Need and Demand For Family Planning Among Currently Married Women in Jh.

STUDY ON NEED AND DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING AMONG
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN IN JHARKHAND
A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD
OF
THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS
BY
AARTI KUMARI
ROLL NO – 21PGECO05564
SESSION – 2021-2023
Under the guidance and supervision of
Prof. NISHI KUMAR
DEPATEMENT OF ECONOMICS
ST. XAVIER COLLEGE
RANCHI - 834001
Prof. Nishi Kumar
Department of economics
St. Xavier college, Ranchi
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the research work reported in this dissertation entitle “STUDY ON NEED
AND DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING AMONG CURRENTLY MARRIED
WOMEN IN JHARKHAND” submitted by AARTI KUMARI Roll no. (21PGECO05564),
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in Economics is record
of original work done under my guidance during the academic year 2021-2023.
Place: Ranchi Prof. Nishi Kumar
Supervisor & Guide
Department of Economics
Date: Signature of the Examine:

DECLARATION
I Aarti Kumari of M.A. Economics department declare that I have done the dissertation on
“STUDY ON NEED AND DEMANF FOR FAMILY PLANNING AMONG
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN IN JHARKHAND” under the guidance of Prof. Nishi
Kumar during the academic year 2021-2023. All the data represented in this dissertation are
correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense
of gratitude, thanks and regards towards all of those who have directly and indirectly helped
me in successfully completion of this dissertation.
Signature of Supervisor:
(Prof. Nishi Kumar)
Signature of H.O.D:
(Prof. Harishwar Dayal)
Signature of the examine:
Signature of Candidate:
(Aarti Kumari)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is not possible to prepare a dissertation report without the assistance and encouragement of
other people. It gives me immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude to all those people who
have supported me in the completion of this work that involves help and support from a lot of
people to whom I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and heartfelt obligation.
I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to my faculty Prof. Nishi Kumar for his/her
valuable guidance and support on completion of this dissertation. I extend my gratitude to St.
Xavier Collage, Ranchi for giving me this opportunity.
I also acknowledge with the deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my parents and my
friends, who has always supported me morally as well as economically.
At last, but not least gratitude goes to all of my family members and all my friends who directly
and indirectly helped me to complete this dissertation and I am thankful for their never-ending
support and guidance.
Thanking You
(Aarti Kumari)
Roll No. 21PGECO05564

LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 2-12
1.1. Meaning Of Family Planning 3-4
1.2. Background 4-5
1.3. Benefits Of Family Planning 5-7
1.4. The Status of Contraceptive Prevalence 7-9
1.5. Needs For Family Planning 9
1.6. Demand For Family Planning 10
1.7. Objectives Study 10
1.8. The State of Jharkhand 11
1.9. Family Planning Programmes and Policies 11-12
1.9.1. Achievements Of Family Planning or Welfare Programmes 12
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 13
2.1. Introduction 13
2.2. Review Of Literature 14-20
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Meaning Of Research 21-22
3.3. Types Of Research 22-23
3.4. Research Design 23-24
3.5. Topic Of Research 24

3.6. Research Objectives 24
3.7. Research Questions 24
3.8. Sources of Data 25
3.9. Purpose of the Study 25
3.10. Research Tools 25
3.11. Limitation of the Study 25
4. DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS 26
4.1. Needs And Demand for Family Planning in Different Areas 26-27
(Rural and Urban)
4.2. Needs And Demand for Family Planning in Different Religion 27-28
4.3. Needs And Demand for Family Planning in Different Caste/ 28-29
Tribes
4.6. Needs And Demand for Family Planning in Different Age 29-30
Group
4.7. Needs And Demand for Family Planning in Different 31
Schooling
4.8. Comparison Between NFHS-4 And NFHS-5 32-33
Rural Vs Urban
5. FINDINGS 34-36
6. SUGGESTIONS 37-38
7. POLICIES IMPLICATION 39
7.1. An Overview 39-42
8. CONCLUSION 43-46
9. REFERENCES 47-48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
4.1. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to 26-27
rural and urban areas
religion
caste/tribes
age group
4.5. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to 31
schooling
4.6. comparison between NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 32-33
(2019-21)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

NO.
Needs and demand for family planning with respect to 26-27
4.1. rural and urban areas
religion
caste/tribes
4.4. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to age 29-30
group
4.5. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to 31
schooling
4.6. comparison between NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019- 32-33
21)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NFHS- National Family Health Survey
FP- Family Planning
UNFPA- United National Population Fund
ICPD- International Conference on Population and development
EAG- Empowerment Action Group
NPP- National Population Policy
KAP- Knowledge Attitude and Practices
NGO- Non-Government Organisation
LUCD- Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
SDG- Sustainable Development Goal
MSG- Monosodium Glutamate
SRS- Stereotactic Radiosurgery
ANMs - Auxiliary Nurse Midwives
EAG- Empowered Action Group
WHO- World Health Organization
CBR- Crude Birth Rate
CDR- Crude Death Rate
CHW-Community Health Workers
LMICs- Low- And Middle-Income Countries
SDM- Standard Days Methods
SC - Scheduled Caste
ST- Scheduled Tribe

OBC- Other Backward Class
NHP- National Health Policy
NHM- National Rural Health Mission
FPP- Financial Programming and Policies
IUD- Impact or Intra Uterine Device
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
STI- Sexual Transmitted Infection
RTI- Reproductive Tract Infection
RCH- Reproductive and Child Health

ABSTRACT
This study examines that the need and demand for family planning among currently married
women in the state of Jharkhand, India. Jharkhand has a diverse population with varying
socio-cultural factors that influence reproductive health decisions. The study aims to provide
insights into the factors influencing the need for family planning and the level of demand for
family planning services among married women in Jharkhand.
The research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative survey data and
qualitative interviews. The quantitative survey collects data from a representative sample of
currently married women in different districts of Jharkhand. The survey questionnaire
includes questions on demographic characteristics, reproductive history, knowledge of family
planning methods, and current contraceptive use. The qualitative interviews provide in-depth
insights into the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of women regarding family planning.
Preliminary findings indicate a significant need for family planning in Jharkhand. Many
women express a desire for spacing or limiting their pregnancies, highlighting the importance
of accessible and effective family planning services. However, several factors hinder the
fulfilment of this need, including limited awareness and knowledge of available contraceptive
methods, cultural and social barriers, and inadequate access to healthcare facilities.
The study also identifies variations in the demand for family planning across different regions
and socio-economic groups within Jharkhand. Factors such as education, income, religion,
and community norms influence the decision-making process regarding family planning
methods. Understanding these variations is crucial for tailoring interventions and improving
the accessibility and utilization of family planning services.
The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers, healthcare
providers, and stakeholders involved in reproductive health programs in Jharkhand. The
study underscores the need for comprehensive and targeted interventions to improve
knowledge about family planning, address cultural and social barriers, and strengthen
healthcare infrastructure to meet the demand for family planning services. By addressing
these factors, it is possible to enhance the well-being of currently married women in
Jharkhand and promote reproductive health and rights.
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CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION
In many countries including India, the problem of population explosion is a major one. Family
planning means having the number of children or desired of having number of children that the
person willing to have and also including the choice to of having no children and if they doe’s
then at what age they desire to have children. Also, things that play important role in family
planning that include the person status, marital situation, work or career, financial stability.
Family planning have practiced since 16th century. Family planning is something that help in
reducing the teenage birth rate and birth rate for unmarried women and control the problem of
population explosion. To remove or to solve this major increasing population problem the
Government are included to solve the problem of population explosion. The Government
introduce family welfare and family planning among married women and unmarried women.
The Government introduces many programmes and policies for family planning. Family
planning is one of the major sources to remove the population explosion. Now a days, family
planning has gained popularity among many individuals and in family. Family planning puts
stress on the health of women and child, protection of women and child, child care, caring of
pregnant women, nutrition food, education, etc. Family planning emphasizes the fact that birth
control is a scientific method by which couple can control the size of the family. In Rural and
Urban area family planning have different role and different opinions. So, knowledge of family
planning is important among family and women.
The programmes of family planning try to control the birth rate by changing the attitude of
people towards the adoption of the family planning technique. Adaptation and implementation
of any voluntary family planning programmes by Government. of any country wishes to
improve the demographic situation at that particular time. So, the concept and contents of FPP
(Financial Programming and Policies) is dynamic in nature which changes over times. It was
seen in most of the developing countries where family planning Programmes was initiated by
the government wish to reduce population growth by reducing fertility or birth rate and find
out the other possible causes of rapid population growth. At the same time the developed
countries which are pronatalist in nature FPP was introduced to promote high fertility or birth
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rate so that they can overcame the problem like population explosion and replacement level
fertility. But the use of contraception by couples depends on the demographic characteristic of
particular regions. As countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh use of contraception is
basically to reduce fertility along with to protect couples from other infectious diseases at the
time of sexual intercourse. But most of the African countries where problem of HIV/AIDs or
STI or RTI is more common than the problem of high fertility so in these countries use of
contraception means to protect couples and children from these epidemics.
Contraception methods:
▪ long-acting reversible contraception - the implant or intra uterine device (IUD)

▪ hormonal contraception - the pill or the Depo Provera injection.
▪ barrier methods - condoms.
▪ emergency contraception.
▪ fertility awareness.
▪ permanent contraception - vasectomy and tubal ligation.
1.1. Meaning of Family Planning:
Family planning is the planning, where we decide when to have children and the use of birth
control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used
include sexuality education prevention and management of sexually transmitted infection pre-
conception, management, and infertility management.
Family Planning means heaving number of desired children or planned parenthood. According
to the World Health Organization (WHO), family planning is defined as “the ability of
individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing
and timing of their births.
According to World Bank, Family Planning is not designed to destroy families on the contrary
it is designed to save them. Family Planning is a social impact which emphasis overall
development of the family.
Family planning according to United Nations (UN), the encompasses services leading up to
conception. Abortion is not typically recommended as a primary method of family planning,
and access to contraception reduces the need for abortion. The Programme of Action of the
1994 International Conference on Population and Development affirmed the basic right of
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couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their
children and to have the information, education and means to do so.
The National Family Planning Programme, 1952 of India define it as “reducing birth rate to
the extent necessary to stabilise the population at a level consistent with the requirement of the
national economy.” In India, family planning has been converted into family welfare
programme which aims at providing material and child health care and contraceptive services.
As the basic aim of family planning is to limit the size of the family. They are asked to follow
small family norms and the slogan “Small Family, Happy Family.”
1.2. Background:
Back in traditional periods people were not well known and aware about family planning in
rural and urban area. Women were having no rights to educate and work they were born to do
household works and give birth to children and look after children. Traditional methods of
family planning do not use the modern method contraceptive or require a surgical procedure.
The use of traditional contraceptive methods may have health problem in both partners. High
failure rate, lack of protection from sexual intercourse, sanitation, health care etc.
India was the first country to have launched a nationwide Family Planning Programmed in
1952. India is the first country in the world to launch such programme. A separate department
of family Planning was created in 1966 in the ministry of health. In 1977, the Janata
Government formulated a new population policy ruling out compulsion. The acceptance of the
programme was made purely voluntary. In 1977 the National Family Planning Programme was
renamed as the National Family Welfare Programme. Also, the Janata government named the
Family Planning (FP) department as department of family Welfare. The allocation for these
programmes was just 0.1 crore in First Five-year plan. It has increased to 6.3 crores merged
with health in the eleventh five-year plan.
With its historic initiation in 1952, the Family Planning Programme has undergone
transformation in terms of policy and actual programme implementation. The Indian Family
Planning Program began in the early 1950s and provided contraceptive services within clinics,
including condom handouts and both female and male sterilizations. These services were
educationally themed and aimed to provide information on a community-level this is in part
because of economic growth around the world and it was the first time in history where there
was a global conversation about population
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Factors influencing population growth can be grouped into following 3 categories-
• Unmet need of Family Planning: This includes the currently married women, who
wish to stop child bearing or wait for next two or more years for the next child birth,
but not using any contraceptive method. Total unmet need of Family Planning is 9.4
(NFHS-5) in our country.
• Age at Marriage and first childbirth: In India 23.3% (NFHS-5) of the girls get
married below the age of 18 years and out of the total deliveries 6.8% are among
teenagers i.e., 15-19 years. The situation regarding age of girls at marriage is more
alarming in few states like, Bihar (40.8%), Rajasthan (25.4.%), Jharkhand (32.2%),
Uttar Pradesh (15.8%), and Madhya Pradesh (23.1%). Delaying the age at marriage and
first child birth could reduce the impact of Population Momentum on population
growth.
• Spacing between Births: Healthy spacing of 3 years improves the chances of
survival of infants and also helps in reducing the impact of population momentum on
population growth. SRS 2019 data shows that In India, spacing between two childbirths
is less than the recommended period of 3 years in 49.1% of births.
1.3. Benefits of Family Planning:
Family planning among married and unmarries motivate, educate, spread family planning
programmes and policies among individuals and improve their health and size of population.
Family planning benefits in many ways: -
1.3.1. FAMILY PLANNING SAVE LIVES
Contraceptives prevent unintended pregnancies, reduce the number of abortions, and lower the
incidence of death and disability related to complications of pregnancy and childbirth. If all
women in developing regions with an unmet need for contraceptives were able to use modern
methods, maternal deaths would be reduced by about a quarter, according to the UNFPA.
Additionally, male and female use of condoms, when they used correctly and consistently,
provide dual protection against both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), including HIV. Increasing knowledge about and access to modern contraceptive among
adolescent girls is a crucial starting point for improving their long-term health. It is also
essential for improving maternal and new born health around the world, complications from
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pregnancy and childbirth are the leading killers of adolescent girls (ages 15-19). Their babies
also face a higher risk of dying than the babies of older women. Yet adolescents face enormous
barriers to accessing reproductive health information and services. UNFPA works to improve
access to reproductive health services, including for marginalized young people.
1.3.2. REDUCE PREGNANCY-RELATED RISK:
Young people are especially at risk of problems in pregnancy. Contraception allows them to
put off having children until their bodies are fully able to support the pregnancy. It can also
prevent pregnancy for older people who face pregnancy-related risks.
Contraceptive use reduces the need for abortion by preventing unwanted pregnancies. It
therefore reduces cases of unsafe abortion, one of the leading causes of maternal death
worldwide.
1.3.3. REDUCING TEENAGE PREGNANCIES:
Contraceptive use also reduces teenage pregnancies. By using contraception, young people can
prevent unwanted pregnancies that can have negative impacts on their relationships and
ambitions.
Early pregnancy can also cause health problems for the baby and the teenage girls. Babies born
to teenagers are likely to be underweight before and at birth and are at higher risk of neonatal
mortality (dying within 28 days of birth)
1.3.4. HEALTHY BABIES:
Pregnancies that are too close together or poorly timed contribute to high infant mortality rates
that is, the rate of babies that die within their first year of life.
Contraceptive use lets people plan their pregnancies so they can make sure the baby is getting
the best care before and after birth.
In the year 2018 the rate was 3.8, lower than the United States but higher than a number of
other developed countries. Better healthcare and hygiene, as well as the use of modern
contraceptive methods, have contributed to this great improvement.
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1.3.5. FAMILY PLANNING EMPOWERS WOMEN:
Access to contraceptive information is the central to achieving gender equality and remove
inequality. When women and couples are empowered to plan whether and when to have
children, and how many children they want to have or not, now women are better enabled in
completing their education; women’s autonomy within their households is increased; and their
earning power is improved. This strengthens their economic security and well-being and that
of their families.
Cumulatively, these benefits contribute to poverty reduction, economic development and

global development. These benefits were recognized in the Programme of Action of the
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), which called for “the right
of men and women to be informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and
acceptable methods of family planning of their choice.” This agreement lays the foundation for
much of UNFPA’s work.
1.3.6. FAMILY PLANNING BRINGS ECONOMIC BENEFITS:
There are clear economic benefits in the investment in family planning. For every additional
dollar that is invested in contraception, the cost of pregnancy-related care will be reduced by
about three dollars, according to recent projections by UNFPA's partner Guttmacher.
Family planning can also help the countries to realize a ‘demographic dividend’, a boost in
economic productivity that occurs when there are growing numbers of people in the workforce
and falling numbers of dependents.
1.4. The status of contraceptive prevalence:
India is the first country in the world to launch Family Planning Programme in 1952 (National
Population Policy (NPP), 2000). The central presumption and reasoning of Family Planning
Programme was to enable the individuals, particularly women’s and couples to exercise control
over their own fertility or birth rate. However, in the early 60’s, as the Government gradually
became more concerned about curbing or restrain the rapid population growth, the national
perspective overrides or disallow the individual needs. Population explosion increasingly
caused worry to the Government about their ability to provide adequate level of health,
education and other social services and many more. Many approaches and strategies to improve
the programme and to increase the contraceptive prevalence rate had been adopted. The Fifth
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Five Year Plan (1974-78) gave huge emphasis on sterilization, but due to the approach adopted
for the programme, it suffered a serious setback in 1977. It became controversial and almost
collapsed in 1977-78. In the 80’s, India adopted the “cafeteria approach” to raise the prevalence
of contraceptive methods among eligible or acceptable couples. Despite this, the total number
of women not practicing any form of contraception has hardly declined at all mainly due to the
enormous or vast increase in the number of women in the reproductive age group.1) According
to the Census of India (2001), there are 2, 51,431,886 women (51 percent of total women) in
the reproductive age group (15- 49 years), 70 percent of them belong to rural areas. Among the
rural women in reproductive age group, 36 percent are in the age group of (15-24 years and 18
percent are adolescents (below 20 years), 33 percent of the women aged 15-24 years are from
eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa,
Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
More than half of all the currently married women, aged 15-44 years are exposed to their first
cohabitation at age less than 18 years and have two to three children by the age of 24 years.
Many of them want to postpone or limit childbirth but are not using any kind of contraceptives.
Besides, in the Indian context a woman is not empowered to take decisions on family planning
or use of health care. Thus, there is wide gap in contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and
practices (KAP) between women’s reproductive intentions and contraceptive behaviours. Since
the 1960’s, survey data have indicated that substantial proportions of women who have wanted
to stop or delay childbearing have not practiced contraception. This discrepancy or gap is
referred to as the “unmet need” for family planning and has been defined and measured
variously. Unmet need has been an important measure in family planning policy. As pointed
out by Ashford, “This gap between women’s preferences and actions inspired many
governments to initiate or expand family planning programs in order to reduce unintended
pregnancies and lower the fertility rate. The term “unmet need” was considered in the late
1970’s and has served ever since to indicate the family planning needs in less developed
countries.” Unmet need for family planning, therefore, refers to the proportion of married,
fecund women who desire to space or limit their births but are not using contraception. Unmet
need for family planning also refers to the non-use of contraception among women who would
like to regulate their fertility, measured as the proportion of currently married women of
reproductive age not using contraception but wishing either to postpone the next wanted birth
or to prevent unwanted childbearing after having the desired number of children.
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Contraceptive acceptance and usage at individual and community level depends on the
following important factors:
• The basic nature of contraceptives;

• Acceptability at individual and community level;
• Knowledge, attitude, skills and reliability of the provider;
• Effective communication;
• Appropriate delivery mechanism;
• Cost of the contraceptives
1.5. Needs for family planning:
Jharkhand is the thirteenth most populated state in India, witnessing a 22.3% decadal growth
higher than the national average (17%). The state has committed to provide contraceptives to
2.1 million new users by 2020. However, there are challenges and problems related to non/poor
use of contraception use such as opposition by men and lack of knowledge resulting in negation
of using or consideration of the contraceptive pill as a social taboo even in urban section. Lack
of knowledge and use of temporary contraceptive methods is considerably lower among tribal
women compared to their non-tribal counterparts in the three states: Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. These studies the point towards the persistent need for systemic
efforts including enhancing counselling and communication skills of health providers,
especially the auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) who play a pivotal role in the provision of
family planning services in the public health sector. India has a total of 757 416 nursing
personnel with 3405 registered ANMs in Jharkhand. The state has 10 government and 50
private ANM training schools. Despite efforts to increase the number of seats for medical and
paramedical courses, the availability of quality trained human resource in the public health
sector, especially specialist doctors, staff nurses and ANMs, is a problem in the state. There
are gaps or unfilled in the implementation of clinical practices in the pre-service training or
lack of opportunities and skill upgradation during in-service training.
Needs for family planning arises:
1. For rapid economic development;

2. For rising living standards of the people;
3. For improving quality of life;
4. For improving quality of population;
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5. For maintaining size of the population with our resources;
6. For maintaining the health of the mother and child;
7. For providing facilities related to reproduction and child care programmes and small family
norm.
1.6. Demand for family planning:
Among 214 million women of reproductive age in developing countries who do not want to
become pregnant are not using a modern contraceptive method. This could be a result of a
limited choice of methods, limited access to contraception, fear of side-effects, cultural or
religious opposition, poor quality of available services, user or provider bias, or gender-based
barriers. In Africa, 24.2% of women of reproductive age do not have access to modern
contraction. In Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, the unmet need is 10–11%. Meeting
the unmet need for contraception could prevent 104,000 maternal deaths per year, a 29%
reduction of women dying from postpartum haemorrhoids or piles or unsafe abortions.
Also, the unmet need for family planning programs has inspired by governments and donors,
but the impact of family planning programs on fertility and contraceptive use remains
somewhat unsettled. “Demand theory” argues that in traditional agricultural societies, fertility
rates are driven by the desire to offset high mortality, thus as society modernization, the costs
of raising children increases, reducing their economic value, and resulting in a decrease in
desired number of children. Under this theory, family planning programs will have a marginal
impact approach, both the stronger and the weaker section of family programs to reduce the
unmet need for contraceptives and increases use by making modern contraceptives more
widely available and removing obstacles to use. Also, the demand that is satisfied and the
proportion of women using modern methods increased. The programs may have an additional
effect of diffusing the ideas related to family planning and thus raising the demand for
contraception. As a result, a small decrease in unmet need may be offset by a rise in demand.
Nevertheless, even in countries where it is assumed that family programs will make a marginal
impact, Bonga art (2014) shows that family planning programs can be increased potentially the
contraceptive use and increase/decrease demand depending on the pre-existing attitudes of the
community.
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1.7. OBJECTIVES:
1. To study about needs and demand for family planning in different areas (rural & urban).
2. To study about needs and demand for family planning in different religions.
3. To study about needs and demand for family planning in different cast/tribe.
4. To study the comparison between NFHS- 4 and NFHS-5 regarding family planning.
1.8. The State of Jharkhand:
Jharkhand is predominantly a rural state with 76.5% of its population of 30.5 million living in
villages, and over one quarter (28%) of its population is tribal. Infrastructure is not well
developed, and only 45% of villages have electricity. Compared to the national statistics the
figures declined in NFHS-3 for the state of Jharkhand seems little gloomy. The current usage
of any methods of contraception in the state is only 35.7% out of which terminal methods
especially female sterilization accounts to 23.4% and male sterilization being only 0.4%.
Similar picture is also reflected in conventional methods such as; IUCD-0.6%, oral pill-3.8%
and condom-2.7%. Compared to the national figure the unmet need for family planning in
Jharkhand is also relatively high for the conventional reversible methods than that of terminal
methods which is 11.9 and 11.3 respectively. Again, the percentage of married women with
two children wanting no more children in Jharkhand is 65.8% (excluding pregnant women)
who would otherwise be requiring either of the methods of contraception.
In addition, a study on EAG (Empowered Action Group) states revealed that the unmet need
among ST women is highest (43%) in Jharkhand. The same study also depicted that in
Jharkhand among several reasons, opposition by husband and lack of knowledge were reported
as the most prevalent reason for not using contraception. Provision of medical termination of
pregnancy in the state is not adequate. This is evident from a recent study showing poor access
and utilization of government services for family planning.
1.9. Family planning programs and policies:
India is being the first country that launched to introduce a National Family Planning
Programme in 1952, emphasizing fertility regulation for reducing birth rates to the extent
necessary to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the socio-economic development
and environment protection still struggles to create an impressive impact in the realm of
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nationwide family planning. programme in 1952 still struggles to create an impressive impact
in the realm of family planning. The contraceptive usage of any method in India by 2030 is
estimated to be only 64.6% by WHO (World Health Organization). Family planning services
can help in controlling population growth which is mainly due to following three reasons. The
first one is being the unmet need of family planning which is always higher for reversible
methods both at the national level and at the state level of Jharkhand. The second cause is the
age at marriage and first child birth. In India 22.1% of the girls get married below the age of
18 years. Similarly, out of the total deliveries 5.6% are among teenagers i.e.,15-19 years and is
worse in Jharkhand which accounts to 36%. Delaying the age at marriage and first child birth
could reduce the impact of population growth. The third being the spacing or gap between the
births which can improves the chances of survival of infants and also helps in reducing the
impact of population momentum on population growth. If the minimum of 3 years of spacing
or gap is maintained the population will the stable and be strengthen. NFHS-3 data shows that
in India spacing or gap between two childbirths is less than the recommended period of 3 years
in 61% of births.
1.9.1. Achievements of family planning or welfare programme:
The department of family planning and the family planning commission. Family welfare has
been laying down the targets for family planning, health, education, and welfare achievement
in each plan. Also, Family planning improve the quality coverage of health care,
implementation of disease control, increase in literacy, awareness for family planning and
utilisation of availability of health services. Over the years, there have been a progressive
achievement in their overall targets.
Some of the major achievement in family planning welfare programme are:
1. Acceptors of family planning methods reached 59.4 million in 2000.

2. There has been decline in crude birth rate (CBR) in 1951-2012.
3. There has been decline in crude death rate (CDR) in 1951-2012.
4. Declaration in total fertility rate.
5. Increase in couple protection.
6. Increase expectation of life from 37 in 1951 to 66.4 in 2013.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION:
A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on an any topics. The

literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular
area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, and objectively evaluate
and clarify the previous research. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help in
determine the nature of the research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous
researchers, and in so doing, assures that the reader of your work has been well recognized and
conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the
author has read, evaluated, and understood that work into the work at hand.
A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full understanding
of the developments in the field. This landscape informs the reader that the author has indeed
assimilated all previous, significant works in the field into her or his research. Just like most
academic paper, literature reviews also must contain of three basic elements an introduction or
background information section, the body of the review containing the discussion of sources.
"In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and
ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. The
literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (example your research objective, the
problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive
list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstration knowledge and understanding

of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context. A literature review also includes
a critical evaluation of the material; this is why it is called a literature review rather than a
literature report. It is a process of reviewing the literature, as well as a form of writing. It
provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories,
methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or
dissertation topic.
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2.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
• Santhya (2003) in his paper “Changing Family Planning Scenario in India: An

Overview of recent evidence” discusses about the effect to reduce the reverence of child
marriage by changing the traditional norms and attitude towards marriage. There has
been a substantial increase in contraceptive use and direction, emphasis, and strategies
of family welfare programmes have change over time. However, contraceptive needs
of considerable properties of women and men and improving the quality of family
planning services.
• Ghosh (2007) in his article “The gender gap in literacy and education among the
scheduled tribes in Jharkhand and West Bengal” discusses the gender gap in education
and understanding of position that women occupy in society. The gender discrimination
has been formalised by class, caste, religion and some cultural norms. This further lead
inequality of status between men and women because of low literacy they don’t have
any idea about family planning and need of contraceptives.
• Patel et al., (2009) in his paper “Support for provision of early medical abortion by
mid -level providers in Jharkhand, India” found that the medical abortion has the
potential to increase the number, cadre and geographic distribution of providers
offering safe abortion services and increase access awareness and provide concerns
about cost and insertion procedure in India. This services report on aa sample family
planning survey of health facilities and staff in Bihar and Jharkhand, India.
• Leon et al., (2011) They discuss in their article “The role of need for contraception in
the evaluation of interventions to improve access to family planning methods” that
nonrandomized experiment carried in Jharkhand, India, show how the effects of family
planning methods can be erroneously regards as trivial when contraceptive use is
utilized as dependent variable, ignoring women’s need for contraceptive and
overcoming barriers to access family planning. The observation on met need i.e.,
contraceptive use by women who need contraception confound that there is risk of
pregnancy and fertility desires.
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• Ansary et al., (2012) They in their paper “Factors determining patters of unmet need
for family planning in Jharkhand, India” talk about Unmet need for family planning
programmes in country indicate the gaps between demand and supply of family
planning services to the couple gap between service providers and accepters.
Adaptation and Implication of any voluntary family planning programmes by
government of any country wishes to improve the demographic situation so the FPP
can change over times. Jharkhand is one those high alert state as its surrounding states
like Bihar, Orrisa and Chhattisgarh and most of the north eastern states.
• Sengupta et al., (2012) in his study “Contraceptive practices and unmet need among
young currently rural married in empowered action group (EAG) states of India”
discuss about the family planning programme was to enable individuals, particularly
women and couples to exercise control over their own fertility. However, in the early
60s the government gradually become more concerned about curving the rapid
population growth, the national perspective overrides the individual needs. Population
explosion increasingly caused worry to the government about their ability to provide
adequate level of health, education and other social services.
• Lundgren et al., (2012) They in their article “Assessing the effect of introducing a new
method into family planning programs in India” discuss about introducing a new
method for family planning programs that requires careful attention to ensure that it
meets the actual needs and positives responds or effect on program goals. The standard
days methods introduced for assesses the effect of contractive in family planning
services. This method of family planning benefits the man and women in diverse
settings and control population.
• Chhugani et al., (2013) They in their article “Nurses bring new family planning
methods to communities: Standard days method and Lactational Amenorrhea method”
discuss the mutual understanding to decide how many children they want to have and
when they want to have children. Nurse represents the critical link between the health
system and communities, sharing family planning methods and information that can
help the women time and space for their pregnancies. This information is often a matter
of life and death for women and children.
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• Barman (2013) He in his article “Socio -economic and demographic determinants of
unmet need for family planning in India and its consequences” discusses the importance
of family planning in socio - economic and demographic characteristics among the
currently married women. To find out the differentials of unmet needs for contraceptive
use of social economic and demography variables, sex composition, number of children
living, wealth status of household is found to be significantly effective in determining
unmet need for contraction of currently married women.
• Banerjee et al., (2013) in his paper “Effectiveness of behaviour change communication

intervention to improve knowledge and perception about abortion in Bihar and
Jharkhand, India” provides an overview of different perspectives on behavioural
change in communication interventions that can effectively improve knowledge, law
and perceptions about safe abortion. The multiple approach should be used when there
is proper improved knowledge and perceptions about health issues about abortion.
• Bongaarts J (2014) The author in his paper “The impact of family planning
programmes on unmet need and demand for contraception” identifies three major
factors that contribute to this phenomenon: the postponement of childbearing, a
persistent desire for large families, and lack of access to effective contraception.
Bongaarts argue that efforts to promote family planning must focus on addressing the
areas simultaneously as they contribute together in fertility decline. Overall, this article
is an essential for demographers, policymakers, and anyone interested in understanding
the factors that shape family planning and reproductive outcome
• Prusty (2014) in his article “Use of contraceptives and unmet need for family planning
among tribal women in India and selected hilly states” he talks about the lack of
knowledge and use of contraceptives among schedules tribes and non tribes considered
low acceptance due to phobia of health consequences, and preference. The unmet need
for family planning among them was quite high especially in the state of India. This
attempt was also made in non tribes in states like Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and
Chhattisgarh using information collected in the third round of district level household
survey.
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• Jejeebhoy et al., (2014) they in their article “Demand for contraception to delay first
pregnancy among young married women in India” discuss about the demand for
contraception to delay the first pregnancy among married young people. Contraception
have most likely to have more knowledge and practiced by educated women those who
are aware of family planning before they were married, these exposed to quality
sexuality education and those who participated in marriage related decision making.
• Samal et al., (2015) they in their article “Family planning practices, programmes and
policies in India including implants and injectables with special focus on Jharkhand,
India” discuss about the national family health survey (NFHS-3) and clearly talk about
the use of contraceptive. The current usage of any methods of contraception in
Jharkhand is only 35.7% out of which terminal methods especially female sterilization
accounts to 23.4% and male sterilization being only 0.4%. compared to the national
figure the unmet need for family planning in Jharkhand and need further improvement.
• Patra et al., (2015) the purpose of the article “Addressing unmet need and religious
barrier towards the use of family planning method among Muslim women in India” was
to find out the determinants and prevalence of unmet need with special focus on
religious barrier towards the use of contraceptives among the Muslim women. The
study also addresses their future intension to use family planning method as men don’t
include to explore the differences in the perception of men and women towards family
planning.
• Barla (2016) in his article “Probable social remedies to improve the family planning
method: A study of awareness and attitude of adolescents in rural Jharkhand” talks
about the study of maximum awareness in term of temporary methods of family
planning. The attitude towards family planning timing after two children to limit further
off spring. However, adolescents were less aware about other temporary methods. It
was found out that awareness and acceptance for family planning is still low: attributing
to poor health infrastructure and services.
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• Saxton et al., (2016) in their paper “Handwashing and sanitation and family planning
practices are the strongest underlying determinants of child stunting in rural indigenous
communities of Jharkhand and Orissa” talk about the effectiveness of community health
workers (CHW) programs like proper sanitation, handwash practices, proper
infrastructure, reduce indoor air population and improving maternal and child health
outcome in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) they found that the CHW
programs were effective in increasing antenatal care utilization, reducing mortality rate
and improving quality of life. They conclude that CHW programs play important role
in improving maternal and child health outcome.
• New et al., (2017) The article “Levels and trends in contraceptives prevalence, unmet
need, and demand for family planning for 29 States and Union Territories in India: a
modelling study using the family” discusses various methods, including model-based
approaches and direct methods such as vital registration and surveys. The authors also
consider the strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as the challenges of data
quality and availability. They conclude that a combination of methods and continued
investment in data collection and analysis are necessary to improve child mortality
estimates and progress towards reducing child deaths.
• Sinha et al., (2018) in their paper “Social advertising for the family planning: An
analysis of issues which are affecting family planning in rural area” discuss the need
for family planning in rural area should be socially advertise and spread awareness in
rural area. It has been found that advertisement play the important role to make people
aware about various methods and practices and changing attitude and awareness and
have personal communication among married women. Additional government should
focus on promoting family planning by providing free contraception stuffs.
• Muttreja et al., (2018) in their article “Family planning in India: The way forward”
discuss about magnitude of the family planning programmes and there is need for
strengthen the coordination of all aspect of planning, programmes, monitoring, training
and procurement. The quality of family planning must be a major focus area to ensure
the success of family planning programmes. Family planning is crucial for the
Page | 18
achievement for sustained development goal and improve quality of family planning
services.
• Karvande et al., (2018) in his paper “Family planning training needs of Auxiliary
Nurse midwives in Jharkhand, India: Lessons from an assessment” discusses the
Auxiliary Nurse midwives(ANMs) who play a pivotal role in the provision of maternal
health services including family planning services, must be adequately trained and
skilled in Jharkhand and the lacking knowledge of contraception should be provided
with the life cycle approach to family planning and support environment building and
to raise ANMs to help them to manage in their health facilities.
• Deitch et al., (2019) in their article “Adolescent demand for contraception and family
planning services in low- and middle-income countries” explore the impact and
displacement in public health and covers a wide range of topics, including the history
of global public health, the challenges facing the field, and the strategies that are being
used to address these challenges. The adolescent girls age 15-19 in low- and middle-
income countries (LMICs) have unmet need for contraception. The aim of this study
was to review the better understanding of adolescent demand for contraception in
LMICs and explore the demand related indicators.
• Weis et al., (2020) in their article “Implementation and scaleup of the standard days
method of family planning: A landscape analysis” discusses the standard days methods
(SDM) and modern facilities awareness based on the family planning methods that was
introduced in 30 countries since the development. Then we examine the 16 countries
that has attempted to scale up the method of family planning protocols, training and
services deliveries and increase male engagement in family planning and improve
couple communication.
• Ewerling et al., (2021) in their article “Modern contraceptive use among women in
need of family planning in India: An analysis of the inequalities related to mix of
methods used” discuss the type of contraceptive used by women in need of family
planning and the inequality they face according to age, education, wealth, and
empowerment. They explore the relationship between women empowerment and
maternal healthcare. The study emphasizes the importance of women’s empowerment,
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define as ability to make decision concerning one’s own life and resources, in
improving maternal healthcare.
• Misra et al., (2021) in their paper “Family welfare expenditure, contraceptive use,
sources and method mix in India” about making universal access to sexual and
reproductive health care. The finding suggest that the modern method of contraceptive
methods and methods mix do not show the positive relationship with family welfare
expenditure. Notwithstanding a rise in overall family welfare expenditure spending on
core for family planning stagnates.
• Kumar et al., (2022) in their paper “Contraceptive usages and unmet need of family
planning among tribal women of India: A narrative review” talk about the unmet need
in societies that affects the family planning through uncontrolled population explosion.
Tribal population being socioeconomics deprived group requires special attention for
contraceptives need so that they assess the required knowledge of tribal women toward
the contraceptive usage. The unmet need for contraceptive need among tribal women
is mostly in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
• Hellwig et al., (2022) in their article “The role of female permanent contraception in
meeting the demand for family planning in low- and middle-income countries” discuss
with the aim which describe the reliance on female permanent contraception among
women with demand for family planning satisfy with modern methods in low- and
middle-income countries (LMICs) and to describe the socio economic and demographic
patterns of permanent contraception in countries with high.
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CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction:
Research methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field
of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the methods and principles associated with a
branch of knowledge. Or we can also say research methodology is a way of explaining how a
researcher intends to carry out their research. It's a logical, systematic plan to resolve a research
problem. A methodology details a researcher's approach to the research to ensure reliable, valid
results that address their aims and objectives. It encompasses what data they're going to collect
and where from, as well as how it's being collected and analysed.
A research methodology gives research legitimacy and provides scientifically sound findings.
It also provides a detailed plan that helps to keep researchers on track, making the process
smooth, effective and manageable. A researcher's methodology allows the reader to understand
the approach and methods used to reach conclusions. It consists of various steps that are
generally adopted by the research problem along with the logic behind them. It includes the
information required to address the issues, design, and collection of information, analysis,
result, finding and its implication.
3.2. Meaning of Research:
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Research is a scientific and
systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. It is an art of scientific
investigation. Also, we can say that research is a systematic investigation or phenomenon to
discover new information and knowledge or to verify existing theories and concepts. It involves
an organized and careful analysis of data collected through various methods, such as
observation, experimentation, survey, or interviews. The purpose of research can vary from
academic or scientific pursuit to marked research or policy assessment. It is an essential method
for advancing our understanding of the world and making informed decision based on
evidence.
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Dictionary definition of research is a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search
for new facts in any branch of knowledge. Some people consider research as a movement from
known too unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. We all possess the vital instinct of
inquisitiveness. This inquisitiveness is the mother of all the knowledge and the method, which
one employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown can be termed as research.
3.3. Types of Research:
Types of research can be classified in many different ways. The basic types of research are as
follows:
1. Descriptive Research:
It means the description of the state of affairs that exist at present. Researchers only reports
that had happened and what is happening. This research is often used in situation where
the researcher is exploring new areas, developing a new theory or hypotheses, or investing
a complex social phenomenon.
2. Analytical Research:
In analytical research the researcher has to use or collect the facts or information that is
already available, and analyse these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
3. Applied Research:
It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial or
business organisation. Applied research involves the use of scientific methods and
knowledge to solve practical problem face by industrial or organisation in order to improve
an existing service, develop a new one.
4. Fundamental Research:
Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisation and with the formulation
of a theory and it is carried as more to satisfy intellectual curiosity then with the intension
of using the research findings. Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed as
fundamental research.
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5. Quantitative Research:
It is based on the quantitative measurements of some characteristics. Quantitative research
is a type of research methodology that involves the collection and analysis of numerical
data and statistical analysis to answer research questions and test hypotheses.
6. Qualitative Research:
Qualitative research is a method of investigation that explore and understand people
feeling that involves attitudes, experience, and behaviour (i.e., why people think or do
certain things).
7. Conceptual Research:
Conceptual research is that research that is related to some abstract ideas or theory. It is
generally used to philosophers and thinkers to develop the new concepts or to reinterpret
existing one.
8. Empirical Research:
Empirical research is the research that relies on experience or observation alone often
without due regard for system or theory. It is data-based research coming with up
conclusion which are capable of being verified by observation.
3.4. Research Design:
Research design refers to the overall plan or strategy that a researcher develops to answer a
research question or test a hypothesis. It outlines the procedures and methods that will be used
to collect and analyse data, and it determines the type and quality of evidence that will be
obtained. A good research design should be well-organized and systematic, ensuring that the
research is carried out in a valid and reliable way, and that the results are meaningful and useful.
The research design typically includes several components, such as:
• Sampling Design:
It deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for the given study.
• Observation Design:
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This design relates to the conditions under which the observation is to be made.
• Statistical Design:
It concerns the question of how many items are to be observed and how the information
and data gathered is to be analysed.
• Operational Design:
It deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the sampling,
statistical and observation designs can be carried out.
3.5. Topic of the Research:
The topic of this research is “Study on need and demand for family planning among
currently married women in Jharkhand”.
The type of research is presented is basically analytical in nature. This research is adopted by
the information that is already available, and analyse these to make a critical evaluation of the
material.
3.6. Research Objectives:
1. To study about needs and demand for family planning in different areas (rural & urban).
2. To study about needs and demand for family planning in different religion.
3. To study about needs and demand for family planning in different cast/tribe.
4. To study the comparison between NFHS- 4 and NFHS-5 regarding family planning.
3.7. Research Question:
The research question for this study are as follows:
• What is the current condition of family planning in different area of Jharkhand?

• What is the situation of awareness in societies about family planning?
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• Weather family planning leading to women’s empowerment?
3.8. Sources of Data:
The sources of data used for this study is “secondary source”.
secondary source is those sources in which data are already been collected by someone else
and which have already been passed through the statistical process. These types of data are
collected from research paper, internet, library books, and survey.
The data is taken mainly from NFHS – 4 (2015-2016) and NFHS – 5 (2019-2021).
3.9. Purpose of the Study:
• To know current situation of family planning in Jharkhand.

• What is the importance of spreading awareness of family planning in Jharkhand.
3.10. Research Tools:
In this dissertation, the analysis of data collected from MS word, MS excel and some simple
statistical technique such as diagrams, graphical representation has been used.
3.11. Limitation of the Study:
• This study is based on secondary data due to limitation of time and resources.
• This study is confined to only one source of data i.e., NFHS-5.
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CHAPTER-4
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Data interpretation refers to the analysis and understanding of data to draw meaningful
conclusion that aid decision making or problem solving. It involves examining data sets, trends,
patterns, and relationship and extracting insights that can be used to support decision making.
The process of data interpretation often involves tools such as charts, graph, and table, to
understand the complex information.
This is the most important section of any research as all the effort are reduced to conclusion.
Interpretation section shows the logicality in the data and answers reason behind the
conclusions. Hereby this research is done from secondary data sources.
4.1. Needs and demand for family planning in different areas (rural and urban)
Table 4.1. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to rural and urban areas
Rural Urban
Unmet need for family 11.6 11.2

planning
Met need for family 60.4 66.0

planning
Total demand for family 72.0 77.2

planning
Source: NFHS-5 (2019-21)
This table emphasises the needs and demand for family planning with respect to rural and urban
area. It can be seen that the unmet need is higher in rural area whereas met need for family
planning is higher in urban area. When it comes to total demand for family planning, urban
area is forward than rural areas.
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Figure: 4.1 Need and demand for family planning with respect to rural and urban areas
90
77.2
80 72
70 66
60.4
60
50
40
30
20 11.6 11.2
10
0
Unmet need for family Met need for family planning Total demand
planning
RURAL URBAN
4.2. Needs and demand for family planning in different religion
Table 4.2. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to religion
Hindu Muslim Christian Others
Unmet need for 10.9 15.3 13.2 11.2

family
planning
Met need for 64.5 49.4 52.0 55.7
family
planning
Total demand 75.3 64.8 65.1 67.0
for family
planning
This table emphasises the need and demand for family planning with respect to religion. It can
be seen that unmet need for family planning is higher in Muslim religion and met need for
Page | 27
family planning is higher in Hindu region as comparison to another region. Total demand for
family planning is also higher in Hindu religion as compare to another religion.
Figure: 4.2 Need and demand for family planning with respect to religion
80 75.3
70 67
64.5 64.8 65.1
60 55.7
52
49.4
50
40
30
20 15.3
13.2
10.9 11.2
10
0
Hindu Muslim Christian Others
Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning Total demand
4.3. Needs and demand for family planning in different caste/tribes
Table 4.3. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to caste/tribes
Unmet need for Met need for family Total demand for
family planning planning family planning
Scheduled caste 11.8 60.9 72.7
Scheduled tribe 12.6 55.9 68.5
Other backward 10.9 64.5 75.5

class
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Other 10.9 63.6 74.5
Don’t know 10.7 67.4 78.1
This table emphasises the need and demand for family planning with respect to caste and tribes.
It can be seen that family planning in different caste/tribes that is SC, ST, OBC, others, and
don’t know has highest demand for family planning and highest met need for family planning.
Scheduled cast has the highest unmet need for family planning as of other caste.
Figure: 4.3 Need and demand for family planning with respect to caste/tribes
90
78.1
80 75.5 74.5
72.7
68.5 67.4
70 64.5 63.6
60.9
60 55.9
50
40
30
20
11.8 12.6 10.9 10.9 10.7
10
0
Scheduled caste Scheduled tribe Other backward class Other Don’t know
Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning Total demand
4.4. Needs and demand for family planning in different age group
Table 4.4. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to age group
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15-19 19.4 24.2 43.6
20-24 19.0 39.3 58.3
25-29 13.9 58.4 72.2
30-34 10.8 71.3 82.1
35-39 8.7 75.4 84.1
40-44 6.7 72.3 79.0
45-49 4.3 67.8 72.1
Source: NFHS – 5
This table emphasises the need and demand for family planning with respect to age group. In
this table we can see that the unmet need for family planning is highest in the age of 15-19 and
met need for family planning is highest in the age of 35-39. Total demand for family planning
is highest in the age 35-39.
Figure: 4.4 Need and demand for family planning with respect to age groups
Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning Total demand for family planning
84.1
82.1
79
75.4
72.3
72.2
72.1
71.3
67.8
58.4
58.3
43.6
39.3
24.2
19.4
19
13.9
10.8
8.7
6.7
4.3
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Source: NFHS – 5
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4.5. Needs and demand for family planning in different schooling
Table 4.5. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to schooling
No schooling 9.4 65.0 74.4
<5 years complete 10.4 65.6 76.0
5-9 years complete 12.2 61.5 73.7
10-11 years complete 13.7 56.3 70.0
12 or more years 14.1 56.7 70.8

complete
Source: NFHS-5
This table emphasises the need and demand for family planning with respect to schooling. In
this, we can see that the unmet need for family planning is highest among people who have
completed 12 or more years of schooling whereas met need for family planning is highest
among people who have completed less than 5 years of schooling. Total demand for family
planning is highest in the age among people who have completed less than 5 years of schooling.
Figure: 4.5. Need and demand for family planning with respect to schooling
70.8
12 or more years complete 56.7
14.1
70
10-11 years complete 56.3
13.7
73.7
5-9 years complete 61.5
12.2
76
<5 years complete 65.6
10.4
74.4
No schooling 65
9.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Total demand for family planning Met need for family planning Unmet need for family planning
Source: NFHS-5
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4.6. NFHS -4 VS NFHS-5
Table 4.6. comparison between NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21)
Rural and urban:
NFHS-4 NFHS-5
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Unmet need for 19.1 16.1 11.6 11.2

family planning
Met need for 38.3 46.7 60.4 66.0

family planning
Total demand 57.4 62.8 72.0 77.2

for family
planning
Source: NFHS-4(2015-16) and NFHS-5(2019-21)
This table emphasises the need and demand for family planning in comparison to rural area. In
this table we see that unmet need for family planning is higher in rural area with 19.1 as
compare to urban area in NFHS-4. In NFHS-5, Unmet need for family planning in rural is
higher than urban area. met need for family planning in urban area is higher than rural area in
NFHS-4 with 46.7. whereas Met need for family planning is higher in urban area than rural
area with 66.0 and total demand for family planning in urban area is higher than rural area after
comparing NFHS-4 and NFHS-5.
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Figure: 4.6. Rural vs Urban
90
80 77.2
72
70 66
62.8
60.4
60 57.4
50 46.7
38.3
40
30
19.1
20 16.1
11.6 11.2
10
0
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Unmet need for family planning Met need for family planning Total demand for family planning
Source: NFHS-4(2015-16) and NFHS-5(2019-21)
Page | 33
CHAPTER-5
FINDINGS
1. Needs and demand for family planning with respect to rural and urban areas:
This table emphasises the needs and demand for family planning with respect to rural and urban
area.
• It can be seen that the unmet need is higher in rural areas (11.6) than urban area (11.2).
• met need for family planning is higher in urban area (66.0) than rural areas (60.4).
• When it comes to total demand for family planning in urban area (77.2) is forward than
rural areas (72.0). urban areas have better knowledge and met needs about family planning
whereas rural area is still backward.
2. Needs and demand for family planning in different religion:
• It is found that unmet need for family planning is higher in Muslim religion (15.3) than
other religion (Hindu- 10.9, Christian-13.2, other- 11.2).
• Met need for family planning is higher in Hindu religion (64.5) as comparison to another
religion (Muslim-49.4, Christain-52.0, other-55.7).
• Total demand for family planning is also higher in Hindu religion (75.3) as compared to
another religion (Muslim-64.8, Christian-65.1, others-67.0).
3. Needs and demand for family planning in different caste/tribes:
• It can be seen that unmet need among SC (11.8), ST (12.6), OBC (10.9), others (10.9), and
mass with no specific religion (10.7). It can be seen as unmet need in SC is higher than
other religion.
Page | 34
• Among SC (60.9), ST (55.9), OBC (64.5), others (63.6), and mass with no specific religion
(67.4) the last one has the highest met need for family planning.
• Total demand for family planning in SC (72.7), ST (68.5), OBC (75.5), Others (74.5) and
mass with no specific religion (78.1) the last one has highest demand for family planning.
4. Needs and demand for family planning in different age group:
• It is found that the unmet need for family planning is highest in the age of 15-19 (19.4) as
compared to other age group 20-24 (19.0), 25-29 (13.9), 30-34 (10.8), 35-39 (8.7), 40-44
(6.7), 45-49 (4.3).
• Met need for family planning is highest in the age of 35-39 (75.4) as compared to other
age group 15-19 (24.2), 20-24 (39.3), 25-29 (58.4), 30-34 (71.3), 40-44 (72.3), 45-49
(67.8).
• Total demand for family planning is highest in the age 35-39 (84.1) as compared to other
15-19 (43.6), 20-24 (58.3), 25-29 (72.8), 30-34 (82.1), 40-44 (79.0), 45-49 (72.1).
5. Needs and demand for family planning in different schooling:
• we can find that the unmet need for family planning is highest among people who have
completed 12 or more years of schooling (14.1) as compared to other (no schooling-9.4,
less than 5 years-10.4, age of 5-9 years-12.2, age from 10-11 years-13.7).
• Met need for family planning is highest among people who have completed less than 5
years of schooling (65.6) as compared to other (no schooling-65.0, age from 5-9 years-
61.5, age from 10-11years-56.3, completed 12 or more year-56.7).
• Total demand for family planning is highest in the age among people who have completed
less than 5 years of schooling (76.0) as compared to other (no schooling-74.4, age from 5-
9 years-73.7, age from 10-11 years-70.0, completed 12 or more years-70.8).
6. comparison between NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21):
Page | 35
Rural vs Urban
• we see that unmet need for family planning is higher in rural area with (19.1) in NFHS-4
as compared to rural area (11.6) in NFHS-5.
• Whereas, we can see that unmet need for family planning is higher in urban area (16.1) in
NFHS- 4 as compared to urban area (11.2) in NFHS-5.
• Met need for family planning in urban area (66.0) in NFHS-5 is higher than urban area
(62.8) in NFHS-4.
• Whereas Met need for family planning is higher in rural area with (60.4) in NFHS-5
compared to rural area (38.3) in NFHS-4.
• Total demand for family planning in urban area (77.2) in NFHS-5 as compared to urban
area (62.8) in NFHS -4.
• Total demand for family planning is higher in rural area (72.0) in NFHS-5 as compared to
rural area (57.4).
Page | 36
CHAPTER-6
SUGGESTIONS
Based on the findings of the study and the context of family planning in Jharkhand, the
following suggestions can be considered to improve family planning services in the state:
• Awareness and education: Launch comprehensive awareness campaigns to educate both

