INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

Chapter 15
Methods and Applications of Integration

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

Chapter Objectives
• To develop and apply the formula for integration by
parts.
• To show how to integrate a proper rational function.
• To illustrate the use of the table of integrals.
• To develop the concept of the average value of a
function.
• To solve a differential equation by using the method of
separation of variables.
• To develop the logistic function as a solution of a
differential equation.
• To define and evaluate improper integrals.

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

Chapter Outline
15.1) Integration by Parts
15.2) Integration by Partial Fractions
15.3) Integration by Tables
15.4) Average Value of a Function
15.5) Differential Equations
15.6) More Applications of Differential Equations
15.7) Improper Integrals

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.1 Integration by Parts

Formula for Integration by Parts
 u dv  uv   v du
Example 1 – Integration by Parts
ln x
Find  dx by integration by parts.
x
1
Solution: Let u  ln x and dv  dx
1 x
du  dx

1 / 2
x v  x dx  2 x 1/ 2

Thus, ln x
 x dx  ln x  2 x   2x  
1/ 2

1 
 dx 
x 
 2 x lnx   2  C

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.1 Integration by Parts

Example 3 – Integration by Parts where u is the

Entire Integrand
Determine  ln y dy .

Solution: Let u  ln y and dv  dy

 1 vy
du    dy
y
1 
Thus,  ln y dy  ln y y    y  dy 
y 
 y ln y  y  C
 y ln y  1  C

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.1 Integration by Parts

Example 5 – Applying Integration by Parts Twice

Determine  x 2e 2 x 1 dx.

Solution: Let u  x 2 and dv  e 2 x 1 dx

du  2 x dx v  e 2 x 1 / 2
2 2 x 1 2 x 1
Thus, x e e
 e dx  2   2 (2x ) dx
2 2 x 1
x

x 2e 2 x 1
   xe 2 x 1 dx
2
xe 2 x 1 e 2 x 1
 xe dx  2   2 dx
2 x 1

xe 2 x 1 e 2 x 1
   C1
2 4
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.1 Integration by Parts
Example 5 – Applying Integration by Parts Twice

Solution (cont’d):
2 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
x e xe e
 e dx  2  2  4  C
2 2 x 1
x

e 2 x 1  2 1
 x  x   C
2  2

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.2 Integration by Partial Fractions

• Express the integrand as partial fractions
Example 1 – Distinct Linear Factors
2x  1
Determine  2 dx by using partial fractions.
3 x  27
1 2x  1
Solution: Write the integral as  2 dx.
3 x 9
Partial fractions: 2 x  1  2x  1

A

B
x  9 x  3 x  3  x  3  x  3 
2

If x  3, B  7
6
and if x  3, A  5
6

2x  1 1  56 dx 6 dx 
7

Thus,  3 x 2  27 dx  3   x  3   x  3 
 
15 7 
  ln x  3  ln x  3   C
36 6 
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.2 Integration by Partial Fractions

Example 3 – An Integral with a Distinct Irreducible

Quadratic Factor
 2x  4
Determine  3 2 dx by using partial fractions.
x x x
Solution:
Partial fractions:  2x  4 A Bx  C
  2
 
x x  x 1 x x  x 1
2

 2 x  4  A( x 2  x  1)  (Bx  C )x
Equating coefficients of like powers of x, we have
A  4, B  4, C  2
A Bx  C 4 4x  2 
Thus,  x x 2  x  1
 dx    x x 2  x  1dx


 4 ln x  2 ln x 2  x  1  C

 
 x2  x  1 2 
 ln  C
4
 x 
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.2 Integration by Partial Fractions

Example 5 – An Integral Not Requiring Partial Fractions

2x  3
Find  2 dx.
x  3x  1

Solution:
1
This integral has the form  du.
u

Thus, 2x  3
 x 2  3x  1   3x  1  C
2
dx ln x

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.3 Integration by Tables

• In the examples, the formula numbers refer to the
Table of Selected Integrals given in Appendix B of
the book.

Example 1 – Integration by Tables

x dx
Find  .
2  3 x 2

Solution: Formula 7 states

u du 1 a 
 a  bu 2  b 2  ln a  bu  a  bu   C
Thus, x 1 2 
 2  3 x 2 dx  9  ln 2  3 x  2  3 x   C
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.3 Integration by Tables

Example 3 – Integration by Tables

dx
Find x 16 x  32
.

Solution: Formula 28 states

du 1 u 2  a2  a
 u u 2  a 2  a ln u
C

Let u = 4x and a = √3, then du = 4 dx.

dx 1 16 x 2  3  3
 x 16 x 2  3  3 ln 4x
C

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.3 Integration by Tables

Example 5 – Integration by Tables

Find  7 x 2
ln4 x  dx.

