Chapter 2: Derivatives

Lecture 3

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
2. Related Rates
3. Linear Approximations and Differentials

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Derivatives of Inverse Functions
−1
Inverse function y = f ( x), where x = f ( y)
dy dy 1 1
Chain rule: 1 = f '( y )  = =
dx dx f '( y ) f '( f −1 ( x))

(f −1
( x) ) ' =
1
f '( f −1 ( x))

Example

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 1. Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
Derivative of a Logarithmic Function:
d 1
log a x =
dx x ln a
Generalized Rule for Logarithm Functions
If u is a differentiable function, then
d u '( x)
log a u ( x) =
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dx u ln a
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Proof
−1
y = log a x = f ( x), x = f ( y ) = a y

1st way: Apply Implicit Differentiation

1 1
a (ln a) y ' = 1  y ' = y
y
=
a ln a x ln a
2nd way: Apply Derivative of Inverse Functions

( f ( x) ) ' = f '( f −1 ( x)) = f '( y) = a y ln a = x ln a

−1 1 1 1 1

1
Consequently, take a = e  (ln x) ' =
x
10/11/2021 Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh 5
 Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
log 4 ( ( x + 2 )( 3 − 4 x ) )
d
Ex.
dx
d
= log 4 ( x + 2 ) + log 4 ( 3 − 4 x )
dx
1 1
= + (−4)
( x + 2) ln 4 (3 − 4 x) ln 4

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Derivative of Logarithms of
Absolute Values

( ln u )
d 1 du ' u '( x)
ln u = =
dx u dx u

( loga u )
d 1 du ' u '( x)
log a u = =
dx u ln a dx u ln a
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Derivative of Logarithms of
Absolute Values

d 1
Ex. ln 8 x − 3 = 2
2
(16 x )
dx 8x − 3

d 1 1  1 
Ex. log 3 + 2 =  − 2
dx x (1/ x + 2 ) ln 3  x 
1
=−
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(x + 2 x ln 3
2
)
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Logarithmic Differentiation
Ex. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the
derivative of y = 3x + 2 ( 9 x − 1) .
5

ln y = ln ( 3x + 2 ( 9 x − 1)
5
) Apply ln
1
ln y = ln ( 3x + 2 ) + 5ln ( 9 x − 1) Properties of ln
2
1 dy 3 5(9)
= + Differentiate
y dx 2 ( 3x + 2 ) 9 x − 1
dy 5 3 45 
= 3 x + 2 ( 9 x − 1)  + 
 Solve
dx
10/11/2021  2 ( 3x + 2 ) 9 x − 1 
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Example y=x . x
Find y '(1) = ?
Solution: Taking ln both sides gives us
ln y = ln x = x ln x
x

Taking derivative both sides yields

(ln y ) ' = ( x ln x ) '
y' 1
= ln x + x = ln x + 1
y x
 y ' = y (ln x + 1) = x (ln x + 1)
x

 y '(1) = 1(0 + 1) = 1
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 2. Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to
the rate of change of another quantity

Example: Two cars leave from an intersection at the same time. One
car travels north at 35 mi./hr., the other travels east at 60 mi./hr.
How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours?

dx
= 60
dt Distance = z
dy y
= 35
dt
x
x = 120
y = 70 x +y =z
2 2 2

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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
dx dy
= 60 = 35 Distance = z
dt dt y

x = 120 y = 70
x
From original
x2 + y 2 = z 2 relationship

dx dy dz
2x + 2 y = 2z
dt dt dt
(
2(120)(60) + 2(70)(35) = 2 10 193
dz
dt
)
dz
 69.5 mi./hr.
dt
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Problem Solving Strategy

1. Read the problem carefully.

2. Draw a diagram if possible.
3. Introduce notation. Assign symbols to all quantities that are
functions of time.
4. Express the given information and the required rate in terms
of derivatives.
5. Write an equation that relates the various quantities of the
problem.
6. Use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides of the equation
with respect to t
7. Substitute the given information into the resulting equation
and solve for the unknown rate.

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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 3. Linear Approximations and Differentials
Use tangent line to approximate functions near tangent point

Equation of tangent line

y = f (a) + f '(a)( x − a )

𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 is called the linear

approximation or tangent line approximation of f at a

𝐿 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 is called the linearization of f at a

10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Differentials
y=f(x) is differentiable function,
dx can be given any real number
The differential dy is defined by

dy = f '( x)dx, y = f ( x)

df ( x) = f '( x)dx

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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
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Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
10/11/2021
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh