GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR POTENTIAL BIOENGINEERING

LANDSLIDE MITIGATION OF MOUNT MINANDAR

By

Cristobal, Joyce A.

Ewa, Arjane A.

Panda, Monalisa L.

Talib, Jarmiya T.

A Research Manuscript Presented to the Civil Engineering Faculty in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements in Civil Engineering Research Project 1

Cotabato State University

College of Engineering, Technology, and Computing

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

March, 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I

1.1 Background of the Study …1-2

1.2 Statement of the Problem …3

1.3 Scope and Delimitation …3-4

1.4 Significance of the Study …4-5

1.5 Definition of Terms …6

Chapter II

Related Review of Literature …7-9

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework …9

Chapter III

Research Design …10

Locale of the Study …10

Research Instruments …10

Data Gathering Procedure …11-25

References …26-28
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Mount Minandar is a peak 1464 feet above sea level, located in Datu Odin
Sinsuat, Maguindanao Del Norte, BARMM, situated nearby Barangay Kusiong and
Tapian close by the sea. According to the news information from Inquirer.Net
(Fernandez, 2022), Maguindanao was ravaged by Severe Tropical Storm Paeng
which caused a landslide in Mount Minandar, resulting in the loss of many lives and
destruction to properties. The severe loss requires immediate solutions expressing
alarms over massive deforestation and threats of climate change. During President
Ferdinand Marcos Jr. 's aerial inspection of Maguindanao, he observed the
deforestation in the mountains, and seeks to incorporate tree planting in the
government’s flood control projects. This was acted upon by Governor Mangudadatu,
who urged the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) to speed up the
completion of its flood control project.

Normally, danger zones are not supposed to be homed by settlers. One way to
reduce risk is by reducing exposure of life and property to such geological hazards.
On top of that, it also happens that danger is where living is easier; where foods are
accessible and lifestyle is cheaper, so settlers declined to leave their homes. With this,
other measures can be considered; risk assessment, planning and development.
Indelicato A. (2015), assessed the role of bioengineering as an effective alternative
mitigation technique for landslides in the Philippines. His study focused on the
geology of the country and analyzed the causes of its major landslide events. The
results show that the geographic and geologic setting of the archipelago makes it
naturally prone to landslides and can be triggered by natural disasters and some
anthropogenic factors. Based on the landslide events from 1999-2009 which was
mostly caused by extensive rainfall, the landslide from Quezon would have benefited
bioengineering methods because only its superficial soil was affected. This implies
that bioengineering is possible as mitigation for rainfall-induced landslides and
shallow slope movements.

Moreover, forest’s hydrological and geo-mechanical properties contribute to

the stability of hillslopes, and can reduced the risks of shallow landslides through the
reduction of water yield, increase in soil strength, preservation of soil structure and
the maintenance of good biological activity (Arce-Mojica, T.d.J. et.al., 2019). In
addition, Gonzalez-Ollauri, A. and Mickovski S.B. (2017) revealed that plant water
uptake was the main hydrological mechanism contributing to slope stability. Further
proven that besides soil bioengineering technical and mechanical properties, it also
contributes to soil reinforcement such as increasing soil strength through the root
system, reduce soil water content by evapotranspiration, increase the site biodiversity,
play a role in the landscape conservation and generally more sustainable and
environmentally fitted compared to purely technical measures (Bischetti G.B. et.al.,
2021).
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study will specifically answer the following research questions:

1. What is the soil classification in Mount Minandar?

2. What is the soil’s permeability, and shear strength capacity?
3. Is the soil suitable for bioengineering as landslide mitigation?
4. What plant/s is recommendable for the type of soil in the study area?

Further, the study will be anchored on the following objectives:

1. To determine soil’s water content, particle size distribution, specific

gravity, and atterberg limits through a series of laboratory tests.
2. To further determine soil permeability and shear strengths through
permeability tests, direct shear and triaxial tests conforming to ASTM.
3. To analyze data gathered based on USDA, USCS soil classification
and interpret results based on the potential of bioengineering.
4. To strengthen the results, agricultural soil testing will be done in order
to determine soil’s pH level and essential nutrients such as phosphorus,
nitrogen, potassium, and soil salinity.

1.3 Scope and Delimitation

The study of root-reinforcement effect on shear strength parameters of soil

obtained by direct shear tests (Badhon, F.F., 2019) conducted a series of laboratory
tests to determine the index properties of the soil samples according to ASTM
standard test procedure before comparing it to soil with roots samples. This study
intends to run laboratory tests of soil samples from Mount Minandar further relates its
suitability for potential bioengineering approach as landslide mitigation. In
accordance with ASTM, soil testing to be done are; water content determination,
sieve analysis, specific gravity test, Atterberg limits, permeability test, direct shear
test, and triaxial test. Given that this study tests soil for plant suitability and not
structures, soil samples to be taken into consideration is disturbed sample only.
Shogaki, T. & Kaneko, M. (1994) study about the effects of sample disturbance on
strength and consolidation parameters of soft clay concluded that the relationship
between these parameters shows negative correlation and that variation is due to
intrinsic inhomogeneity of the soil conditions.

To additionally strengthen this study agricultural soil testing will be done. Soil
testing is a quick and accurate method to determine the relative acidity of the soil
(pH) and the level of several essential nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, sulfur, manganese, copper, and zinc) needed. The test results
will aid in plant selection, soil preparation, and fertilization (A Gardener’s Guide to
Soil Testing | NC State Extension Publications, n.d.). Soil testing can be done using
soil test kit (Urban Farmstead, 2020).

1.4 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be beneficial to the people living in the villages
of Kusiong and Tapian, Maguindanao DPWH, municipality’ officials, and the
researchers.
 As the locale of the study, the settlers of Brgy. Kusiong and Tapian will be
benefiting a lot when tree planting will be implemented based on the results of this
study. It will help mitigate landslides and there is a possibility to grow fruit plants for
their livelihood.

Out of the study, Maguindanao’s DPWH will know the type of plants suitable
in the soil for tree planting and the feasibility of bioengineering methods as part of
their flood control project in the municipality.

To the Maguindanao municipality officials, they can use this research as one
of their future projects in the province in terms of Risk Assessment, Planning and
Development.

Additionally, the researchers will be able to determine the suitable plant/s base
on Mount Minandar’s soil properties and the role of bioengineering as landslide
mitigation. Other researchers can also utilize this study as a reference for their further
research.
1.5 Definition of Terms

ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials, basis of soil testing

USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture

USCS - Unified Soil Classification System

Bioengineering - the combination of biological, mechanical and ecological methods

that control erosion and stabilize slopes.

Soil bioengineering - relies mainly on the use of native plants or plant materials, such
as plant stems or branches, rock, wood or soil.

Vegetation - any plant species suitable for soil erosion control and slope stabilization.

Live staking - using a particular plant to control soil erosion.

Soil Sampling - taking of soils from the required study area.

Soil Testing - laboratory tests to be conducted in order to classify soil characteristics.

Disturbed soil sample - digging soils from the site using a shovel.

Deforestation - removal of vegetation in the mountains that triggers landslides.

Landslide - movement of soil mass in the slope due to heavy rainfall.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In comparison of disturbed and undisturbed soil samples (Barnhart, T., 2021),

Engineers do not consider disturbed soil samples to be representative of underground
soils except for geotechnical testing that does not rely on the structure of the soil
itself. Scientists commonly test disturbed soil samples for soil type and texture,
moisture content, and nutrient and contaminant analysis, among other evaluations.
Moreover, the majority of soil samples engineers and geologists collect are disturbed
samples because they are easier to collect and the precision needed to collect an
undisturbed sample is not required for most geotechnical testing. According to Purdue
Extension soil sampling guidelines (Ackerson J.P., 2018), it is preferable to collect
composite samples generally collected from multiple locations. Typically, a
composite sample comprises between 10 and 20 subsamples.

Considering the four distinct layers of soil, usually plants or trees grow
underground for about 42 inches (Biology Libretexts, 2022). The 0 horizon with
freshly-decomposing organic matter, humus, and decomposed vegetation as its
surface, 2 inches below is the top soil the top layer of soil rich in organic material,
below it is A horizon where true mineral soil is, and 30 inches below A is B horizon
or subsoil composed of mostly fine material. The thickness of the layers depends on
the factors that influence soil formation.
 Physical properties of soil include soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), soil
structure or the arrangement of soil particles, and soil color (Physical Properties of
Soil | Soils 4 Teachers, n.d.). Soils high in iron are deep orange-brown to
yellowish-brown, while soils that are high in organic matter are dark brown or black.
Color can also tell soil behavior, a soil that drains well is brightly colored and one that
is often wet and soggy will have a mottled pattern of gray, red, and yellow. Engineers
are primarily interested in a soil's mechanical properties: strength, stiffness,
permeability (Soil Mechanics, n.d.). These depend primarily on the nature of the soil
grains, the current stress, water content and unit weight.