Solution: Formula 42 states

n 1 n 1
u ln u u
 u n ln u du 
n 1

n  1 2
C

If we let u = 4x, then du = 4 dx. Hence,

7
 7 x ln4 x  dx  43  4 x  ln4 x 4 dx 
2
2


  
7  4 x ln4 x  4 x  
3

3

C

64  3 9 

7x 3
 3 ln4 x   1  C
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.3 Integration by Tables

Example 7 – Finding a Definite Integral by Using

Tables 4
dx
Evaluate  2 .
1 4 x  2 
3/2

Solution: Formula 32 states

du u
 u 2
a 
2 3/2

a2 u 2  a2
C

Letting u = 2x and a2 = 2, we have du = 2 dx.

du u
 u 2
a 
2 3/2

a 2
u a
2 2
C

Thus, 8
1 
4 4
dx 1 du u 2 1
 4 x
1
2
2 
3/2
 
2 1 u 2
2

3/2
 
  
2  2 u  2 2
2

66 2 6
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.4 Average Value of a Function

• The average value of a function f (x) is given by
b
1
f   f x  dx
ba a

Example 1 – Average Value of a Function

Find the average value of the function f(x)=x2 over the
interval [1, 2].

Solution: 1
b
f   f x dx
ba a
2
1
2
x 
3
7
2  1 1
 x 2
dx    
 3 1 3
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.5 Differential Equations

• We will use separation of variables to solve
differential equations.
Example 1 – Separation of Variables
y
Solve y '   if x, y  0.
x

Solution: Writing y’ as dy/dx, separating variables and

integrating,
dy y

dx x
1 1
 y dy    x dx
ln y  C1  ln x

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
Example 1 – Separation of Variables

Solution (cont’d):
y  eC1 ln x
eC1
y  ln x
e
C
y C, x  0
x

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.5 Differential Equations

Example 3 – Finding the Decay Constant and Half-Life

If 60% of a radioactive substance remains after 50
days, find the decay constant and the half-life of the
element.
Solution:
Let N be the size of the population at time t, N  N0e  λt
When t  50 and N  0.6N0
0.6N0  N0e 50 λ
ln0.6 
λ  0.01022
50
0.01022 t ln 2
Thus, N  N0e and the half life is  67.82 days.
λ

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations

Logistic Function
• The function
M
N
1  be ct
is called the logistic function or the Verhulst–
Pearl logistic function.

Alternative Form of Logistic Function

M
N
1  bC t

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations

Example 1 – Logistic Growth of Club Membership

Suppose the membership in a new country club is to
be a maximum of 800 persons, due to limitations of
the physical plant. One year ago the initial
membership was 50 persons, and now there are 200.
Provided that enrollment follows a logistic function,
how many members will there be three years from
now?

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations
Example 1 – Logistic Growth of Club Membership

Solution:
Let N be the number of members enrolled in t years,
When M  800 and t  0,
M 800
N  50   b  15
1  bC t
1  b1

When t  1 and N  200,

800
200  c
 c   ln 1
5
 ln 5
1  15e

Thus, 800
N  781
1  15 
1 4
5

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations

Example 3 – Time of Murder

A wealthy industrialist was found murdered in his
home. Police arrived on the scene at 11:00 P.M. The
temperature of the body at that time was 31◦C, and
one hour later it was 30◦C. The temperature of the
room in which the body was found was 22◦C.
Estimate the time at which the murder occurred.

Solution:
Let t = no. of hours after the body was discovered and
T(t) = temperature of the body at time t.
By Newton’s law of cooling,
dT dT
 k T  a    k T  22
dt dt
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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations
Example 3 – Time of Murder

Solution (cont’d):
dT
 T  22   k dt
lnT  22  kt  C
When T  31 and t  0,
ln31  22  k 0   C  C  ln 9
T  22
Hence, lnT  22  kt  ln 9  In  kt
9
When T  30 and t  1,
8
ln30  22  k 1  ln 9  k  ln
9

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations
Example 3 - Time of Murder

Solution (cont’d):
When T  37 ,
8 ln15 / 9 
ln37  22  t ln   t   4.34
9 ln8 / 9 

Accordingly, the murder occurred about 4.34 hours before

the time of discovery of the body (11:00 P.M.). The
industrialist was murdered at about 6:40 P.M.

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration

15.7 Improper Integrals


• The improper integral  f x isdxdefined as
a
 r

 f x  dx  lim  f x  dx
a
r 
a


f x dx
• The improper integral  is defined as

 0 

 f x  dx   f x  dx   f x  dx
  0

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.7 Improper Integrals

Example 1 – Improper Integrals

Determine whether the following improper integrals
are convergent or divergent. For any convergent
integral, determine its value.
 r
1  x 
r
1 1 2
a.  3 dx  lim  x dx  lim 
3
  0  
1
x r 
1
r 
 2 1 2 2

 
0 0
x 0
e dx  lim  e dx  lim e 1
x x
b. r
r   r  
 r

 
r
1 1/ 2 r
 dx  lim  x 1 / 2
c. dx  lim 2 x 1  
1 x r 
1
r 

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Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
15.7 Improper Integrals

Example 3 – Density Function

In statistics, a function f is called a density function if
f(x) ≥ 0 and  f x  dx  1 .


 ke  x for x  0
Suppose f x    is a density function.
Find k. 0 elsewhere

0  
Solution:    
   dx  1
x
f x dx  f x dx  1  0  ke
 0 0

 
r
x r
lim  ke dx  1  lim ke
x
0  1 k  1
r  r 
0

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