ተ. መጠይቅ ምርጫ ወደ ጥያቄ

ቁ
101 ጾታ? 1. ወንድ
2. ሴት
102 እድሜዎት ስንት ነው? ________ በአመት ይገለጽ
103 የጋብቻ ሁኔታ? 1. ያገባ/ች
2. ያላገባ/ች
3. የሞተበት/ባት
4. የፈታ/ች
5. ተነጣጥለው የሚኖሩ
104 የትምህርት ደረጃ 1. ሰርተፊኬት
2. ዲፕሎማ
3. ዲግሪ
4. ማስተርስና ከዚያ በላይ
105 አማካኝ የወር ገቢዎት ስንት ነው? __________(በብር)

ክፍል 2፡- ከስራ አካባቢና ከስራ ጋር ተያያዥነት ያላቸው ገጽታወች

ተ. መጠይቅ ምርጫ ወደ ጥያቄ
ቁ
201 የስራ ድርሻዎ/ሙያ 1. ጤና መኮንን
2. ዲግሪ ነርስ
3. ዲፕሎማ ነርስ

50
 4. ዲግሪ አዋላጅ ነርስ
5. ዲፕሎማ አዋላጅ ነርስ
6. ዲግሪ ላቦራቶሪ
7. ላብ ቴክኒሺያን
202 ባሁኑ ጊዜ እየሰሩበት ያለው የስራ ክፍል? 1. ድንገተኛ
2. የታካሚ መኝታ ክፍል
3. ተመላላሽ
4. መርፌና ቁስል ክፍል
5. የህጻናት ክፍል
6. ማዋለጃ
7. የቤተሰብ ምጣኔ
8. የተጠናከረ የክትባት ፕሮግራም
/EPI
9. የተቀናጀ የጨቅላ ህጻናትና
የህጻናት ህክምና ክፍል
10. ላቦራቶሪ
11. ቲቢና ስጋ-ደዌ
12. ሌላ(ይገለጽ) ___________
203 አሁን ባሉበት የስራ ክፍል ለምን ያህል ጊዜ _______ ወራት/አመታት
ሰርተዋል?
204 ባጠቃላይ በጤና ተቋማት የሰሩበት የስራ _______ አመታት
ልምድ ብዛት?
205 በፈረቃ ሰርተው ያውቃሉ? 1. አዎ
2. የለም ተ.ቁ 207 ይለፉ
206 ለጥያቄ ተራ #205 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ 1. በቀን
በየትኛው ፈረቃ? 2. በማታ
3. በሁለቱም
207 በሚሰሩበት ጤና ጣቢያ፣በሳምንት ለምን 1. 39 ሰአት
ያክል ሰአት ይሰራሉ? 2. 40 ሰአት

51
208 በአማካኝ፣ በአንድ ቀን ውስጥ ምን ያክል ____________
ታካሚወችን ይስተናግዳሉ?
209 በሚሰሩበት ጤና ጣቢያ የተላላፊ በሽታወች 1. አዎ
መከላከል ኮሚቴ አለ? 2. የለም
3. አላውቅም
210 ባለፈው አንድ አመት ውስጥ የተላላፊ 1. አዎ
በሽታወችን መከላከል ዙሪያ ስልጠና 2. የለም
አግኝተዋል?
211 በሚሰሩበት የስራ ክፍል ውስጥ በሽታን 1. አዎ
ለመከላከል የሚያስችሉ 2. የለም
መመሪያወች/safety guideline አሉ?
212 ባለፈው አንድ አመት ውስጥ የተላላፊ 1. አዎ
በሽታወችን በተመለከተ በቅርብ ሀላፊዎ 2. የለም
ድጋፍና ክትትል ተደርጎለዎታል?
213 በሚሰሩበት የስራ ክፍል በቂ የአደጋ መከላከያ 1. አዎ
መሳሪያወች አቅርቦት አለ? 2. የለም

ክፍል 3፡- እንደ መርፌ ባሉ ሹልና ስለታም ነገሮች መወጋትን በተመለከተ የጥናቱ ተሳታፊ ባህሪና
ተግባራትን በተመለከተ
ተ. መጠይቅ ምርጫ ወደ ጥያቄ
ቁ
301 ከተጠቀሙ በኃላ መርፌን መልሰው 1. አዎ ተ.ቁ 302 ይለፉ
ይከድናሉ? 2. የለም ተ.ቁ 304 ይለፉ
302 ለጥያቄ ተ.ቁ 301 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ ምን 1. ዘወትር
ያህል ይከድናሉ? 2. ብዙ ጊዜ
3. አንዳንዴ
303 ለጥያቄ ተ.ቁ 301 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ 1. በአንድ እጅ
መርፌውን እንዴት ነው የሚከድኑት? 2. በሁለት እጅ
304 በቋሚነት በሽታን ለመከላከል ደረጃውን 1. አዎ
የጠበቁ ጥንቃቄወችን (standard 2. የለም
precautions) ይተገብራሉ?

