(Ch-2,3 Continued)

Stress , Strain and

Equilibrium relations

Deformation / Displacement

Strain is the measure of deformations of an

infinitesimal element. Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Due to Body forces

Due to Traction forces

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Stress Equilibrium Equations

Multiply stresses
by area of face  σ xx  σ xy  σ xz
   Bx  0
and sum. x y z
 σ xy  σ yy  σ yz
Multiply Body    B  0
x y z
y

Forces by volume.  σ  σ yz  σ zz
xz
   Bz  0
x y z
Collect terms and
Divide by volume.

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Undeformed and deformed (*) state

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Coordinate Relationships
Eulerian Coordinates Lagrangian Coordinates
x  x  x,y,z 
* *

x  x x ,y ,z
* *
 *

y  y  x,y,z 
* *
y  y  x ,y ,z 
* * *

z  z  x,y,z 
* *
z  z  x ,y ,z 
* * *

Functional relationship between location in

undeformed and deformed (*) coordinates
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Deformation is described by measuring two quantities:

a. Elongation or contraction of a line segment -> Normal Strain

b. Rotation of any two perpendicular lines. ->Shear Strain

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Strain of a Line Element

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

*

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Engineering Strain

ds  ds *
εE 
ds

ε E  1
Definition of Engineering strain
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Small & Large Deformation
Engineering Strain Green Strain
Useful for finite strain
Useful for “small / infinitesimal theory / large strain theory,
deformation”. or large deformation theory

Wikipedia: The deformation of a thin

straight rod into a closed loop. The length
of the rod remains almost unchanged
during the deformation, which indicates
that the strain is small. In this particular
case, most of the deformation in the rod
is due to rigid body motions of material
points in the rod.

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Total Differentials
x *
x x
* *
dx 
*
dx  dy  dz
x y z
y *
y *
y *
dy 
*
dx  dy  dz
x y z
z *
z *
z *
dz 
*
dx  dy  dz
x y z
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Displacements

u  x  x  displacement in x-direction
*

v  y  y  displacement in y-direction
*

w  z  z  displacement in z-direction
*

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Rewriting

x  xu
*

y  yv
*

z zw
*

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Lengths of Line Segments

ds 2
 dx   dy  dz 
2 2 2

ds   dx   dy   dz 

* 2 * 2 * 2 * 2

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Magnification Factor

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Normal Strains

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Shear Strains

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Stretch & Rotation of a Circle & a Square
Green Strain:

The Left Cauchy-Green Strain and Right Cauchy-Green Strain

tensors give a measure of how the lengths of line elements and
angles between line elements change between configurations.

The Green-Lagrange strain and the Euler-Almansi strain

tensors directly give information about the change in the
squared length of elements. Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
F- Deformation Gradient
R - Rotation Tensor
U - Right Stretch Tensor
V - Left Stretch Tensor

Wikipedia: Representation of polar

decomposition of the deformation
gradient

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Interpretation

Let ds lie parallel to the x axis.

l=1 m=0 n=0

1 2
M x  Ex   Ex  xx
2 Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Interpretation
1 2
M x   Ex   Ex   xx
2
1 2
M y   Ey   Ey   yy
2
1 2
M z   Ez   Ez  zz
2

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Direction of Line
dx dy dz
l m n
ds ds ds

* * *
dx dy dz
l  *
*
m  *
*
n  *
*
ds ds ds
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Direction of Line
*
dx ds
l 
*
*
ds ds
*
dy ds
m 
*
*
ds ds
*
dz ds
n 
*
*
ds ds
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Recall
x *
x *
x *
dx *  dx  dy  dz
x y z
y *
y *
y *
dy 
*
dx  dy  dz
x y z
x  xu
*
z *
z *
z *
dz *  dx  dy  dz
x y z y  yv
*

z zw
*

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Direction of Line

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Direction of Line

ds 1

ds 1  E
*

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Final Direction of Line
 u  u u
1  E  l  1   l+ m  n
*

 x  y z
v  v  v
1  E  m  l+1   m  n
*
x  y  z
w w  w 
1  E  n  l+ m  1   n
*
x y  z 

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Line segments PA and PB before and after deformation

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Shear Strain

PA  ds1   P A  ds1
* * *

 
PB  ds2  P B  ds2
* * *
 
PA  PB   
PA  l1 ,m1 ,n1   PA  l1* ,m1* ,n1*
 
PB  l2 ,m2 ,n2   PB  l * ,m* ,n*
 2 2 2

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Note:  is positive if the angle is decreased
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Shear Strain


cos  l1l2 +m1m2 +n1n2  0
2

cos 
* * * * * * *
=l1 l2 +m1 m2 +n1 n2
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Final Direction of Line
 u  u u
1  E  l  1   l+ m  n
*

 x  y z
v  v  v
1  E  m  l+1   m  n
*
x  y  z
w w  w 
1  E  n  l+ m  1   n
*
x y  z 

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Shear Strains
12  1   E1 1   E2  cos *

 2l1l2ε xx +2m1m2ε yy +2n1n2ε zx  2  l1m2  m1l2  ε zx

2  m1n2  m1n2  ε yz  2  l1n2  n1l2  ε xy

12  Engineering Shear Strain

between PA and PB

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Shear Strains
Let PA and PB be oriented parallel to  x,y  axes

l1  1 m1  0 n1  0
l2  0 m2  1 n2  0

12   xy  2 xy

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Shear Strains

 xy  2 xy
 yz  2 yz
 xz  2 xz

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Small Strains and Rotations
 E1  1
 E2  1

 
*
2

12  1   E1 1   E2  cos    *
*
2
Engineering Shear Strain approximately equal
to the change in angle between PA and PB

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Strain Transformation

Strain Tensor:
  xx  xy  xz 
 

 xy  yy  yz 
  xz  yz  zz 

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Normal Strain Transformation

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Shear Strain Transformation

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Principal Strains

xx  M  xy  xz
xy  yy  M  yz  0
xz  yz zz  M

M  I1M  I2 M  I3  0
3 2

Characteristic Equation
 Strain Invariants
M 3  I1M 2  I2 M  I3  0

I1  xx   yy  zz

xx xy xx xz  yy  yz

I2    
xy  yy xz zz  yz zz
 xy
2
  xz
2
  yz
2
  xx  yy   xx  zz   yy zz

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Strain Invariants

xx xy xz

I 3  xy  yy  yz
xz  yz zz
 xx  yyzz  2xy yz xz  xx  yz
2
  yyxz
2
 zz xy
2

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Strain Invariants

I1  M1  M 2  M 3
I 2   M1M 2  M 2 M 3  M 3M1
I 3  M1M 2 M 3

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Principal Directions
l  xx  M   m xy  n xz  0

l xy  m   yy  M   n yz  0

l xz  m yz  n  zz  M   0

l  m  n 1
2 2 2

For isotropic materials, principal strain directions coincides with principal stress directions
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Small Displacement
Normal Strains
u
ε xx 
x
v
ε yy 
y
w
ε zz 
z
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Small Displacement
Shear Strains
1  v u 
ε xy  ε yx    
2  x y 
1  w u 
ε xz  ε zx    
2  x z 
M  E
1  w v 
ε yz  ε zy    
2  y z 
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Strain Compatibility
u  2ε xx  3u
ε xx   
x y 2
xy 2
v  ε yy
2
 3v
ε yy    2
y x 2
x y
1  v u   2ε xy
 3u  3v
ε xy    2   2
2  x y  xy xy 2
x y

 ε xx
2  2ε yy  2ε xy
 2
y 2
x 2
xy

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Strain Compatibility
 ε yy  ε xx
2 2
 ε xy
2

 2
x 2
y 2
xy
 ε zz  ε xx
2 2
 ε xz
2
 2
x 2
z 2
xz
 ε zz  ε yy  ε yz
2 2 2

 2
y 2
z 2
yz

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Strain Compatibility
 ε zz
2
2
ε 2
ε  ε zx
2
 xy
 yz

xy z 2
zx yz
 ε yy  ε xz  ε xy  ε yz
2 2 2 2

  
xz y 2
yz xy
 ε xx  ε yz  ε xz  ε xy
2 2 2 2

  
yz x 2
xy xz

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Shear Strain

2ε xy  γ xy
2ε xz  γ xz
2ε yz  γ yz

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Transformations

If we use tensor strain components

and strain transformations just like
stress. Principal values, principal
directions and invariants are also just
like stress.

Mohr’s circle works for strain as well!

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Equations
 3 - Stress Equilibrium Equations

 6 - Strain Displacement Equations

 6 – Compatibility Equations (Derived

from Strain Displacement)

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Visualization of 2D & 3D deformation
Q. An element of material in plane strain undergoes the
following strains :
x =340x10-6, y =110x10-6, xy =180x10-6
Show on sketch final deformed element.

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Visualization of 2D & 3D deformation
Q. The magnitude of strain at a point E are:
xx =0.00267, yy =0.002, zz = -0.002
xy = 0.0053, yz = -0.00067, zx = -0.003
Show on sketch final deformed element.

E
Y
E*

X
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani