MSM 112 - Differentiation Lecture Notes

MSM 112: MATHEMATICAL METHODS II
aft
Lecturer Notes
BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
Levy K. M. Matindih
Dr
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES, MULUNGUSHI UNIVERSITY
2020/2021
Levy K. M. Matindih (MU/SSET/DMS) MSM 112-MATHEMATICAL METHODS II 2020/2021 1 / 96

Lecture Outline
aft
1 Differentiation from First Principles
2 Basic Differentiation Rules
3 Differentiation of Implicit Functions
4 Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
5
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Successive Differentiation
6 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. Differentiation from First Principles
aft
The problem of finding a tangent to a curve was the dominant
mathematical problem of the early seventeenth century. In optics, the
tangent determined the angle at which a ray of light entered a curved lens.
In mechanics, the tangent determined the direction of a body’s motion at
every point along its path. In geometry, the tangents to two curves at a
point of intersection determined the angles at which they intersected.
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With respect to this topic, we shall understand how the tangent is useful
in determining the gradient of any tangent to a given curve at it’s every
point.

1.1 Gradient of the Tangent to a Curve
Consider Figure 1 in which P and Q are two points very close together on
a curve and, δx = h = (xo + h) − xo and δy = f (xo + h) − f (xo )
aft
represents small increments in the x and y directions, respectively.
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f (xo +h)−f (x )
Figure: The slope of the tangent line at P is m = lim h
h−→0

By definition, the
δy f (xo + h) − f (xo ) f (xo + h) − f (xo )
aft
gradient of the cord PQ = = =
δx (xo + h) − xo h
As δx = h approaches zero, δyδx approaches a limiting value and the

gradient of the chord approaches the gradient of the tangent to the curve
at P provided the limit exists.
When determining the gradient of a tangent to a curve there are two

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notations used. The gradient of the curve at P in Figure 1 can either be
written as,
δy f (xo + h) − f (xo )
lim or lim
δx −→0 δx h−→0 h
The tangent line to the curve at P is the line through P with this slope.
Fact 1 (Finding the tangent to the curve y = f (x ) at (xo , yo ))
In order to find the tangent to the curve y = f (x ) at (xo , yo )
(i) Calculate f (xo ) and f (xo + h)
aft
(ii) Calculate the slop
f (xo + h) − f (x )
m = lim
h−→0 h
(iii) If the limit exists, find the tangent line as
y = yo + m(x − xo )
The expression
Dr
f (xo + h) − f (x )
lim
h−→0 h
is called the difference quotient of f at xo with increment h.

In Leibniz notation, we write
dy δy
= lim
aft
dx δx −→0 δx
0
In “prim" notation used by Nowton, f with respect to a function, we write
0 f (xo + h) − f (x )
f (x ) = lim
h−→0 h
provided the limit exists and it is same times called the First Principle.
dy 0
dx is the same as f (x ) and is called the differential coefficient or the
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derivative provided the difference quotient has a limit as h approaches
zero. The process of finding the differential coefficient is called
differentiation.
We use the notation f (x ) rather than simply f in the definition to
emphasize the independent variable x , which we are differentiating with
respect to x .
0
The domain of f is the set of points in the domain of f for which the limit
exists, and the domain may be the same or smaller than the domain of f .
aft
If f exists at a particular x , we say that f is differentiable (has a
0
derivative) at x . If f exists at every point in the domain of f , we call f
differentiable.
There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function y = f (x )
where the independent variable is x and the dependent variable is y . Some
common alternative notations for the derivative are
dy d d
Dr
f 0 (x ) = y =
0
dx
=
dx
f =
dx
f (x ) = D(f )(x ) = Dx f (x )
The symbols d/dx and D indicate the operation of differentiation and are
called differentiation operators. We read dy /dx as “the derivative of y
d
with respect to x ," and df /dx and ( dx )f (x ) as “the derivative of f with
respect to x ." The symbol dy /dx should not be regarded as a ratio.
To indicate the value of a derivative at a specified number x = k we use
the notation
aft
0 dy df d
f (k) = |x =k = |x =k = f (x )|x =k
dx dx dx
A function has a derivative at a point xo if the slopes of the secant lines

through P(xo , f (xo )) and a nearby point Q on the graph approach a limit
as Q approaches P. Whenever the secants fail to take up a limiting
Dr
position or become vertical as Q approaches P, the derivative does not
exist. Thus differentiability is a “smoothness" condition on the graph of f .
A function whose graph is otherwise smooth will fail to have a derivative
at a point.

Example 2 (Applying the First Principle of Differentiation)
Differentiate the function below with respect to x using the first principle:
x
f (x ) =
aft
x −1
Solution.
x x +h
Note that f (x ) = x −1 and f (x + h) = (x +h)−1 . Hence, we have,
x +h x
0 f (x + h) − f (x ) x +h−1 − x −1
f (x ) = lim = lim
Dr h−→0 h h−→0 h
−h
(x +h−1)(x −1)
= lim
h−→0 h
−1
= lim
h−→0 (x + h − 1)(x − 1)
−1
= .
(x − 1)2

Example 3 (Derivative of the square root function)
By using differentiation by first principle, find
√
(i) the derivative of y = x for x > 0
aft
√
(ii) the tangent line to the curve y = x at x = 4.
Solution.
√ √
(i) Using the definition, f (x ) = x and f (x + h) = x + h.
√ √
0 f (x + h) − f (x ) x +h− x
f (x ) = lim = lim
h−→0 h h−→0 h
Dr = lim
h−→0
√
√
√ √
√
h( x + h + x )
h
√
( x + h − x )( x + h + x )
= lim √ √
h−→0 h( x + h + x )
1 1
= lim √ √ = √
h−→0 x +h+ x 2 x
Solution Continu’d.
1 0
(b) The slope of the curve at x = 4 is f (4) = 2√ 4
= 14 . The tangent is
the line through the point (4, 2) with slope 1/4, see Figure 2):
y = 2 + 14 (x − 4) =⇒ y = 14 x + 1
aft
6 √
f (x ) y= x
4 y = 14 x + 1
2
Dr
−2
−2
2 4 6 8
x
10
√
Figure: The curve y = x and its tangent at (4, 2). The tangent’s slope is
found by evaluating the derivative at x = 4

aft
Theorem 4 (Differentiability implies continuity)
If f has a derivative at x = c then f is continuous at x = c (I.e., a
function is continuous at every point where it has a derivative).
Proof.
Exercise Dr
2. Basic Differentiation Rules
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We used the limit definition to find derivatives. In this section, we will be
introduced to several differentiation rules that allow you to find derivatives
without the direct use of the limit definition.
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2.1 The Power Rule
If n is a rational number, then the function f (x ) = x n is differentiable and
aft
d n
[x ] = nx n−1 .
dx
Example 5 (Using the power rule)

Differentiate the following functions:
√
(i) f (x ) = x 3 Dr (ii) g(x ) = 3 x
Solution.
0
(i) f (x ) = x 3 : f (x ) = 3x 3−1 = 3x 2
√

1
0 d 1 − 12 1 1 1
(ii) g(x ) = x : g (x ) = dx [x ]
2 = 2x = 2 1 = √
2 x
x2

2.2 The Constant Multiple Rule
If f is a differentiable function and c is a real number, then cf is also
differentiable and
aft
d 0
[cf (x )] = cf (x ).
dx
Example 6 (Using The constant multiple rule)
. Differentiate the following functions:
2
(i) y = 7x 3 (ii) g(x ) =
Solution.
(i) y = 7x 3 :
Dr dy
dx = d 3
dx [7x ]
x
d
= 7 dx [x 3 ] = 7(3x 2 ) = 21x 2 .
(ii) g(x ) = x2 :
0 −1 ]
d 2
g (x ) = dx [x ] = d
dx [2x
d
= 2 dx [x −1 ] = 2(−1)x −2 = − x22 .

2.3 The Constant Rule
If f (x ) = c = cx 0 a real number, then
aft
d
[c] = 0
dx
Example 7 (Using the constant rule)
Differentiate the following functions
(i) y = 4 (ii) s(t) = −3 (iii) y = kπ 2 , where k=constant.
Solution.
(i) y = 4 :
Dr y =
0
0 d
dx [4] =0
d
(ii) f (x ) = −3 : f (x ) = dx [−3] =0
0 d
(iii) s(t) = kπ 2 : s (t) = dt kπ
2 =0

2.4 The Sum and Difference Rule
The sun or (difference) of two differentiable functions f and g is itself
differentiable. Moreover, the derivative of f + g (or f − g) is the sum (or
aft
difference) of the derivatives of f and g. That is if y = f (x ) + g(x ), them
dy d d d 0 0
= [f (x ) ± g(x )] = [f (x )] ± [g(x )] = f (x ) ± g (x ).
dx dx dx dx
Example 8 (Using the sum and difference rule)

. Differentiate each of the following functions:
Dr
(i) f (x ) = 7x 3 − 4x + 5
Solution.
4
(ii) g(x ) = − x2 + 3x 3 − 2x 2
0
(i) f (x ) = 7x 3 − 4x + 5 : f (x ) = 21x 2 − 4
4 0
(ii) g(x ) = − x2 + 3x 3 − 2x : g (x ) = −2x 3 + 9x 2 − 2
2.5 The Product Rule
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The product of two differential functions f and g is itself differentiable.
Moreover, the derivative of fg is the first function times the derivative of
the second function, plus the second function times the derivative of the
first.
d
dx
Dr d
dx
d
dx
0 0
(f (x )g(x )] = f (x ) [g(x )] + g(x ) [f (x )] = f (x )g (x ) + g(x )f (x )

Example 9 (Using the product rule)
Find the derivatives of f (x ) = (3x − 2x 2 )(5 + 4x )
aft
Solution.
Applying the Product Rule,we get
0 d
f (x ) = [(3x − 2x 2 )(5 + 4x )]
dx
d d
= (3x − 2x 2 ) [5 + 4x ] + (5 + 4x ) [3x − 2x 2 ]
dx dx
Dr 2
= (3x − 2x )(4) + (5 + 4x )(3 − 4x )
= (12x − 8x 2 ) + (15 − 8x − 16x 2 )
= −24x 2 + 4x + 15.