52
305 የግል መከላከያ መሳሪያወችን(PPE) 1. አዎ
ይጠቀማሉ? 2. የለም ተ.ቁ 306 ይለፉ
306 ለጥያቄ ተ.ቁ 304 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ በምን 1. ዘወትር
ያህል ይጠቀማሉ? 2. ብዙ ጊዜ
3. አንድ አንዴ
307 በሚሰሩት ስራ ደስተኛ ነዎት? 1. በጣም ደስተኛ ነኝ
2. ደስተኛ ነኝ
3. ምንም
4. ደስተኛ አይደለሁም
5. በጣም ደስተኛ አይደሉም
308 ዘወትር ስለታምና ሹል የህክምና መገልገያ 1. አዎ
መሳሪያወችን ለማጠራቀም ሴፍቲ ቦክስ 2. የለም
ይጠቀማሉ?

ክፍል አራት፡- በቅርቡ ያጋጠመዎት እንደ መርፌ ባሉ ሹልና ስለታም የህክምና መገልገያወች በመወጋት
የደረሱ አደጋወችን እና ተዛማች ጉዳዮች የተመለከቱ ጥያቄወች
ተ. መጠይቅ ምርጫ ወደ ጥያቄ
ቁ
401 በሙያዎ ማገልገል ከጀመሩበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ 1. አዎ

በስራ ቦታዎ በመርፌ ወይም በሹልና ስለታም 2. የለም

የህክምና መገልገያወች ተወግተዉ ያዉቃሉ?

402 ባለፉት 12 ወራት ውስጥ በስራ ቦታወት 1. አዎ

በመርፌ ወይም በሹልና ስለታም የህክምና 3. የለም ተ.ቁ 413 ይለፉ

መገልገያወች ተወግተዉ ያዉቃሉ?

403 ባለፉት 12 ወራት ውስጥ ስንት ጊዜ በመርፌ 1. አንድ ጊዜ

ወይም በሹል የህክምና መገልገያ ተወጋህ/ሽ? 2. ሁለት ጊዜ

3. ሶስት ጊዜ
4. አራት ጊዜና ከዚያ በላይ
404 በገጠመህ የመወጋት አደጋ የትኛዉ አይነት 1. መውጊያ መርፌ

53
 መርፌ/ሹል ነገር ጉዳት አደረሰብህ/ሽ? 2. የቢራቢሮ መርፌ
3. የደም ስር ካኑላ
(ከአንድ በላይ መልስ ይቻላል) 4. መምጠጫ መርፌ
5. የስኳር ናሙና መውሰጃ መርፌ
6. የላቦራቶሪ ደም መውሰጃ መርፌ
7. መስፊያ መርፌ
8. የኦፕራሲዬን ምላጭ
9. መስታወትነት ያላቸው
10. ሌላ(ይገለጽ)…………….
405 አደጋው የደረሰው የት ነበር? 1. ድንገተኛ
2. የታካሚ መኝታ ክፍል
3. ተመላላሽ
(ከአንድ በላይ መልስ ይቻላል) 4. መርፌና ቁስል ክፍል
5. የህጻናት ክፍል
6. ማዋለጃ
7. የቤተሰብ ምጣኔ
8. የተጠናከረ የክትባት ፕሮግራም/EPI
9. የተቀናጀ የጨቅላ ህጻናትና የልጆች
ህክምና ክፍል
10. የቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል
11. ከእናት ወደ ልጅ ኤች አይ ቪ/ኤድስ

መከላከያ ክፍል

12. በፍቃደኝነት ላይ የተመሰረት የኤች

አይ ቪ/ኤድስ ምክርና ምርመራ ክፍል

13. ኤአርቲ ክፍል

14. ላቦራቶሪ
15. ቲቢና ስጋ-ደዌ
16. ሌላ(ይገለጽ) __________
406 የመወጋቱ ጉዳት መጠን? 1. ጠለቅ ያለ ጉዳት
2. ቆዳ ላይ

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407 ጉዳት የደረሰብዎት በምን አይነት ሁኔታ 1. የመርፌውን ማስቀመጫ ስከፍት
ነበር? 2. የሰውነት ፈሳሽ ደም ናሙና

ለመውሰድ
(ከአንድ በላይ መልስ ይቻላል) 3. ታማሚውን መርፌ በምወጋበት ጊዜ
4. መርፌውን መልሼ ስከድን
5. መገልገያ መሳሪያወችን ሳጥብ
6. ከተጠቀሙ ቡሃላ መርፌና ሲሪንጅ
ማስወጣት
7. መርፌውፍን ለማጠፍ ስሞክር
8. በአጋጣሚ የተከደነ መርፌን በስህተት
ከፍቸው
9. ወደ ደም መመርመሪያ ቱቦ ደም
ሳለዋውጥ/ሳዘዋውር
10. ታማሚዎች የተወጉበት መርፌ
ሳይወገድ በፊት
11. በአግባቡ ባልተወገደ መርፌ
12. ወደ ሴፍቲ ቦክስ ስጥል
13. ሴፍቲ ቦክሱ መልቶ ወደ ውጭ በወጣ
መርፌ
14. በግዴለሽነት በጓደኜቼ በተያዘ መርፌ
15. በድንገተኛ የበሽተኛው እንቅስቃሴ
ወቅት
16. ትኩረት በማጣት
17. የተጠቀምኩበትን መርፌ ሰብስቤ
ሳስወግድ
18. ሌላ(ይገለጽ) __________
408 ጉዳቱ እንደደረሰብዎ ወዲያውኑ የወሰዱት 1. አዎ ወደ ጥ.ተ.ቁ 410
እርምጃ ነበር? 2. የለም ይለፉ
409 ጉዳት እንደደረሰብዎ ወዲያውኑ ምን 1. በውሃና በሳሙና ታጠብኩ
አደረጉ? 2. በአይወዲን ወይንም በአልኮል ውህድ

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 ታጠብኩ
3. የኤች አይ ቪ/ኤድስ ምርመራ
አደረግኩ
4. የድህረ ተጋላጭነት መከላከያ
መድሃኒት ወሰድኩ
5. የቴታነስ መከላከያ መድሃኒት ወሰድኩ
6. ደም ለማውጣት ተጫንኩት
7. ደሙን ለማስቆም ተጫንኩት
8. ምንም አይነት እርምጃ
አልወሰድኩም
9. ሌላ(ይገለጽ) __________
410 ያጋጠመወትን ጉዳት ለበሽታ መከላከልና 1. አዎ
መቆጣጠር የስራ ሂደት ሪፖርት አድርገው 2. የለም ወደ ጥ.ተ.ቁ 412

ያውቃሉ? ይለፉ
411 ለጥያቄ ተ.ቁ 410 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ መቼ 1. ጉዳቱ እንዳጋጠመኝ ወዲያውኑ
ሪፖርት አደረጉ? 2. ቆይቼ ከስራ ልወጣ ስል
3. በቀጣዩ ቀን
4. ከሁለት ቀን ቡሀላ
5. ሌላ(ይገለጽ) __________
412 ለጥያቄ ተ.ቁ 410 መልስዎ የለም ከሆነ 1. ስራ በዝቶብኝ ነበር
ምክንያቱ ለምን ነበር? 2. የወጋኝ መርፌ ታካሚወች ላይ
ስላልተጠቀምንበት
(ከ 1 በላይ መልስ ይቻላል) 3. ታካሚወችን ለማከም
የተጠቀምንባቸው ስለታም የህክምና
መሳሪያወች አስጊ የሚባሉ ተላላፊ
በሽታወች የሉትም
4. ጓደኞቼ ምንም የሚያሰጋ ነገር የለም
ስላሉኝ
5. ሪፖርት ማድረግ እንዳለብኝ
ስለማላውቅ

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 6. እንዴት ሪፖርት ማድረግ እንዳለብኝ
ስለማላውቅ
7. ከዚህ በፊት ጉዳት ሲያጋጥመኝ
ሪፖርት ስላደረግኩ
8. የሄፓታይተስ ቢ ክትባት ስለወሰድኩ
9. ለብዙ ጊዜ ጉዳት ስላጋጠመኝ
10. ሌላ(ይገለጽ)__________
413 በሚሰሩበት የስራ ክፍል በመርፌና መሰል 1. አዎ
ሹልና ስለታም ነገሮች ሲወጉ የሪፖርት 2. የለም
ማድረጊያ ፕሮቶኮል አለ? 3. አላውቅም
414 በሚሰሩበት የስራ ክፍል የደህንነት መመሪያ 1. አዎ
(safety guideline) አለ? 2. የለም
415 በሚሰሩበት የስራ ክፍል ሴፍቲ ቦክስ አለ? 1. አለ
2. የለም
416 የሄፓታይተስ ቢ ክትባት ተከትበው 1. አዎ
ያውቃሉ? 2. የለም
መረጃው የተሰበሰበበት ቀን …………………….
አመሰግናለሁ!

የአስተባባሪው ፊርማ…………………………..
የሱፐርቫይዘሩ ፊርማ…………………………...

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