SCIENCE CHINA

Information Sciences
. PROGRESS . December 2012 Vol. 55 No. 12: 2908–2914
doi: 10.1007/s11432-012-4725-1

Intelligent transportation systems for smart cities:

a progress review

XIONG Zhang1,2 , SHENG Hao1,2 ∗ , RONG WenGe1,3 & COOPER Dave E1

1StateKey Laboratory of Software Development Environment, School of Computer Science and Engineering,
Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China;
2Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Data Vitalization, Research Institute in Shenzhen,

Beihang University, Shenzhen 518057, China;

3Beijing Engneering Laboratory of IOT Content Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering,

Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

Received September 3, 2012; accepted October 11, 2012; published online November 21, 2012

Abstract To better meet the challenge of providing effective, low-cost, energy efficient transport services, the
concept of intelligent transport systems (ITS) has been proposed and lauded as an innovative and promising
solution for next generation transport networks. In this paper, the progress of ITS research around the world is
briefly reviewed and current challenges are outlined, thereby offering further insight into ITS development for
all researchers in this area.

Keywords intelligent transportation systems, traffic information, smart city

Citation Xiong Z, Sheng H, Rong W G, et al. Intelligent transportation systems for smart cities: a progress
review. Sci China Inf Sci, 2012, 55: 2908–2914, doi: 10.1007/s11432-012-4725-1

1 Introduction

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are an important symbol of smart cities. Right now, traffic jams
are a serious social problem, and traditional road construction is restricted by the land and capital. Thus,
ITS are needed urgently to improve road network capacity.
In China, the average vehicle speed has been reduced to 20 km/h, even down to between 7 and 8 km/h
on some road sections [1,2]. Such low vehicle speeds, and increased traffic increase exhaust emissions, and
the air quality deteriorates further. In order to alleviate pressure on the aging transportation networks
and make full use of existing resources, the government is pouring its efforts into more research and
construction.
Based on a better transportation infrastructure and advanced IT technology, the relationship between
vehicles, road networks, and people can be strengthened, thereby improving order and control of the
transportation system by making the traffic management system more efficient, convenient, safe, and
intelligent.
∗ Corresponding author (email: shenghao@buaa.edu.cn)


c Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 info.scichina.com www.springerlink.com
 Xiong Z, et al. Sci China Inf Sci December 2012 Vol. 55 No. 12 2909

2 Relation work

Due to its advances, ITS related solutions have been widely studied all over the world. USA, Europe, and
Japan are all pioneers in ITS techniques, tools, and applications. The most outstanding representative
projects include Connected Vehicle Research (CVR) [3] in USA, eSafety [4] in Europe, and Smartway in
Japan [5].
ITS began in the US with the electronic route guidance system (ERGS) [6], which is a result of
research by the Bureau of Public Roads of the US Department of Transportation and can be dated
back to 1967. Since then, many ITS related projects have been conducted. Beginning in August 1997,
DEMO’97 [7] was a proof-of-technical-feasibility demonstration. Also in 1997, the Intelligent Vehicle
Initiative (IVI) [8] was launched by the US Department of Transportation to accelerate integrated in-
vehicle systems. Subsequently, the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) project [9] was proposed to
provide communication channels between vehicles in the road and their physical surroundings to improve
safety. Similarly, Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation Systems (CVHAS) [10] is another project
supported by the US federal pooled fund program trying to improve the safety, mobility, and other
essential concerns. The most recent US ITS project is CVR [3] (formerly IntelliDrive). Its major focus
is on connected vehicle technology and connected vehicle applications.
Europe began to develop ITS in the early 1970s and significant progress has been made in Road
Transport Informatics (RTI) [11]. Since then, many programs have been deployed to accelerate ITS
development. For example, Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe (DRIVE) [12], the
EU’s first telematics research and development program consisting of 72 individual projects, was begun in
1989. In 1991, the EU launched its European Road Transport Telematics Implementation Coordination
Organization (ERTICO) to promote ITS development. eSafety [4] is a representative program under
ERTICO that aims to provide vehicle-based intelligent safety systems to improve road safety.
Also beginning in the 1970s, Japan applied considerable resources in the research of ITS to build
safe, eco-friendly, transport systems. A large investment has been made in nationwide projects over the
past few years. In 1998, an ITS application named Vehicle Information and Communication System
(VICS) [13] was deployed to collect traffic information and deliver it to drivers via infrared, microwave,
and FM radio. In the early 21st century, Japan started a national program called Smartway [14] to
promote Japan’s ITS development. This program makes better use of cutting-edge technologies to build
a cooperative transport system in which traffic information is handled by onboard sensors and sent to
drivers directly after analysis.
To keep up with the advances in the world of ITS technology, in the 1980s China launched ITS
projects as a response to the development in the US, Europe, and Japan. In 2008, China also set up
its own ITS society: the China Intelligent Transportation System Association. It has attracted major
national funding bodies to support ITS research and many related technologies have been delivered and
employed to support major events including the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2010 World Expo,
Shanghai.

3 Key technology of intelligent transportation

The architecture of ITS can be divided into three parts: perception and convergence of traffic information,
application support of transportation information, and urban transportation management.

3.1 Perception and convergence of traffic information

3.1.1 Perception of traffic information

The basic data of ITS involves all the elements of the transport system, i.e., vehicles, roads, and people.
The vehicle information mainly pertains to the monitoring and perception of vehicle operating conditions,
including the movement state of the vehicle and its other status attributes. The movement state of
the vehicle includes the vehicle location, speed, direction, acceleration, throttle, and brake. The status
2910 Xiong Z, et al. Sci China Inf Sci December 2012 Vol. 55 No. 12

attributes of the vehicle include the vehicle type, color, number of operators and/or passengers, and vehicle
maintenance status. Bar et al. proposed an anticipatory energy saving assistant (ANESA), in which
driving style is analyzed. By examining the vehicle speed, acceleration, throttle and brake use, alongside
other data, driving tips can be provided to the driver to improve energy efficiency. However, in the
acquisition process of vehicle position and motion information, the single characteristic information [15]
is not enough to deal with complicated environments, therefore making it difficult to obtain more complete
vehicle information.
The current state of a vehicle can be perceived via the cooperation of multiple integrated sensors,
such as mapping the environment and locating the vehicle concurrently via GPS and a stereoscopic
system [16], using a binocular vision method to build the 3D model [17], using IMU to provide orientation
and velocity [18], and using laser range finders to perform mapping in large-scale environments [19,20].
The collection techniques of road information include the weather and road probing, vehicle traffic
sensing and electronic charges, among which the vehicle traffic sensing is the most important. Vehicle
traffic sensing can be divided into fixed and mobile acquisition of raw data from all kinds of sensors. Fixed-
acquisition technology is further divided into contact and non-contact approaches. The contact traffic
detection technology uses toroid sensors, geomagnetic vehicle detection (GVD), air pressure tubes and
piezoelectric detection technologies. Non-contact traffic detection technology includes microwave, video,
infrared, and ultrasonic detection technologies. In mobile collection technologies, the sensing device is
installed on the vehicle, through which real-time road traffic information is acquired by the vehicle driving.
Fortin et al. [21] present a feature extraction method in scanning laser range data, specifically applied
to vehicle detection. Chavez-Aragon et al. [22] propose a high-precision method for the visual detection
of up to fourteen regions of interest on the outer surface of vehicles in outdoor environments, such as
bumpers, handles, windows, wheels, lateral mirror, windshield, center, roof, head light, and rear lamp.
People involved in ITS are the drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and the users of equipment which can
represent a person, such as mobile phones and handheld navigation terminals. Analysis and prediction
of driver behavior is a research hotspot for transportation security [23]. By analyzing the historical
data of a driver, driver-assistance systems can give prompts based on the current driving situation [24].
Understanding the movement of pedestrians is an important part of transportation planning and man-
agement [25]. Its main methods are as follows: wavelet-based AdaBoost cascade [26], HOG/linSVM [27],
NN/LRF [25,28], and combined shape-texture detection [29].

3.1.2 Convergence of traffic information

The convergence of traffic information depends on the communication technologies of ITS. It can be
divided into wired and wireless communication technology. For wireless communication technology, this
includes FM radio, satellite, cellular, and short range communication. Optical fiber communication has
been widely used in trunk communication, which is used to construct the backbone of wide area networks
(WAN) and high end local area networks (LAN) for highways or urban roads. Currently, it is mainly
used for dynamic weighing (WIM), safety testing, highway tolls, and traffic flow monitoring.
FM radio communication techniques include radio broadcast, radio data system (RDS), and digital
audio broadcasting (DAB), and digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), of which RDS has the highest
application. Satellite communication technology is widely used in dynamic location-based traffic monitor-
ing, scheduling, and navigation for example China’s Beidou navigation system which solely uses satellite
communication.
The most common cellular communication technologies include GSM, GPRS, and 3G, They have been
proven effective and widely used in ITS related applications.
Short-range wireless access technologies mainly include the following standards, IEEE 802.11, 802.15,
802.16, and 802.20. The range of a Wi-Fi antenna can reach up to 100 m (802.11p, DSRC). In ITS, Wi-Fi is
mainly used for vehicle sensor networks (VSN), and Wi-Fi access points are often used at the roadside and
may gather vehicle data by RFID. Ad hoc networks have been introduced into mobile vehicle networks,
and vehicular mobile ad hoc networks (VANET) [30] have been constructed. VANETs provide high-speed
data access networks for the high-speed vehicles [31]. As VANETs play a very important role in safe
 Xiong Z, et al. Sci China Inf Sci December 2012 Vol. 55 No. 12 2911

driving, accounting management, traffic management, data communications, and vehicle infotainment,
recently, much work has been done in this field, including routing protocols [32], transmission control
protocols [33], and applied research [34]. Zigbee network technology is commonly used for traffic sensor
networks [35] and traffic signal control system [36]. Bluetooth technology is a kind of radio technology for
short-distance communication [37], which can be applied to intelligent transportation systems, parking
guidance management systems, car telephones, etc.

3.2 Application support for traffic information

Understanding traffic behavior can be considered to be a time-varying data classification problem, which
matches test sequences and pre-calibrated reference sequences of typical behavior [38]. Currently, com-
monly used behavior understanding methods are template match, probability statistics, dynamic time
warping, hidden Markov model, and artificial neural networks. Aiming at requiring fewer traffic behavior
training samples, Sheng et al. [39,40] and Hao et al. [41] design a semi supervised anomaly detection
method for vehicle behavior by introducing a mixture of Gaussian hidden Markov model (MGHMM).

3.3 Urban traffic management and control

Urban traffic management and control systems administers and controls traffic flows via the traffic man-
agement and control scheme, which includes traffic surveillance, traffic control, public traffic management,
emergency management, and optimization of the control of the transportation organization.
The traffic monitoring system is generally composed of the traffic information collection system [42]
and electronic police system [43], which is used for the dynamic traffic information collection, traffic
violation detection, traffic signal control, etc.
The traffic control system is heavily integrated with traffic signal control and urban traffic guidance
technology [44]. The urban traffic flow guidance system (UTFGS) is composed of a vehicle guidance
system, a data fusion and processing platform system, and an information distribution system for traffic
guidance.
The optimization of traffic organization can be divided into static [45,46] and dynamic parts [47,48].
The static part is resource management, and the dynamic part is object management. Static traffic
organization mainly solves the resource allocation, which are the capacity distribution and right-of-way
distribution at different levels. Dynamic traffic organization mainly solves traffic assignment and traffic
dispersion so as to maximize the effectiveness of the road network. In order to ease the traffic congestion,
the traffic organization strategy is changed with traffic demands, including the influences of public transit
priorities polices, carpooling encouragement, limiting of cars in the city center, and different travel periods.

4 Outlook of urban intelligent transportation in China

In the 12th Five-Year Plan, the “Internet of Things” major special project, “863” major special project
“Smart City”, National Highway Traffic Safety science and technology plan of action and the Ministry of
Transport will introduce intelligent transport planning. This will contribute to the further development
of ITS in China and its focus is mainly reflected in: 1) active vehicle safety and intelligent vehicles, 2)
vehicle road network synergy, 3) integrated traffic management and emergency systems.

4.1 Active vehicle safety and intelligent vehicles

The key technologies of ITS-based active vehicle safety and intelligent vehicles are mainly driving by
perception of the environment, intelligent control, and active collision avoidance. Perception of the
driving environment is the identification of driving conditions and locations, lanes [49], traffic lights [50],
vehicles and pedestrians [24], etc. Intelligent control technology [51] is used to achieve security warnings,
auxiliary driving, active collision avoidance, etc. Active collision avoidance technology is used to perform
real-time vehicle monitoring and the identification of dangerous driving conditions, which will provide
2912 Xiong Z, et al. Sci China Inf Sci December 2012 Vol. 55 No. 12

safety information for the driver. If necessary, it can take measures to control the vehicles so as to
proactively avoid the danger.

4.2 Vehicle-road network collaboration

The vehicle-road network synergy is an intelligent coordination and cooperation between vehicles and the
infrastructure involving the interaction and sharing of information from vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-road,
in which the vehicle-road network information is acquired by the wireless communication and detection
technology. The goal is the optimum usage of system resources, the improvement of road traffic safety,
and the easing of traffic congestion. The vehicle-road network synergy is an integration and enhancement
of traditional intelligent transportation technology [52,53].
The successful implementation of vehicle-road network synergy will bring about a revolutionary change
in transportation safety, simplify other intelligent technologies, such as information acquisition of traffic
signals, image acquisition of blind spots, advanced emergency aid systems, auxiliary driving information
services and vehicle safety assistants, and adaptive speed control, and make them more accurate [54].

4.3 Integration of traffic management and emergency systems

Making full use of new intelligent network sensors and information network technologies, a system of
situational awareness and dynamic supervision for the national highway traffic infrastructure will be
constructed. Through the establishment of sensor networks for the national highway traffic infrastructure,
the national highway network can be visualized, controlled and measured. Through analyzing the running
state of the road network, important national and provincial trunk roads can be realized. For the key
facilities, such as the large bridges, tunnels, hubs, and key sections, situational awareness and real-time
supervision are implemented, and which will provide an effective means for the compatible operation of
the road network. If accidents or emergencies happen, the system can make dynamic dispatches of the
required services.

5 Conclusions

The world economy and daily life are becoming more and more dependent on efficient safe transport
systems. As such new efforts are called for in the development of sophisticated technologies and equipment
to make our transport systems more intelligent and eco-friendly, ITS proves to be a promising solution
to achieving this target. Its applications have greatly boosted the development of new techniques and
accordingly improved all sectors involved in this industry.
This paper briefly reviews the history of ITS and tries to explore its future applications, development,
and potential benefits. We believe that there are many points deserving further study. We hope this
work is able to offer some insight into ITS.

Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61272350), National
Science & Technology Pillar Program (Grant No. 2012BAH07B01), and Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory
of Software Development Environment (Grant No. SKLSDE-2012ZX-05).

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