C21-Derivatives Part 1

Chapter 2: Derivatives
Lecture 1: Derivatives
By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Outline
1. Tangents, Velocities, and Rates of Change
2. Derivatives
3. The Derivative as a Function
10/11/2021
1. The Tangent and Velocity Problems
Tangent Problem
A tangent line should
have the same direction Tangent points –
as the curve at the point the line just
of contact. touches the curve
How can this idea be
made precise?
Notice that a tangent line may also intersect

the graph
Tangent Line and Secant Line
( a + h, f (a + h) )
( a, f ( a ) ) secant
line
tangent
10/11/2021 line
Tangent line
Line PQ has slope: f ( x) − f (a)

x−a
Definition: The tangent line to the

curve y=f(x) at the point P(a, f(a))
is the line through P with slope
f ( x) − f (a )
m = lim
x →a x−a
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Velocities
Let s=f(t) be the displacement of an

object from the origin at the time t.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎)
=
ℎ
The instantaneous velocity at the

time t=a is the limit of these
average velocities:
f (a + h) − f (a)
v(a) = lim
h→0 h
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Rates of Changes
Let y be a quantity that depends on
another quantity x. So, y=f(x)
If x changes from x1 to x2 , then the change

in x (increment of x) is x = x2 − x1
The corresponding change in y is y = y2 − y1
y f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 )
The difference quotient =
x x2 − x1
is called the average rate of change of y with
respect to x over the interval [x1 , x2 ]
10/11/2021
2. Derivatives
The derivative of f at x = a, denoted by f (a) , is
f ( a + h) − f ( a )
f (a) = lim
h→0 h
if this limit exists
Equation of tangent line to graph of f at x=a is given

by
y − f (a) = f '(a)( x − a)
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3. The Derivative as a Function
If f is a function, its derivative function is the
function whose value is the derivative of f at x.
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h→0 h
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Other Notations of Derivatives
dy df d
f '( x) = y ' = = = f ( x) = Df ( x) = Dx f ( x)
dx dx dx
dy
Leibniz’s notation:
dx
We can re-write the definition of derivative in
Leibniz notation in the form
dy y
= lim
dx x→0 x
10/11/2021
Differentiability
Definition:
-A function f is differentiable at a if f ’ ( a ) exists.
-A function f is differentiable on an open interval
(a, b) or (a, ) or (−, a) or (, )
if it is differentiable at every number in the interval
10/11/2021
Example
Where is the function f ( x ) = x differentiable?
Solution. If x  0, then | x |= x, and we can choose h

small enough such that x + h  0 and hence | x + h |= x + h.
Therefore,
| x+h|−| x| ( x + h) − x h
f '( x) = lim = lim = lim = 1
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
so f is differentiable for any x  0
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Similarly, for x  0, then | x |= − x, and we can choose h
small enough such that x + h  0 and hence | x + h |= -( x + h).
Therefore,
| x+h|−| x| −( x + h ) − ( − x ) −h
f '( x) = lim = lim = lim = −1
h →0 h h → 0 h h → 0 h
so f is differentiable for any x  0
If x = 0, then
|0+h|−|0| h |0+h|−|0| −h
lim = lim = 1, and lim = lim = −1
h →0 + h h → 0 h h → 0 − h h → 0 h
so f '(0) does not exist
Therefore, f is not differentiable at x = 0
10/11/2021
Differentiability and Continuity
Theorem: If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a
Note: The converse of the above Theorem is not true:

There are functions that are continuous but not
differentiable. For this reason we say that differentiability
is stronger than continuity
10/11/2021
Functions Not Differentiable
at a Point
Vertical tangent Cusp
10/11/2021
The Second Derivative
• If f is a differentiable function, then f’ is
also a function. So f’ may have a derivative,
denoted by (f’)’=f”
• This new function f” is called the second
derivative of f.
• Leibniz notation: f " = d  dy  = d y
2
dx  dx  dx 2
10/11/2021
Acceleration
The acceleration of a moving object is the
derivative of its velocity (the second derivative of
the position function.)
a(t ) = v(t ) = s(t )
10/11/2021
Ex. Given s(t ) = 130 + 15t 2 − 8t 3 find a(2).
v(t ) = s(t ) = 30t − 24t 2
a(t ) = s(t ) = 30 − 48t
a(2) = 30 − 48(2) = −66
10/11/2021
Higher derivatives
• The third derivative f’’’ is the derivative of the
second derivative: f’’’=(f”)’
• f’’’ can be interpreted as the slope of the curve
y=f”(x) or as the rate of change of f”
• Alternative notations: f "' = d  d 2
y  d 3
y
2 
= 3
dx  dx  dx
• This process can be continued.
– The fourth derivative is usually denoted by f (4) ( x)
– The nth derivative is usually denoted by f ( n ) ( x)
n
– If y=f(x), we write ( n ) d f ( x)
y = f (n) ( x) =
10/11/2021 dx n

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Chapter 2: Derivatives

Notice that a tangent line may also intersect

Line PQ has slope: f ( x) − f (a)

Definition: The tangent line to the

Let s=f(t) be the displacement of an

The instantaneous velocity at the

If x changes from x1 to x2 , then the change

Equation of tangent line to graph of f at x=a is given

Solution. If x  0, then | x |= x, and we can choose h

so f is differentiable for any x  0

Note: The converse of the above Theorem is not true:

Vertical tangent Cusp

v(t ) = s(t ) = 30t − 24t 2

a(t ) = s(t ) = 30 − 48t

a(2) = 30 − 48(2) = −66

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