Example 10
0
If f (x ) = xg(x ) and it is known that g(3) = 5 and g (3) = 2, find h(3)
aft
Solution.
Applying the Product Rule, we get
0 d d d
f (x ) = [xg(x )] = x [g(x )] + g(x ) [x ]
dx dx dx
0
Dr = xg (x ) + g(x ).
Therefore when x = 3,
0 0
f (3) = xg (3) + g(3) = 3(2) + 5 = 11.

2.6 The Quotient Rule
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The quotient gf of two differentiable functions f and g is itself
differentiable at all values of x for which g(x ) 6= 0. Moreover, the
derivative of gf is given by the denominator times the derivative of the
numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator,
f (x )
all divided by the square of the denominator: if y = g(x )
d d
dy d f (x ) g(x ) dx [f (x )] − f (x ) dx [g(x )]
Dr
= = 2
dx dx g(x ) [g(x )]
0 0
g(x )f (x ) − f (x )g (x )
= , g(x ) 6= 0
[g(x )]2

Example 11 (Applying the quotient rule)
Differentiate the function below with respect to x using the first principle:
x
f (x ) = .
aft
x −1
Solution.
x
For f (x ) = x −1 ,
d d
0 (x − 1) dx [x ] − (x ) dx [(x − 1)] (x − 1)(1) − (x )(1)
f (x ) = =
Dr (x − 1) 2
=
(x − 1)2
x −1−x
(x − 1)2
−1
= .
(x − 1)2

Example 12 (Use of the quotient rule)
.
5x −2
Find the derivative of y = x 2 +1
.
aft
Solution.
d
dy (x 2 + 1) dx [5x − 2] − (5x − 2) dx [x 2 + 1]
=
dx (x 2 + 1)2
2
(x + 1)(5) − (5x − 2)(2x )
=
Dr (x 2 + 1)2
(5x 2 + 5) − (10x 2 − 4x )
=
(x 2 + 1)2
−5x 2 + 4x + 5
=
(x 2 + 1)2

2.7 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
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Many of the phenomena we want information about are approximately
periodic (electromagnetic fields, heart rhythms, tides, weather). The
derivatives of sines and cosines play a key role in describing periodic
changes. This section shows how to differentiate the six basic
trigonometric functions. Recall the following limits
sinx 1 − cosx
Dr
lim
x −→0 x
=1 lim
x −→0 x
= 0.
These limits can be used to prove differentiation rules of trigonometric

functions.

Theorem 13
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(i) For any given functions f (x ) = sinx , the derivative of f (x ) is the
cosine function:
d
(sinx ) = cosx
dx
(ii) For any given function g(x ) = cosx , the derivative of g(x ) is the
negative of the sine function:
Dr d
(cosx ) = −sinx
dx

Example 14 (Derivatives involving the sine and cosine)
Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x :
sinx
(i) y = x 2 − sinx (ii) y = x 2 cosx (iii) y = x
aft
cosx
(iv) y = sinxcosx (v) y = 1−sinx
Solution.
(i) y = x 2 − sinx :
dy d 2 d
= (x ) − sinx = 2x − cosx
dx dx dx
(ii) y = x 2 cosx :
Drx2
d
dx
d
cosx + cosx x 2 = x 2 (−sinx ) + 2xcosx
dx
sinx
(iii) y = x :
dy x d sinx − sinx dx
d
(x ) xcosx − sinx
= dx 2
=
dx x x2
(iv) y = sinxcosx :
aft
dy d d
= sinx (cosx ) + cosx (sinx ) = sinx (−sinx ) + cosx (cosx )
dx dx dx
= cos 2 x − sin2 x .
cosx
(iv) y = 1−sinx :
d d
dy (1 − sinx ) dx cosx − cosx dx (1 − sinx )
= 2
(1 − sinx )
dx
Dr
=
(1 − sinx )(−sinx ) − cosx (0 − cosx )
(1 − sinx )2
−sinx + sin2 + cos 2 x 1 − sinx 1
= = =
(1 − sinx )2 (1 − sinx )2 1 − sinx

Theorem 15 (Derivatives of the Other Basic Trigonometric Functions)
Because sinx and cosx are differentiable functions of x , the related
aft
functions
sinx cosx 1 1
tanx = , cotx = , secx = , cosecx =
cosx sinx cosx sinx
are differentiable at every value of x at which they are defined. Therfore,
the derivatives for the tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions
are: Dr
d d
[tanx ] = sec 2 x [cotx ] = −cosec 2 x
dx dx
d d
[secx ] = secxtanx [cosecx ] = −cosecxcotx
dx dx

Example 16
Find the derivative of each of the following:
aft
(i) y = x − tanx (ii) y = xsecx (iii) y = 2xcosx − 2sinx
Solution.
dy d d d
(i) dx = dx [x − tan x ] = dx [x ] − dx [tan x ] = 1 − sec2 x
(ii)
dy d d d
Dr dx
=
dx
[x sec x ] = x [sec x ] sec x [x ]
dx dx
= x (sec x tan x ) + sec x (1)
= sec x (1 + x tan x )

aft
(iii)
dy d d d

= (2x ) cos x + (cos x ) (2x ) − 2 sinx
dx dx dx x
= (2x )(−sinx ) + (cos x )(2) − 2(cos x )
Dr = −2x sin x .

2.8 Derivatives of Composite Functions -(The Chain Rule)
We know how to differentiate y = f (u) = u 10 and u = g(x ) = x 2 − 4 but
how do we differentiate a composite functions like
aft
h(x ) = f (g(x )) = (x 2 − 4)10 ? The differentiation formulas we have
0
studied so far do not tell us how to calculate h (x ) so easily. So how do we
find the derivative of h = f ◦ g? The answer is, we use the Chain Rule.
Definition 17
Let f (u) be differentiable at the point u and u = g(x ) be differentiable at
x , then the composite function (f ◦ g)(x ) = f (g(x )) is differentiable at x ,
and
Dr 0 0 0
(f ◦ g) (x ) = f (g(x )) · g (x )
In Leibniz’s notation, if y = f (u) and u = g(x ) then
dy dy du
= ·
dx du dx
where dy /du is evaluated at u = g(x ).
aft
Dr
Figure: Rates of change multiply: The derivative of f at x is the derivative of f
at g(x ) times the derivative of g at x .

Example 18
Find the derivative of the function y = (3x 2 + 1)2 .
aft
Solution.
Note that expanding gives (3x 2 + 1)2 = 9x 4 + 6x 2 + 1. Finding the
derivative from the expanded formula, we get
dy d
= (9x 4 + 6x 2 + 1) = 36x 3 + 12x .
dx dx
Dr
Now, using the chain rule we see that, the function is the composite
of y = u 2 and u = 3x 2 + 1. Calculating derivatives, we see that
dy dy du
= · = 2u · 6x = 2(3x 2 + 1) · 6x = 36x 3 + 12x .
dx du dx

Example 19 (Applying the Chain Rule)
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x .
1
(i) y = sin(x 2 + x ) (ii) y = 3x −2
aft
√ 2
(iii) y = 5x 2 + 1 (iv) y = (2x 3 −5)4
Solution.
dy
(i) For y = sin(x 2 + x ), let u = x 2 + x ). Then y = sin u. So, du = cos u,
du
dx = 2x + 1 and so,
dy dy du
= · = cos u · (2x + 1)
Dr dx du dx
But u = x 2 + x , so substituting, we get

dy
= cos (x 2 + x ) · (2x + 1) = 2x cos (x 2 + x ) + cos (x 2 + x )
dx

Solution.
(ii) Here, y = 3x1−2 = (3x − 2)−1 . Let u = 3x − 2, then y = u −1 and so
dy −2 and du = 3. Hence,
dx = −1u dx
aft
dy dy du 3
= · = −1(u −2 )(3) = −3(3x − 2)−2 = − .
dx du dx (3x − 2)2
√ 1
(iii) Here, y = 5x 2 + 1 = (5x 2 + 1) 2 . By chain rule, we get
dy 1
q
= 5x (5x 2 + 1)− 2 = 5x (5x 2 + 1).
Dr dx
(v) y = 2
(2x 3 −5)4
= 2(2x 3 − 5)−4 . Let u = 2x 3 − 5, then y = 2u −5 .
Hence, dydu = −8u
−5 and du = 6x 2 . Therefore,
dx
dy dy du 48x 2
= · = (−8u −5 ) · 6x 2 = −48x 2 (2x 3 − 5)−5 = − .
dx du dx (2x 3 − 5)5

We sometimes have to use the Chain Rule two or more times to find a
derivative. Here is an example.
aft
Example 20
Find the derivative of each of the following functions
(i) y = tan(5 − sin 2t) (ii) f (x ) = 3 tan4 3x
Solution.
(i) Note that the tangent is a function of 5 − sin 2t whereas the sine is a
Dr
function of 2t, which is itself a function of t.
By the Chain Rule, first let y = g(t) = tan(5 − sin 2t), u = 5 − sin 2t,
v = 2t. Then y = tan u and u = 5 − sin v . So, dy 2
du = sec u,
du dv
dv = − cos v and dt = 2. Hence

Solution.
dy dy du dy du dv

= · = · · = sec2 u · ((− cos v ) · 2)
dt du dt du dv dt
aft
= −2(cos 2t) sec2 (5 − sin 2t)
Therefore,
0
g (t) = −2(cos 2t) sec2 (5 − sin 2t)
(ii) For y = 3 tan4 3x , let u = tan 3x , then y = 3u 4 . Also, let v = 3x
then u = tan v . Hence,
Therefore,
Dr dy
du
= 12u 3 ,
du
dv
= sec 2 v and
dv
dx
= 3.
dy dy du dv
= · · = (12u 3 )(sec 2 v )(3) = 36 tan3 3x sec 2 3x .
dx du dv dx

3.Differentiation of Implicit Functions
Definition 21 (Explicit and Implicit Functions)
aft
An explicit function of x is an equation that can be written in the form
y = f (x ). Examples of explicit functions include;
y = x 4 − 2x 3 − 3x + 4, y = 2x ln x and y = 3e x cos x
In such cases y may be differentiated with respect to x by using standard

derivatives, the product rule and the quotient rule of differentiation.
Dr
Sometimes with equations involving, say, y and x , it is impossible to make
y the subject of the formula. The equation is then called an implicit
function and examples of such functions include;
y 3 − 2x 3 y 2 = 3x + 4, y 2 = 2x ln y and cos y = x 2 − 2xy

2. Derivative of Implicit Functions
Fortunately, we don’t need to solve an equation for y in terms of x in order
to find the derivative of y . Instead we can use the method of implicit
aft
differentiation. This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation
with respect to x using the chain rule, which in this may be stated as:
du du dy
= × (3.1)
dx dy du
and then solving the resulting equation for dy

Dr dx . In the examples that
follows it is always assumed that the given equation determines y
implicitly as a differentiable function of x .
A simple rule for differentiating an implicit function is summarized as:
d d dy
[f (y )] = [f (y )] × (3.2)
dx dy dx
Example 22
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
(i) y 3 (ii) 2y 4 (iii) sin 3t
aft
Solution.
du
(i) For y 3 , let f (y ) = y 3 . Then dy = 3y 2 . Hence, by the chain rule,
d 3 d 3 dy dy
[y ] = [y ] × = 3y 2 × .
dx dy dx dx
d d dy
(ii) Let f (y ) = 2y 4 , The chain rule dx [f (y )] = dy [f (y )] × dx gives,
d d dy dy
Dr dx
[2y 4 ] =
(iii) Let f (t) = sin 3t. The chain rule,

dy
[2y 4 ] ×
d
dx
= 8y 3 .
dx [f (y )]
dx
= d
dy [f (y )] × dy
dx we have:
d d dy dt
[sin 3t] = [sin 3t] × = 8y 3 .
dx dt dx dx

Example 23
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
(i) 4 ln 5y (ii) 15 e 3θ−2 .
aft
Solution.
(i) Let u = 4 ln 5y , then by the chain rule:
d d dy d dy 5 dy 4 dy
[4 ln 5y ] = [4 ln 5y ]× = 4 [ln 5y ]× =4 × =
dx dy dx dy dx 5y dx y dx
Dr
(ii) Let u = 15 e 3θ−2 , then, by the chain rule:
d 1 3θ−2 d 1 3θ−2 dθ 3 dθ

e = e × = e 3θ−2
dx 5 dθ 5 dx 5 dx

2. Derivatives of implicit functions containing products
and quotients
aft
The product and quotient rules of differentiation must be applied when
differentiating functions containing products and quotients of two
variables. Dr
Example 24
Determine the derivative of 2x 3 y 2 with respect to x .
aft
Solution.
In the product rule of differentiation let g(x ) = 2x 3 and h(x ) = y 2 . Then,
d d d
(3x 3 y 2 ) = (y 2 ) (2x 3 ) + (2x 3 ) (y 2 )
dx dx dx
2 d d 2 dy

3 3
= (y ) (2x ) + (2x ) (y ) ×
dx dy dx
Dr
= (y 2 )(6x 2 ) + (2x 3 ) 2y
dy
dy
dx

= 6y 2 x 2 + 4x 3 y .
dx

Example 25
3y
Find the derivative of 2x with respect to x .
aft
Solution.
In the quotient rule of differentiation let g(x ) = 3y and h(x ) = 2x . Thus,

d dy
dy

3y
d
(2x ) dx d
[3y ] − (3y ) dx [2x ] (2x ) dy [3y ] ×dx − (3y )(2)
= =
dx 2x (2x )2 (2x )2

(2x ) 3 dy
dx − (3y )(2)
Dr =
=
6x dy
dx − 6y
(2x )2
3
= 2 x
dy
−y

4x 2 2x dx

Example 26
Differentiate z = x 2 + 3x cos 3y with respect to y .
Solution.
aft
By the sum, product, chain and implicit rules of differentiation;
dz d 2 d
= (x ) + (3x cos 3y )
dy dy dy
d 2 d d
= (x ) + (cos 3y ) (3x ) + (3x ) (cos 3y )
dy dy dy
d 2 dx d dx d
Dr
= (x ) × + (cos 3y ) (3x ) × + (3x ) (cos 3y )
dx dy dx dy dy
dx dx

= 2x + (cos 3y ) 3 + (3x )(−3 sin 3y )
dy dy
dx dx
= 2x + 3 cos 3y − 9x sin 3y .
dy dy

Example 27
Differentiate with respect to x the given function
2y 2 − 5x 4 − 2 − 7y 3 = 0.
aft
Proof.
Each term in turn is differentiated with respect to x :
d d d d d
[2y 2 ] − [5x 4 ] − [2] − [7y 3 ] = [0]
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
=⇒ 4y − 20x 3 − 0 − 21y 2 =0
Dr dx
Rearranging gives: (4y − 21y 2 ) dy 3

dx
dx = 20x . Hence, solving for

dy
dx gives:
dy 20x 3
=
dx 4y − 21y 2

Example 28
dy
Determine the values of dx when x = 4 given that x 2 + y 2 = 25.
Solution.
aft
√
Since x 2 + y 2 = 25, then when x = 4, y = 25 − 42 = ±3.
Differentiating each term in turn with respect to x gives:
d 2 d 2 d
[x ] + [y ] = [25]
dx dx dx
and so, 2x + 2y dy
dx = 0. Hence,
dy 2x x
Dr dx
Thus when x = 4 and y = ±3 we obtain that,
=−
2y
=− .
y
dy 4 4
=− =± .
dx ±3 3

Example 29
dy
(i) Find dx in terms of x and y given 4x 2 + 2xy 3 − 5y 2 = 0.
dy
(ii) Evaluate when x = 1 and y = 2.
aft
dx
Solution.
(i) Differentiating each term in turn with respect to x gives:
d d d d
[4x 2 ] + [2xy 3 ] − [5y 2 ] = [0]
dx dx dx dx
Dr h
implying 8x 2 + 2y 3 + 2x 3y 2 dy
dx

8x 2 + 2y 3 + 6xy 2
i
dy
− 10y dy
− 10y
dx = 0. Hence,
dy
=0
dx dx
dy
Rearranging and solving for dx we get,

aft
dy 8x 2 + 2y 3 4x 2 + y 3
= = .
dx 10y − 6xy 2 5y − 3xy 2
(ii) When x = 1 and y = 2,
dy 4(1)2 + (2)3 12
= = − = −6.
dx (1,4) 5(2) − 3(1)(2)2 2
Dr
Example 30
Find the gradients of the tangents drawn to the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y = 3
aft
at x = 2.
Solution.
dy
The gradient of the tangent is given by dx . Differentiating each term in
turn with respect to x :
d 2 d 2 d d d
[x ] + [y ] − [2x ] − [2y ] = [3]
gives,
Dr
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x + 2y −2−2 = 0.
dx dx
Rearranging we obtain, (2y − 2) dy

dx = 2 − 2x from which
dy 2 − 2x 1−x
= =
dx 2y − 2 y −1
aft
The value of y when x = 2 is determined from the original equation.
Hence (2)2 + y 2 − 2(2) − 2y = 3 =⇒ 4 + y 2 − 4 − 2y = 3 =⇒
y 2 − 2y − 3 = 0. Factorization gives: (y − 1)(y − 3) = 0, from which
= −1 or y = 3.
When x = 2 and y = −1,
dy 1 − (2) −1 1
Dr
When x = 2 and y = 3,
dx
=
(−1) − 1
=
−2
=
2
dy 1−x 1−2 −1 1
= = = =−
dx y −1 3−1 2 2
Hence the gradients of the tangents are ± 12
Example 31
Pressure p and volume v of a gas are related by the law pv γ = k ,where γ
and k are constants. Show that the rate of change of pressure
aft
dp p dv
= −γ
dt v dt
Solution.
dp dp
Since pv γ = k, p = k
vγ = kv −γ . By the chain rule dt = dv × dv
dt , we get
dp d dv dv γk dv
= [kv −γ ] × = −γkv −γ−1 × = − γ+1 × .
dt dv
Dr
Since, k = pv γ , then
dt dt v dt
dp γk dv γ(pv γ ) dv p dv
= − γ+1 × = − γ+1 = −γ .
dt v dt v dt v dt

4. Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions
aft
With certain functions containing more complicated products and
quotients, differentiation is often made easier if the logarithm of the
function is taken before differentiating. This technique, called “logarithmic
differentiation" is achieved using the idea of
(i) the laws of logarithms,

Dr
(ii) the differential coefficients of logarithmic functions, and
(iii) the differentiation of implicit functions.

2.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
I. Derivative of ln x : For if y = ln x then
aft
d 1
ln x = (4.1)
dx x
II. Derivative of ln [f (x )]: If y = ln f (x ), then by the chain rule

differentiation, let u = f (x ) so that y = ln u. This gives dy
du =
1
u and
du d 0
dx = dx f (x
Dr
) = f (x ). Then,
0
d f (x ) d 1 dy

ln [f (x )] = i.e, [ln y ] = (4.2)
dx f (x ) dx y dx

Example 32
Differentiate with respect to x
(i) ln(ax + b) (ii) ln(x 2 − 3x + 1) (iii) ln sin 3x
aft
ln x
(iv) x 2 ln x (v) x +1
Solution.
0
d f (x )
In each case, we use dx ln [f (x )] = f (x ) :
d
d [ax +b] a
(i) Let f (x ) = ln(ax + b), then dx [ln(ax + b)] = dx
ax +b = ax +b .
d 2x −3
(ii) ln(x 2 − 3x + 1) = .
(iii)
dx
d
dx
d 2
Dr
ln sin 3x = 3 cos 3x
sin 3x
x 2 −3x +1
= 3 cot 3x .
(iv) dx x ln x = 2x ln x + x 2 x1 = 2x ln x + x = x (2 ln x + 1).
d ln x (x +1) x1 −ln x (x +1)−x ln x

(v) dx x +1 = (x +1)2
= x (x +1)2
.

Example 33
Find the derivative with respect to x of y = x 3 cos 3x ln x .
Solution.
aft
Using the product rule, let f (x ) = x 3 cos 3x and g(x ) = ln x . Then,
dy d 3
= [x cos 3x ln x ]
dx dx
d d
= (x 3 cos 3x ) [ln x ] + (ln x ) [x 3 cos 3x ]
dx dx
d d d

= (x cos 3x ) [ln x ] + (ln x ) x 3 [cos 3x ] + cos 3x [x 3 ]
3
Dr dx
1 h
dx
= (x 3 cos 3x ) + (ln x ) −3x 3 sin 3x + 3x 2 cos 3x
x
i
dx
= x 2 [cos 3x + 3 ln x [cos 3x − x sin 3x ].

2
√
Differentiation of an expression such as y = (1+x√) x +1 may be achieved
x x +2
by using the product and quotient rules of differentiation; however the
working would be rather complicated. With logarithmic differentiation the
aft
following procedure is adopted
(i) Take Napierian (natural) logarithms of both sides of the equation.
Thus
√ ! 1 !
(1 + x )2 x + 1 (1 + x )2 (x + 1) 2
ln y = ln √ = ln 1
x x +2 x (x + 2) 2
Dr
(ii) Apply the laws of logarithms, which gives
1 1
ln y = 2 ln(1 + x ) + ln(x − 1) − ln x − (x + 2)
2 2
(iii) Differentiate each term in turn with respect to x :

d d d 1 d d 1
[ln y ] = [2 ln(1 + x )] + [ ln(x − 1)] − [ln x ] − [ (x + 2)]
dx dx dx 2 dx dx 2
aft
thus, gives
1 1
1 dy 2 1
= + 2 − − 2
y dx x +1 x −1 x x +2
dy
(iv) Rearrange the equation to make dx the subject. Thus,
dy 2 1 1 1
Dr
=y + − −
dx x + 1 2(x − 1) x 2(x + 2)
(v) Substitute for y in terms of x , we get
√
dy (1 + x )2 x + 1 2 1 1 1

= √ + − −
dx x x +2 x + 1 2(x − 1) x 2(x + 2)
Example 34
(x +1)(x −2)3
Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate y = (x −3) .
aft
Solution.
−2) 3
Since y = (x +1)(x
(x −3) , taking the natural logarithms both sides and
aplying the laws of logarithms, we obtain
!
(x + 1)(x − 2)3
ln y = ln = ln(x + 1) + ln(x − 2)3 − ln(x − 3)
(x − 3)
Dr = ln(x + 1) + 3 ln(x − 2) − ln(x − 3).
Differentiating (implicitly) both sides with respect to x ;
d d d d
[ln y ] = [ln(x + 1)] + [3 ln(x − 2)] − [ln(x − 3)]
dx dx dx dx

Solution.
gives
aft
1 dy 1 3 1
= + −
y dx x +1 x −2 x −3
Rearranging and substituting for y gives:
dy 1 3 1