The study of Niroumand et al. (2010), Investigation of Slope Failures in Soil

Mechanics, stated that slopes not well maintained are not the main reasons for failure.
Failure to maintain, particularly after erosion, could cause slope failures to occur.
Hence, slopes need to be regularly inspected and maintained (Gue & Tan, 2002).

Indelicato (2015) studied the effectiveness of bioengineering as a landslide

mitigation in the Philippines. His study analyzed the geographic setting and the
causes of major landslide events in the country and concluded that bioengineering is
applicable for shallow and rainfall-induced landslides. Ray et.al. (2022) study also
stated that vegetation is best suitable for moderate slope inclinations and that the
maximum increase of shear strength is obtained for slope inclining around 50
degrees. However, Spiekermann (2022), used landslide susceptibility modeling to
quantify the effectiveness of erosion mitigation by trees. Vegetation may also increase
the occurrence of mass failure after a heavy rainfall compared with the anchoring
effect of vegetation root (Gao H. et.al., 2020). The experimental results suggested
shrub restoration measures to mitigate erosion in the areas experiencing frequent
debris flows and hydraulic movement. Lim (2022), by identifying indicators of the
social adaptive capacities of landslide prone communities in Barangay Patitinan,
Sagñay, Camarines Sur, further recommended bioengineering approach which not
only leads to slope stabilization but also promotes biodiversity. Phillips C. et.al.
(2021), outlined the role of vegetation for managing shallow landslide occurrence,
with a focus on how vegetation is used at the catchment scale. Additionally,
nature-based landslide risk mitigation has become popular in Asian countries such as
the Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Nepal, India and Thailand (Ganepola G.A.C.
et.al., 2020).

Conceptual Framework
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will use experimental and numerical design.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at Mount Minandar, Datu Odin Sinsuat,

Maguindanao del Norte. Water content determination, sieve analysis, specific gravity
test, and Atterberg limits will be at Cotabato State University’s Soil Laboratory.
While permeability, direct shear and triaxial tests will be done in a credible testing
center.

Research Instruments

The researchers will use; available past geological and agricultural maps of
the area, laboratory equipment, test kits, and materials needed for soil testing.
Data Gathering Procedure

First is the creation, validation and sending of letters of consent and intent to
the following offices; Office of the Brgy. Kusiong, D.O.S., Maguindanao,
LGU-D.O.S., Department of Public Works and Highways Maguindanao, MAFAR
BARMM, DAR, MENRE, CENRO. With the permission of the necessary offices to
conduct the research, site investigation will proceed together with the gathering of
soil samples in Mount Minandar. After that is the testing of soil samples.

The tests to be conducted are;

1. Water Content Determination

2. Sieve Analysis
3. Specific Gravity Test
4. Atterberg Limits
5. Permeability Test
6. Direct Shear Test
7. Triaxial Test
8. Agricultural Soil Test

I. WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION

ASTM D2216, "Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination

of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass." Here are the
procedures and apparatuses outlined in ASTM D2216:
Procedures:

1) Collect a representative sample of the soil or aggregate from

the desired depth or location.
2) If the sample contains large particles, break them down to pass
through a 19 mm sieve. Discard any organic materials, stones,
or debris that may affect the test results.
3) Take a portion of the sample and determine its weight to the
nearest 0.01 g. Record this weight as W1.
4) Place the sample in a moisture tin and determine the combined
weight of the sample and tin. Record this weight as W2.
5) Place the moisture tin with the sample in an oven set at a
temperature of 110 ± 5°C for a minimum of 24 hours.
6) After the specified drying time, remove the moisture tin from
the oven and place it in a desiccator to cool.
7) Once the moisture tin and sample have reached room
temperature, determine their combined weight. Record this
weight as W3.
8) Calculate the water content using the formula: Water Content
(%) = [(W2 - W3) / (W3 - W1)] x 100.

Apparatuses:

a. Moisture Tin: A moisture tin or container made of aluminum or

stainless steel, with a tight-fitting lid, is used to hold the soil
sample during the water content determination.
b. Balance: A balance or scale with appropriate sensitivity is
needed to measure the weights of the moisture tin, soil sample,
and dried soil.
 c. Oven: An oven with a controlled temperature of 110 ± 5°C is
used to dry the soil sample.
d. Desiccator: A desiccator is used to cool the moisture tin and
dried soil sample to room temperature before weighing,
preventing moisture absorption from the surrounding
environment.

II. SIEVE ANALYSIS

ASTM C136, "Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates." Here are the procedures and apparatuses outlined in
ASTM C136:

Procedures:

1) Obtain a representative sample of the aggregate according to

the specified method and quantity required for the test.
2) If the sample contains large particles, break them down to pass
through the largest sieve.
3) Prepare a stack of sieves with the largest opening at the top and
progressively smaller openings below.
4) Place the sample on the top sieve of the stack and cover it with
a lid or pan.
5) Securely assemble the sieve stack and place it in a mechanical
sieve shaker.
6) Start the sieve shaker and allow it to operate for a sufficient
duration to ensure proper sieving (typically 5-10 minutes).
 7) After sieving, carefully remove each sieve from the stack and
weigh the retained material on each sieve to the nearest 0.1%
of the sample weight.
8) Record the weight retained on each sieve and calculate the
percentage of material retained on each sieve by dividing the
weight retained by the initial sample weight.
9) Calculate the cumulative percentage passing for each sieve by
subtracting the cumulative percentage retained from 100%.
10) Plot a particle size distribution curve by representing the sieve
sizes on the x-axis and the cumulative percentage passing on
the y-axis.

Apparatuses:

a. Set of Sieves: Use a set of sieves made of woven wire cloth,

meeting the applicable ASTM specifications, with different
mesh sizes. The sieves should be arranged in a descending
order of mesh size, typically starting from a 4.75 mm sieve.
b. Mechanical Sieve Shaker: Use a mechanical sieve shaker to
provide uniform mechanical agitation to the sieve stack during
the sieving process. The sieve shaker should meet the
specifications outlined in the ASTM standard.
c. Balance: Use a balance or scale with appropriate sensitivity to
measure the weights of the sieves, retained material, and initial
sample.
d. Pan or Container: Use a pan or container to collect the material
passing through the finest sieve during the sieving process.
 e. Brushes: Soft brushes are required to clean the sieves and
remove any remaining particles during the analysis.

III. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST

ASTM C127, "Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and

Absorption of Coarse Aggregate." Here are the procedures and apparatuses
outlined in ASTM C127:

Procedures:

1) Obtain a representative sample of the coarse aggregate

according to the specified method and quantity required for the
test.
2) Thoroughly wash the sample to remove any fine particles or
contaminants adhering to the surface.
3) Place the sample in a wire basket and immerse it in clean water
at a specified temperature (typically 22 ± 2°C) for a minimum
of 15 hours.
4) Remove the saturated surface-dry (SSD) sample from the water
and blot it with a damp cloth to remove excess surface
moisture.
5) Determine the weight of the SSD sample to the nearest 0.1% of
the sample weight and record it as A.
6) Completely submerge the SSD sample in a container filled
with distilled water.
 7) Weigh the container with the submerged sample and record the
weight to the nearest 0.1% of the sample weight and record it
as B.
8) Remove the sample from the container, thoroughly dry the
surface, and determine the weight in air to the nearest 0.1% of
the sample weight and record it as C.
9) Determine the weight of the sample suspended in water by
subtracting B from C.
10) Calculate the specific gravity of the coarse aggregate using the
formula: Specific Gravity = (C / (C - B)) / (C / (C - B) - A)

Apparatuses:

a. Wire Basket: A wire basket or similar container is used to hold

the coarse aggregate sample during immersion and determine
its weight.
b. Container: A container is used to hold distilled water during the
specific gravity test.
c. Balance: Use a balance or scale with appropriate sensitivity to
measure the weights of the samples and containers to the
required precision.
d. Damp Cloth: A damp cloth is used to blot the SSD sample to
remove excess surface moisture.
e. Drying Oven: A drying oven is used to dry the sample
completely before determining the weight in air.
IV. ATTERBERG LIMITS

ASTM D4318, "Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic

Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils." Here are the procedures and apparatuses
outlined in ASTM D4318:

