A cavity-mediated photon-photon gate

Stephan Welte, Bastian Hacker, Stephan Ritter, and Gerhard Rempe

arXiv:1605.05261
Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
DOI: 10.1038/nature18592

Motivation Experimental Setup

● Quantum information processing with single photonic polarisation qubits.
Atom trapping in 3D optical lattice: [3]
● Implementation of a deterministic gate protocol which is fundamentally different
● High trap frequencies (>100kHz)
compared to hitherto existing all-optical gates [1] based on linear optics.
● Tight confinement (<15nm)
● Various applications such as deterministic production of entangled states,
● Full control over the atomic position
cluster states and scalable quantum computing [2].
[1] O´Brien, Optical Quantum Computing, Science 318, 1567-1570 (2007).
Intra-cavity Sisyphus cooling: [3]
[2] Duan et al., Scalable Photonic Quantum Computation through Cavity-Assisted Interactions, PRL 92, 127902 (2004).
● Fast cooling close to the ground state
● Fluorescence imaging of the atom
How to Make Two Photons Interact ? Cavity Parameters
TM1 = 4 ppm, TM2 = 92 ppm,
Free space: No interaction Solution: Atom in cavity mediates Losses = 7 ppm, F ≈ 60000, l = 0.5 mm
interaction between photons (g, κ, κout, γ) = 2 π (8, 2.5, 2.3, 3) MHz
1 2 1 2 1 [3] Reiserer et al., Ground-State Cooling of a Single Atom at the Center of an Optical Cavity, PRL 110, 223003 (2013).

1
2 Experimental Data
CNOT operation if one photon is Generation of entangled two-
Realization of the Photon-Photon Gate circularly and the other is linearly photon state
+ 1
polarized Generation of |Ψ  = √ (|DL + |AR)
2
Schematic of the setup ● Reflection of two weak for input state |DD .
Level scheme
coherent pulses (n=0.17,
Gaussian envelope with
Ram

|e
|L |R p2 FPGA
0.6µs FWHM) to probe
Sta

an

In the gate.
te

pai tio

|↑
de

SPD
tec

| ↓
p1
All-optical CPF gate:
Truthtable
n

EOM
Delay
87
Rb NPBS Switch fibre Out

Quantum Circuit Diagram

a Gate Schematic
π π π
|↑ 2 2 2 ● Second interaction of
Average gate fidelity
Z Z
atom and first photon
replaced by atomic Measurement of fidelity for all 36 possible
=
Z state detection and polarisation input states with 80 two-photon
Z
classical feedback onto clicks for each output state
b Experiment the photon. Average fidelity over all output states
F=2, mF =2

Detection
Photon 1

Photon 2
Raman 1

Raman 2

Raman 3
Pump to

● Photons are sent into a F = (76.2 ± 3.6)%

Switch
State

EOM

1.2 km-long delay fibre. Fidelity postselected on the case | :

Definition of bases
î
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 time (µs) ● Feedback via FPGA FΨ+ = (74.4 ± 3.9)%
6µs delay which activates an EOM-
induced polarisation Fidelity postselected on the case | :
1

1.2 km
rotation on first photon. FΨ+ = (71.5 ± 4.2)%

Underlying Atom-Photon Gate Mechanism Calibration of Raman Pulses

Pulse calibration with Ramsey-like π π π
Light is reflected off a resonant, single-sided cavity containing one atom | 2 2
sequence as in the gate protocol: 2
|e |e 2g
Example: Time
1
Fit reveals residual two-photon
| | detuning (< 3kHz) as well as Rabi
| |
0.75 frequency (250 kHz) and pulse
Population in 

durarion (1µs).
0.5

AC Stark shift caused by Raman lasers

Atom in | : Impinging photons Atom in | : Strong coupling splits
0.25 (40 kHz) can be compensated by
can enter the cavity before being the resonance such that resonant
switching to a different two-photon
reflected. photons are reflected without entering.
0
0 0.5 1
detuning when the lasers are not im-
Twophoton detuning MHz
1 0.5
Difference between the two situations: Photon does or does not enter. pinging on the atom.
→ State-dependent � phase shift [4] on the combined atom-photon state
→ controlled atom-photon phase gate

Implementation with 87Rb [5]:

Atom-photon gate: Efficiency and Error Budget
Truthtable
12
mF= -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 |↑ R → − |↑ R Transmission probability per photon: 10

Fʹ = 3 - + |↓ R → |↓ R
-
Error (%)

- |↑ L → |↑ L
8

6
Error

780nm |R
|L |↓ L → |↓ L 4
cavity delay other optical
2
F=2 reflectivity fibre elements
F=1 | |a 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
nts

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h h

|
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nts elnt

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s

Total experimental gate efficiency for

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|p Z
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Gate efficiency (total reflection probability): 68%

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two input photons

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tyvity

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[4] Reiserer et al., Nondestructive Detection of an Optical Photon, Science 342, 1349–1351 (2013).
Phh

tetc
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via

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[5] Reiserer et al., A quantum gate between a flying optical photon and a single trapped atom, Nature 508, 237-240
ele
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(2014).