women and men about the benefits of family planning, available contraceptive methods,
and their proper usage. These campaigns should target different communities, taking into
account cultural and linguistic diversity.
• Community involvement: Engage community leaders, religious institutions, and local

influencers in promoting family planning. Their support and endorsement can help
overcome cultural and social barriers and increase acceptance and utilization of family
planning services.
• Accessible and quality healthcare services: Strengthen the healthcare infrastructure in

both urban and rural areas to ensure accessible and quality family planning services. This
includes improving the availability of contraceptive methods, training healthcare providers
in family planning counselling, and establishing well-equipped clinics and health centres.
• Mobile outreach services: Implement mobile outreach services to reach remote and
underserved areas, where healthcare facilities are limited. Mobile clinics can provide
contraceptive counselling, methods, and other reproductive health services directly to
communities, bridging the gap in access.
• Male involvement: Encourage the involvement of men in family planning discussions and
decision-making. Conduct awareness campaigns and counselling sessions specifically
targeted at men to promote their understanding and support for family planning.
Page | 37
• Youth engagement: Develop targeted interventions to reach out to young people and
provide them with comprehensive sexuality education and access to youth-friendly family
planning services. Empowering young people with knowledge and services can contribute
to better reproductive health outcomes and reduce unintended pregnancies.
• Partnering with NGOs and local organizations: Collaborate with non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) and local organizations working in the field of reproductive health
to leverage their expertise, networks, and community reach. These partnerships can
enhance the effectiveness and reach of family planning programs in Jharkhand.
• Monitoring and evaluation: Establish a robust monitoring and evaluation system to track
the implementation and impact of family planning programs in Jharkhand. Regular data
collection, analysis, and feedback mechanisms will help identify gaps, measure progress,
and inform evidence-based decision-making.
By implementing these suggestions, Jharkhand can strengthen its family planning programs,
improve access to services, and meet the needs and demands of currently married women. This,
in turn, will contribute to better reproductive health outcomes, empower women, and promote
sustainable development in the state.
Page | 38
CHAPTER-7
POLICIES IMPLICATIONS
7.1. Overview
India was the first country in the world to have launched a National Programme for Family
Planning in 1952. Over the decades, the programme has undergone transformation in terms of
policy and actual programme implementation and currently being repositioned to not only
achieve population stabilization goals but also promote reproductive health and reduce
maternal, infant & child mortality and morbidity.
The objectives, strategies and activities of the Family Planning division are designed and
operated towards achieving the family welfare goals and objectives stated in various policy
documents (NPP: National Population Policy 2000, NHP: National Health Policy 2017, and
NHM: National Rural Health Mission) and to honour the commitments of the Government of
India (including ICPD: International Conference on Population and Development, MDG:
Millennium Development Goals, SDG: Sustainable Development Goals, and others).
Mission Parivar Vikas was initially for 146 high priority districts in the 7 high focus states
(Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan & Jharkhand), is
scaled up in all districts of the seven high focus states as well as six north-eastern states of the
country with an aim to ensure availability of contraceptive products to the clients at all the
levels of Health Systems.
Nationwide, the small family norm is widely accepted (the wanted fertility rate for India as a
whole is 1.6: NFHS-5) and the general awareness of contraception is almost universal (98.8%
among women and men: NFHS-5).
As per NFHS-5 TFR for India is 2.0. The NFHS-5 Survey shows 66.7% use of Contraceptives
among married women (age 15-49 years) and prevalence of modern method 56.5%.
Strategies under family planning programme in the country:
Policy Level:
• Target free approach
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• Voluntary adoption of Family Planning Methods
• Based on felt need of the community
• Children by choice and not chance
Service Level:
• More emphasis on spacing methods

• Expanding Contraceptive choices
• Assuring Quality of services
Family planning is currently renamed the 'Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme',
which was launched throughout the country on 15th October, 1997. This programme aimed at
achieving a status in which women will be able to regulate their fertility, women will be able
to go through their pregnancy and child birth safely, the outcome of pregnancies will be
successful and will lead to survival and wellbeing of the mother and the child. Within the
overall umbrella of reducing infant, child and maternal mortality. The second phase of RCH
program i.e., RCH – II was launched on 1st April, 2005. The main objective of the program
was to bring about a change in mainly three critical health indicators i.e., reducing total fertility
rate, infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate with a view to realizing the outcomes
envisioned in the Millennium Development Goals.
FAMILY PLANNING INDEMNITY SCHEME
In the year 2014-15, Jharkhand state reported
• Zero deaths attributed to sterilization,

• Zero cases of complications following sterilization
• Five Sterilization failures.
The state report for 2014-15 reveals that around 2.4 lakhs couples delayed the birth of first
child after at least for 2 years following marriage:
• 48275 eligible couples maintained spacing for 3 years between two children.
• More eligible couples adopt permanent methods of contraception (sterilization) after
two children in comparison to couples with one child.
• The condoms and OCP users have decreased from previous year (2013-14) to 2014-15
Page | 40
The implementation of family planning policies in Jharkhand can have significant
implications for improving access to family planning services and promoting reproductive
health. Here are some key policy implications that can be considered:
• Policy commitment: The government of Jharkhand should demonstrate a strong

commitment to family planning by formulating and implementing policies that
prioritize reproductive health and rights. This includes allocating sufficient
resources, establishing clear targets, and integrating family planning within broader
health and development agendas.
• Comprehensive approach: Adopt a comprehensive approach to family planning

that encompasses both contraceptive services and reproductive health care. Policies
should aim to provide a wide range of contraceptive methods, ensure access to
quality counselling and information, and address other reproductive health needs,
such as maternal healthcare and prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
• Integration of services: Promote the integration of family planning services with

existing healthcare systems, such as maternal and child health programs and
primary healthcare centres. This integration ensures that family planning becomes
an integral part of routine healthcare services, making it more accessible and
reducing stigma associated with seeking family planning assistance.
• Targeted interventions: Develop targeted interventions that address the specific

needs of different populations within Jharkhand, such as marginalized
communities, rural populations, and adolescent girls. Policies should consider the
unique socio-cultural contexts, barriers, and preferences of these groups to ensure
equitable access to family planning services.
• Empowerment and education: Promote education and empowerment initiatives

that provide accurate information about reproductive health, contraceptive methods,
and family planning rights. This includes comprehensive sexuality education in
Page | 41
schools, community awareness campaigns, and capacity-building programs for
healthcare providers to deliver quality family planning counselling.
• Public-private partnerships: Foster partnerships between the government, private

sector, and non-governmental organizations to leverage resources, expertise, and
innovation in the delivery of family planning services. Collaborative efforts can
enhance the reach, efficiency, and sustainability of family planning programs in
Jharkhand.
• Data-driven decision-making: Establish a robust data collection and monitoring

system to track family planning indicators, including contraceptive prevalence,
unmet need for family planning, and contraceptive method mix. This data will
inform evidence-based decision-making, identify gaps, and facilitate program
evaluation and course correction.
• Policy advocacy and coordination: Strengthen policy advocacy efforts and

coordination among various stakeholders, including government departments, civil
society organizations, and international partners. Collaborative action can ensure a
coordinated and coherent approach to family planning policies, program
implementation, and resource allocation.
By implementing these policy implications, Jharkhand can strengthen its family planning
programs, improve access to services, and promote reproductive health and rights. These
policies will contribute to reducing maternal and infant mortality, improving gender
equality, empowering women, and fostering sustainable development in the state.
Page | 42
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the study highlights the significant need and demand for family planning among
currently married women in Jharkhand, India. The findings indicate that many women in the
state express a desire to space or limit their pregnancies, emphasizing the importance of
accessible and effective family planning services. However, various barriers hinder the
fulfilment of this need, including limited awareness and knowledge of contraceptive methods,
cultural and social norms, and inadequate access to healthcare facilities.
The study reveals that addressing these barriers is crucial for meeting the demand for family
planning in Jharkhand. Comprehensive interventions should focus on improving knowledge
about family planning methods, raising awareness about the benefits of spacing and limiting
pregnancies, and debunking misconceptions and myths surrounding contraception.
Additionally, cultural and social norms that affect decision-making regarding family planning
should be addressed through community-based initiatives and tailored interventions.
Efforts to enhance the accessibility of family planning services in Jharkhand are essential. This
includes strengthening the healthcare infrastructure, particularly in remote and underserved
areas, and ensuring the availability of a wide range of contraceptive methods. Training
healthcare providers to offer quality family planning counselling and services can also
contribute to meeting the demand effectively.
Moreover, considering the variations in the demand for family planning across different regions
and socio-economic groups within Jharkhand is vital. Tailoring interventions to specific needs
and circumstances can help overcome barriers and increase the uptake of family planning
services. Addressing disparities in education, income, and religious beliefs through targeted
outreach programs can promote positive attitudes towards family planning and facilitate
informed decision-making.
The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare providers,
and stakeholders involved in reproductive health programs in Jharkhand. By implementing
evidence-based strategies to improve knowledge, address cultural and social barriers, and
enhance accessibility, the state can effectively meet the need and demand for family planning
Page | 43
services among currently married women. This, in turn, will contribute to improving
reproductive health outcomes, empowering women, and fostering sustainable development in
Jharkhand.
The need and demand for family planning among currently married women remain significant
and have a profound impact on individuals, families, and societies. Overall, family planning is
essential for promoting reproductive health, reducing maternal and infant mortality,
empowering women, reducing poverty, advancing gender equality, fostering sustainable
development, and preventing unsafe abortions. It allows individuals and families to make
choices that align with their desires, circumstances, and well-being. Family planning refers to
the conscious and deliberate effort by individuals and couples to control their reproductive
choices and decide the timing, spacing, and number of children they want to have. It involves
the use of various methods and techniques to prevent or achieve pregnancy based on personal
preferences and circumstances.
Several key points support this conclusion:
1. Reproductive autonomy and empowerment: Family planning allows women to

exercise control over their reproductive health and make informed decisions about the
timing and spacing of pregnancies. This autonomy promotes women's empowerment,
enabling them to pursue education, career goals, and economic opportunities.
2. Education and economic opportunities: Family planning empowers individuals,

particularly women, to pursue education and economic opportunities. By spacing
pregnancies and having fewer children, women can complete their education, enter the
workforce, and actively participate in economic activities. This leads to increased
financial stability and improved living standards for individuals and their families.
3. Improved child well-being: Family planning contributes to the well-being of children

by ensuring that parents can provide them with adequate resources, including nutrition,
healthcare, education, and emotional support. Spacing births allows parents to better
meet the needs of each child, leading to improved child development and well-being.
Page | 44
4. Health and well-being: Family planning plays a crucial role in improving maternal
and child health outcomes. By spacing pregnancies, women can recover adequately
between pregnancies, reducing the risk of maternal mortality, low birth weight, and
other complications. Family planning methods also contribute to preventing and
managing sexually transmitted infections and reducing the incidence of unsafe
abortions.
5. Economic benefits: Access to family planning services has a positive impact on

economic development. When women can plan their pregnancies, they are more likely
to participate in the workforce, pursue education, and contribute to the overall economic
productivity of their communities. Smaller family sizes can also lead to improved
resource allocation within households, potentially lifting families out of poverty.
6. Population control and environmental sustainability: Family planning helps address

concerns related to overpopulation and environmental sustainability. By ensuring that
population growth is aligned with available resources, family planning contributes to
more sustainable development patterns, reduces strain on infrastructure, and minimizes
the impact on the environment.
7. Societal benefits: Family planning has wider societal benefits, including improved
gender equality, reduced gender-based violence, and enhanced educational
opportunities for children. It also helps to alleviate strain on public health systems,
allowing for more effective provision of healthcare services to those in need.
8. Poverty reduction: Family planning is closely linked to poverty reduction. When

families have the ability to plan and space their children, they can allocate resources
more effectively, including food, education, and healthcare. Smaller family sizes often
result in reduced financial strain and increased economic resources per individual,
which can help lift families out of poverty.
Page | 45
9. Gender equality: Family planning plays a crucial role in promoting gender equality.
When women have access to family planning methods, they can make choices about
their reproductive health and exercise greater control over their lives. This
empowerment contributes to reducing gender disparities, including in education,
employment, and decision-making within households.
10. Preventing unsafe abortions: Lack of access to family planning services often leads
to unintended pregnancies, which can result in unsafe abortions. Family planning helps
prevent unintended pregnancies by providing individuals and couples with effective
contraceptive methods. By reducing the need for unsafe abortions, family planning
protects the health and lives of women.
Given these factors, it is clear that the need and demand for family planning among currently
married women remain crucial for individual well-being, public health, economic
development, and sustainable societies. Continued efforts to improve access to family planning
services, promote education and awareness, and empower women to make informed choices
about their reproductive health are essential for achieving these goals.
Page | 46
CHAPTER- 9
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Need and Demand For Family Planning Among Currently Married Women in Jh.

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STUDY ON NEED AND DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING AMONG

CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN IN JHARKHAND

SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

MASTER OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS

Under the guidance and supervision of

Prof. NISHI KUMAR

ST. XAVIER COLLEGE

St. Xavier college, Ranchi

Place: Ranchi Prof. Nishi Kumar

Supervisor & Guide

Date: Signature of the Examine:

(Prof. Nishi Kumar)

(Prof. Harishwar Dayal)

Signature of the examine:

Roll No. 21PGECO05564

CHAPTER CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1. Meaning Of Family Planning 3-4

1.2. Background 4-5

1.3. Benefits Of Family Planning 5-7

1.4. The Status of Contraceptive Prevalence 7-9

1.5. Needs For Family Planning 9

1.6. Demand For Family Planning 10

1.7. Objectives Study 10

1.8. The State of Jharkhand 11

1.9. Family Planning Programmes and Policies 11-12

1.9.1. Achievements Of Family Planning or Welfare Programmes 12

2.2. Review Of Literature 14-20

3.2. Meaning Of Research 21-22

3.3. Types Of Research 22-23

3.4. Research Design 23-24

3.5. Topic Of Research 24

3.7. Research Questions 24

3.8. Sources of Data 25

3.9. Purpose of the Study 25

3.10. Research Tools 25

3.11. Limitation of the Study 25

4. DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS 26

7.1. An Overview 39-42

TABLE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

FIGURE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

NFHS- National Family Health Survey

FP- Family Planning

UNFPA- United National Population Fund

ICPD- International Conference on Population and development

EAG- Empowerment Action Group

NPP- National Population Policy

KAP- Knowledge Attitude and Practices

NGO- Non-Government Organisation

LUCD- Intrauterine Contraceptive Device

SDG- Sustainable Development Goal

MSG- Monosodium Glutamate

SRS- Stereotactic Radiosurgery

ANMs - Auxiliary Nurse Midwives

EAG- Empowered Action Group

WHO- World Health Organization

CBR- Crude Birth Rate

CDR- Crude Death Rate

CHW-Community Health Workers

LMICs- Low- And Middle-Income Countries

SDM- Standard Days Methods

ST- Scheduled Tribe

NHP- National Health Policy

NHM- National Rural Health Mission