Procedures:

1) Collect a representative sample of the fine-grained soil from

the desired depth or location.
2) Air-dry the sample, breaking down any aggregates or clumps,
and remove any organic materials or large particles.
3) Determine the weight of the moist sample to the nearest 0.1 g
and record it as W1.
4) Liquid Limit Test: a. Take a portion of the moist sample and
place it on a flat porcelain dish. b. Use a spatula to gradually
mix water into the sample until it reaches a consistency that
enables it to flow. c. Transfer the mixture to the liquid limit
apparatus, such as a Casagrande cup or a cone penetrometer. d.
Adjust the moisture content of the sample by adding or
evaporating water until the soil undergoes 25 blows from a
specified device and closes a specified distance along the
groove. e. Record the moisture content of the sample at this
point as the liquid limit.
5) Plastic Limit Test: a. Take another portion of the moist sample
and roll it into a thread of approximately 3 mm in diameter. b.
Mold the thread into a ball or roll it back and forth on a flat
surface until it crumbles at the slightest bending. c. Determine
 the moisture content of the sample at this point as the plastic
limit.
6) Calculate the plasticity index by subtracting the plastic limit
from the liquid limit.

Apparatuses:

a. Flat Porcelain Dish: A flat porcelain dish is used to mix the soil
sample with water during the liquid limit test.
b. Liquid Limit Apparatus: A liquid limit apparatus, such as a
Casagrande cup or a cone penetrometer, is used to determine
the liquid limit of the soil.
c. Moisture Content Containers: Containers are used to hold the
moist sample during the moisture determination steps.
d. Balance: Use a balance or scale with appropriate sensitivity to
measure the weights of the sample and containers to the
required precision.
e. Blows Device: A device, such as a liquid limit machine, is used
to deliver the specified blows to the soil sample during the
liquid limit test.
f. Spatula: A spatula is used to mix the water into the soil sample
during the liquid limit test.
g. Flat Surface: A flat surface, such as a glass plate or
non-absorbent material, is used for rolling the soil thread
during the plastic limit test.
V. PERMEABILITY TEST

ASTM D2434, "Standard Test Method for Permeability of Granular

Soils (Constant Head)."

Procedures:

1) Prepare a representative sample of the soil by collecting it from

the desired location and removing any organic material or large
particles.
2) Determine the appropriate sample size based on the required
testing method and equipment.
3) Trim the sample to fit the permeameter apparatus.
4) Assemble the permeameter apparatus, which typically consists
of a permeameter cell, a porous plate, a water reservoir, and a
pressure control system.
5) Place the sample in the permeameter cell and ensure it is fully
saturated by immersing it in water or by using a vacuum or
back pressure saturation method.
6) Apply a constant hydraulic head to the sample by filling the
reservoir with water and maintaining a constant water level
throughout the test.
7) Measure the volume of water flowing through the sample over
a specified time using a graduated cylinder or a flow measuring
device.
8) Record the head loss across the sample and the corresponding
flow rate.
9) Repeat the test with different hydraulic heads or stress
conditions if required.
 10) Calculate the permeability of the soil using Darcy's law or
other relevant equations.

Apparatuses:

a. Permeameter Cell: A permeameter cell is used to hold the soil

sample and control the flow of water through it. The cell
typically consists of two halves that can be tightly sealed
together.
b. Porous Plate: A porous plate is placed at the bottom of the
permeameter cell to distribute the water flow uniformly across
the sample.
c. Water Reservoir: A water reservoir is used to provide a
constant hydraulic head to the sample during the test. It can be
a column of water or a pressure chamber with a regulated water
supply.
d. Pressure Control System: A pressure control system is used to
maintain a constant hydraulic head and monitor the head loss
across the sample.
e. Graduated Cylinder or Flow Measuring Device: A graduated
cylinder or a flow measuring device is used to measure the
volume of water flowing through the sample over a specified
time.
f. Balance: Use a balance or scale with appropriate sensitivity to
measure the weights of the sample and containers to the
required precision.
 g. Water Supply: A water supply, such as a water source or a
water pump, is required to provide the water for saturation and
maintaining the hydraulic head.

VI. DIRECT SHEAR TEST

ASTM D3080, "Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils
Under Consolidated Drained Conditions."

Procedures:

1) Prepare a representative soil sample by collecting it from the

desired location and removing any organic material or large
particles.
2) Trim the soil sample to the required size and shape according
to the specified test method and equipment.
3) Assemble the direct shear apparatus, which typically consists
of two halves of a shear box, a loading system, and a
displacement measurement system.
4) Place the soil sample in the shear box and secure it in position,
ensuring that the sample is evenly distributed and compacted.
5) Apply a normal load to the soil sample by adjusting the loading
system, ensuring that the desired consolidation stress is
achieved.
6) Set the desired shear rate or displacement rate for the test.
7) Start the test by applying a horizontal shear force to one of the
shear box halves relative to the other at the specified rate.
 8) Continuously measure and record the shear force and the
corresponding displacement or shear strain during the test.
9) Continue shearing until the desired displacement or failure
criteria are reached, or until the desired number of shearing
cycles is completed.Analyze the test results to determine the
10) shear strength parameters, such as the peak shear strength and
the residual shear strength.

Apparatuses:

a. Shear Box: The shear box is used to hold the soil sample
during the test. It consists of two halves that can be
horizontally displaced relative to each other.
b. Loading System: A loading system is used to apply a normal
load to the soil sample and control the consolidation stress
during the test. It may consist of deadweights, hydraulic jacks,
or a mechanical loading device.
c. Displacement Measurement System: A displacement
measurement system is used to measure the horizontal
displacement or shear strain of the soil sample during the test.
It can include displacement transducers, dial gauges, or LVDTs
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers).
d. Data Acquisition System: A data acquisition system is used to
record and monitor the shear force, displacement, and other
relevant parameters during the test.
e. Balance: Use a balance or scale with appropriate sensitivity to
measure the weights of the sample and containers to the
required precision.
VII. TRIAXIAL TEST

ASTM D4767, "Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained

Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils."

Procedures:

1) Prepare a representative soil sample by collecting it from the

desired location and removing any organic material or large
particles.
2) Trim the soil sample to the required size and shape according
to the specified test method and equipment.
3) Assemble the triaxial apparatus, which typically consists of a
triaxial cell, a loading system, a back pressure system, and a
data acquisition system.
4) Prepare the soil sample by saturating it with water under a
specified confining pressure, either by the back pressure
saturation method or the vacuum saturation method.
5) Place the saturated soil sample in the triaxial cell and ensure
proper alignment and sealing of the cell.
6) Apply a confining pressure to the soil sample by adjusting the
loading system, ensuring that the desired stress state is
achieved.
7) Connect the back pressure system to the triaxial cell to
maintain a constant back pressure during the test.
8) Start the test by applying an axial load to the soil sample at a
specified rate, either drained or undrained depending on the test
conditions.
 9) Continuously measure and record the axial load, axial
deformation, and pore water pressure during the test.
10) Continue loading until the desired axial strain or failure criteria
are reached, or until the desired number of loading cycles is
completed.
11) Analyze the test results to determine the shear strength
parameters, stress-strain behavior, and other relevant properties
of the soil.

Apparatuses:

a. Triaxial Cell: The triaxial cell is used to hold the soil sample
and apply the confining pressure during the test. It typically
consists of a cylindrical cell, a top cap, and a base pedestal.
b. Loading System: A loading system is used to apply the axial
load to the soil sample. It may consist of deadweights,
hydraulic jacks, or a mechanical loading device.
c. Back Pressure System: A back pressure system is used to
maintain a constant pressure in the pore water of the soil
sample during the test. It typically includes a back pressure
regulator and a water reservoir.
d. Data Acquisition System: A data acquisition system is used to
measure and record the axial load, axial deformation, and pore
water pressure during the test.
e. Displacement Transducers: Displacement transducers, such as
LVDTs (Linear Variable Differential Transformers), are used to
measure the axial deformation of the soil sample.
 f. Pressure Transducers: Pressure transducers are used to measure
the pore water pressure within the soil sample.

VIII. AGRICULTURAL SOIL TEST (https://youtu.be/nB-wX0ZYNME,2020)

Given the results of the laboratory tests, the researchers can then proceed to
the paper works; computations, tabulations, graphical representations and
documentaries of the data gathered. Lastly, the finalization of the research paper.
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e-in-maguindanao

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Banhart T. (2021, October 9). Disturbed vs. Undisturbed Soil Sampling. Hunker.
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