Chapter 2: Derivatives

Lecture 3

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
2. Related Rates
3. Linear Approximations and Differentials

9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 1. Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
Derivative of a Logarithmic Function:
d 1
log a x 
dx x ln a
Generalized Rule for Logarithm Functions
If u is a differentiable function, then
d u '( x)
log a u ( x) 
dx u ln a
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Proof. Let y  log a x. Then a  x y

Differentiate this equation w.r.t. x to get:

1
a (ln a) y '  1  y '  y
y

a (ln a)
Consequently, take a  e
1
(ln x) ' 
x

9/11/2016 Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh 4

 Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
log 4   x  2  3  4 x  
d
Ex.
dx
d
 log 4  x  2   log 4  3  4 x 
dx
1 1
  (4)
( x  2) ln 4 (3  4 x) ln 4

9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Derivative of Logarithms of
Absolute Values

 ln u 
d 1 du ' u '( x)
ln u  
dx u dx u

 loga u 
d 1 du ' u '( x)
log a u  
dx u ln a dx u ln a
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Derivative of Logarithms of
Absolute Values

d 1
Ex. ln 8 x  3  2
2
16 x 
dx 8x  3

d 1 1  1 
Ex. log3  2   2 
dx x 1/ x  2  ln 3  x 
1

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
x  2 x 2

ln 3
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Logarithmic Differentiation
Ex. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the
derivative of y  3x  2  9 x  1 .
5

ln y  ln  3x  2  9 x  1
5
 Apply ln
1
ln y  ln  3x  2   5ln  9 x  1 Properties of ln
2
1 dy 3 5(9)
  Differentiate
y dx 2  3x  2  9 x  1

dy 5 3 45 
 3x  2  9 x  1   
 Solve
dx
9/11/2016  2  3x  2  9 x  1 
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Example yx . x
Find y '(1)  ?
Solution: Taking ln both sides gives us
ln y  ln x  x ln x
x

Taking derivative both sides yields

(ln y ) '  ( x ln x ) '
y' 1
 ln x  x  ln x  1
y x
 y '  y (ln x  1)  x (ln x  1)
x

 y '(1)  1(0  1)  1
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 2. Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is
related to the rate of change of another quantity.
Ex.
Two cars leave from an intersection at the
same time. One car travels north at 35 y
mi./hr., the other travels est at 60 mi./hr.
How fast is the distance between them x
changing after 2 hours?
Note: The rate of change of the distance between them is
related to the rate at which the cars are traveling.

9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Solving Related Rates
A. The problem
1. List the related, changing quantities.
2. Restate the problems in terms of rates of
change. Rewrite the problem using
mathematical notation for the changing
quantities and their derivatives.
B. The relationship
1. Draw a diagram, if appropriate.
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Solving Related Rates (cont)
2. Find an equation relating the changing
quantities.
3. Take the derivative with respect to
time of the equation(s) to get the
derived equation(s), relating the rates of
change of the quantities.
C. The solution
1. Substitute into the derived equation(s)
2. Solve for the derivative required.
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Ex. Two cars leave from an intersection at the
same time. One car travels north at 35
mi./hr., the other travels est at 60 mi./hr.
How fast is the distance between them
changing after 2 hours?

dx
 60
dt Distance = z
dy y
 35
dt
x
x  120
y  70 x2  y 2  z 2
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
dx dy
 60  35 Distance = z
dt dt y

x  120 y  70
x
From original
x y z
2 2 2
relationship

dx dy dz
2x  2 y  2z
dt dt dt

2(120)(60)  2(70)(35)  2 10 193
dz
dt

dz
 69.5 mi./hr.
dt
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 3. Linear Approximations and
Differentials
• The approximation
f ( x)  f (a)  f '(a)( x  a)

is called the linear approximation or tangent

line approximation of f at a

• The linear function L( x)  f (a)  f '(a)( x  a)

is called the linearization of f at a
9/11/2016
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Differentials
• Linear Approximations can be formulated in terms
of differentials
• If y=f(x) is a differentiable function, then dx can
be given any real number
• The differential dy is defined by

dy  f '( x)dx, y  f ( x)
• Sometimes we write for short: df ( x)  f '( x)dx
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Approximating Values of Functions
f (a  x)  f (a)  f '(a)x

V  V (r  r )  V (r )  L(r  r )  V (r )  4 r 2r

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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh