INTRODUCTION

• Architecture is not the same as sculpture.

• Architecture refers to the design and construction of
buildings, whereas sculptures are smaller and 3D
works of art.
• Architecture uses various types of different
materials like stone, glass, wood etc. and sculptures
are usually made of a single type of material
throughout.
INTRODUCTION
• Architecture involves study of engineering and
mathematics. It is technical.
• Sculpture relies heavily on creativity and
imagination
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

ANCIENT INDIA

POST- GUPTA SOUTH-

HARAPPAN MAURYAN
MAURYAN AGE INDIAN
HARAPPAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• Found along the banks of river Indus in the second
half of the third millennium BCE.
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are the two major sites
of this civilization
• Earliest and finest examples of urban civic planning.
• Towns were laid out in rectangular grid like pattern.
• Roads run in north-south and east-west angles and
cut each other at right angles.
HARAPPAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• They used burnt mud bricks of standardized
dimensions.
• City was divided into two parts. An upraised
citadel in the western part was used for
buildings of large dimensions like granaries and
pillared halls.
• In the lower part of the city, small one roomed
constructions (some with stairs) have been
found.
 PLANS
OF
SURKOTADA
HARAPPAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• The Great Bath in
Mohenjodaro is an example of
the engineering acumen of
Harappans.
• It has no cracks or leaks and
has a wide range of rooms
and galleries surrounding it.
HARAPPAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• Granaries were intelligently
designed.
• They had strategic air ducts
and raised platforms which
helped in storage of grains
and protecting them from
pests
HARAPPAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• The advanced drainage system is the most striking
feature of this civilization.
• Small drains connected to larger ones and they
were covered loosely to allow regular cleaning and
maintenance.
• Cesspits were placed at regular intervals which
point out to the importance they placed on both
personal and public hygiene.
HARAPPAN SCULPTURES
• Numerous seals have been found.
• Steatite was the most common material
used in making them.
• Copper, faience, chert and gold seals
have also been found.
• Terracotta (fire baked clay) sculptures
have also been found
HARAPPAN SCULPTURES
• Most of them have inscriptions in the pictographic
script which is not yet deciphered.
• Animal impressions are also seen on the seals the
most common being unicorn, humped bull,
rhinoceros, tiger, elephant buffalo etc.
HARAPPAN SCULPTURES
• The dancing girl is the world’s oldest bronze
sculpture.
• The bronze statues were made using the lost wax
technique.
• Lost-wax process, also called cire-perdue, method
of metal casting in which a molten metal is poured
into a mold that has been created by means of a
wax model.
• Once the mold is made, the wax model is melted
and drained away
HARAPPAN SCULPTURES
• The bearded priest is one of the excellent examples
of stone figures found in the Indus Valley.
• The red sandstone figure of a male torso is another
specimen of rock sculpture.
HARAPPAN POTTERY
• Two kinds of pottery found. Plain and
painted.
• Painted ones are also called Red and Black
Pottery (RBP).
• Most of them are wheel-made.
• Plain pottery was used for household
purposes, miniature vessels for decorative
purposes and perforated potteries for
straining liquor.
HARAPPAN ORNAMENTS
• Both men and women wore ornaments
like necklaces, fillets, armlets and finger
rings.
• Only women wore girdles, earrings and
anklets.
• Beads made from cornelian, quartz and
steatite were popular and the
Harappans used cotton and wool for
fabric.
MAURYAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• In the 4th C BCE, Buddhism and Jainism gained
patronage of the Kshatriya rulers who had grown
tired of the Brahmanical supremacy.
• Since Mauryan Empire was the first powerful
empire to come to power in India, the capital at
Pataliputra and the palaces at Kumrahar were
created to reflect the splendour of the Mauryan
Empire.
• Persian influence
MAURYAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• Wood was the principal building material.
• During Ashoka’s time, pillars were built as a symbol
of the state or to commemorate his victories
• They were usually made of Chunar sandstone.
• A pillar comprised of four parts.
• The long shaft, capital, abacus and an animal figure
MAURYAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
• Lion capital from Ashoka Stambha,
• Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh
• Dharma chakra pravartan
• Lion Bull Horse Elephant
• Now in a museum
THE STUPA
• They were burial mounds prevalent since the Vedic times. During Ashoka, the
art of Stupas reached its climax as almost 84000 stupas were erected.
• Though they are a Vedic tradition, Stupas were popularized by the Buddhists.
• After the death of Buddha, 9 Stupas were erected, 8 of them had the relics of
Buddha and 9th had the pot in which the relics were kept.
THE STUPA
• Sanchi
• Sarnath
• Piprawah
• Bharhut
• Bodh Gaya
• Amravati
• Nagarjunakonda
THE STUPA Chatras
Yasti
Harmika

Stairways
Anda
Upper Walkway

Toranas
THE STUPA
• This period saw the emergence of rock cut cave architectures.
• During the Mauryan period these caves were used as Viharas, i.e. living
quarters by the Jain (early) and Buddhist (later) monks.
• Picture -
• Bhaja caves ,Maharshtraa
THE CAVES
• Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves,
Odisha
• Hathigumpha Inscription - King
Kharvela
• Rock cut elephant at Dhauli
POPULAR ART DURING MAURYAN ERA
• Sculptures were primarily used for decorative purposes. Two of the famous
sculptures of the Mauryan period are those of Yaksh and Yakshini.
• Decoration of medhi stupa
MAURYAN ERA POTTERY
• Pottery of the Mauryan period is generally referred to as Northern Black
Polished Ware (NBPW) or Painted Gray ware (PGW).
• They had black paint and highly lustrous finish and were generally used as
luxury items.
• This referred to as the highest level of pottery.
POST-MAURYAN ART
• This period saw the development of two types of rock cut caves- the Chaitya
and Vihar.
• Stupas became larger and more decorative in the post-Mauryan period with
intricately carved figures, torans and patterns, influenced by the Hellenistic
style.
• Bharhut stupa, UP
POST-MAURYAN ART
Three prominent schools of sculpture developed in this period
• Gandhara school- western frontiers of Punjab (50 BCE- 500 ACE)
• Mathura school- banks of river Yamuna (1st and 3rd centuries)
• Amaravati school- banks of Krishna river under the patronage of Satavahana
rulers.
POST-MAURYAN ART
POST-MAURYAN ART
FAMOUS BUDDHIST CAVES
• Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra

• Ellora Caves in Maharashtra - Ellora caves in

Maharashtra lie at a distance of 25 Km from
Aurangabad. Buddhism, Jainism and
Hinduism
FAMOUS BUDDHIST CAVES
• Kanheri Caves in Maharashtra - Sanjay Gandhi National
Park. The cavews belong to the period between 1st
century BC and 9th century AD. The total number of
Kanheri caves is 109.

• Bhaja Caves in Maharashtra: - Bheja caves date back to

the Mauryan age and are situated in Maharashtra.
FAMOUS BUDDHIST CAVES
• Barabar Caves in Bihar: - 20 Km from Gaya in Bihar.
• Nagarjunakonda Caves in Andhra Pradesh: - Nagarjunakonda Island
• Dhauli Caves in Orissa
• Ratnagiri Caves in Orissa - 100 Km from Bhubaneswar.
• alitagiri Caves in Orissa
• Junnar Caves in Maharashtra - most prominent groups are named as
• Tulija Luna as well as Ganesh Luna.
• Kalra Caves in Maharashtra