=y + −
dx Dr x +1 x −2 x −3
(x + 1)(x − 2)3 1 3 1

= + −
(x − 3) x +1 x −2 x −3

2.2 Derivative of Exponential Functions
I. Derivative of e x : If y = e x , then ln y = x . By implicit
Differentiation both sides with respect to x gives:
aft
d x
e = ex . (4.3)
dx
This result makes e x a unique function. It is the only function whose

derivative is itself. The gradient at a point on the curve y = e x
equals the value of y at that point.
Dr
II. Derivative of e f (x ) : If y = e f (x ) , then ln y = f (x ). By implicit
Differentiation both sides with respect to x gives:
d f (x ) 0
e = f (x )e f (x ) . (4.4)
dx
Example 35
Differentiate with respect to x ;
aft
2
(a) e 3x −2 (b) e sin 2x (c) xe −2x (d) e ln x
Solution.
d f (x ) 0
Here, we use dx e = f (x )e f (x ) .
3x −2 3x −2 d
(a) d
dx e = e · dx (3x − 2) = 3e 3x −2 .
d
sin 2x
(b) e = 2(cos 2x )e sin 2x .
dx
(c) By the product rule,

h i
Dr d
dx xe
−2x = e −2x + (−2xe −2x ) = e −2x (1 − 2x ).
d 2 x 2 ln x 2 2
(d) dx e ln x = 2x e = x2 e ln x .

2.3 Derivative of Exponential Functions of Type [f (x )]x
aft
Whenever an expression to be differentiated contains a term raised to a
power which is itself a function of the variable, then logarithmic
differentiation must be used. For example, the differentiation of
expressions such as
√
xx, (x + 2)x , x
x −1 and x 3x +2
Dr
can only be achieved using logarithmic differentiation.

Example 36
dy
Determine dx given y = x x .
aft
Solution.
For y = x x , taking Napierian (natural) logarithms of both sides gives
ln y = ln x x = x ln x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x ;
d d d d
[ln y ] = [x ln x ] = x [ln x ] + ln x [x ]
dx dx dx dx
gives, y1 dy 1
Dr
dx = x x + ln x (1) = 1 + ln x . Rearranging gives
Substituting y gives
dy
dx = y [1 + ln x ].
dy
= x x [1 + ln x ].
dx

Example 37
√
x
Let y = x − 1. Determine
aft
(i) the differential coefficient of y and
dy
(i) evaluate dx when x = 2.
Solution.
√
x
1
Taking the natural logarithms both sides of y = x − 1 = (x − 1) x gives
1
Dr h
ln y = ln (x − 1) x =
1
i
x
ln(x − 1)
(i) Differentiating with respect to x and applying the product rule on the
right sides of the expression:

Solution.
d d 1 1 d d 1

aft
[ln y ] = ln(x − 1) = [ln(x − 1)] + ln(x − 1)
dx dx x x dx dx x
gives
1 dy 1 1 1

= + ln(x − 1) − .
y dx x x −1 x2
Dr
Rearranging we get
dy
dx
=y
1

x (x − 1)
−
ln(x − 1)
x2


Proof.
Substituting we get
aft
dy √
1 ln(x − 1)

= x x −1 −
dx x (x − 1) x2
(ii) When x = 2,
dy √
1 ln(2 − 1)

= 22−1 −
Dr dx x =2 2(2 − 1) 22
1

= ±(1) −0
2
1
=±
2

Example 38
dy 2 +1
Find dx given that y = 3x .
aft
Solution.
2 +1
Taking the Napierian logarithms of both sides of y = 3x gives
2 +1
ln y = ln(3x ) = (x 2 + 1) ln 3 = x 2 ln 3 + ln 3.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x implicitly :
d d 2 d
gives 1 dy
Dr dx
[ln y ] =
dx
x ln 3 +
dx
ln 3
= 2x ln 3 + 0. Rearranging and substituting for y gives,

y dx
dy 2
= 2xy ln 3 = 2x (3x +1 ) ln 3.
dx

5. Successive Differentiation
aft
When a function y = f (x ) is differentiated with respect to x the
0
differential coefficient is written as dy
dx or f (x ). If the expression is
differentiated again, the second differential coefficient is obtained and is
2 00
written as ddxy2 (pronounced dee two y by deex squared) or f (x )
(pronounced f double-dash x ). By successive differentiation further higher
derivatives such as
Dr d 3y
dx 3
,
d 4y
dx 4
, ...,
d ny
dx n
may be obtained.

Example 39
00 000
If f (x ) = 2x 5 − 4x 3 + 3x − 5, find f (x ) and f (x ).
aft
Solution.
From f (x ) = 2x 5 − 4x 3 + 3x − 5, we have
0 d d
f (x ) = [f (x )] = [2x 5 − 4x 3 + 3x − 5] = 10x 4 − 12x 2 + 3.
dx dx
So,
00 d 0 d
and
f (x ) =
Dr dx
[f (x )] =
dx
[10x 4 − 12x 2 + 3] = 40x 3 − 24x ,
000 d 00 d
f (x ) = [f (x )] = [40x 3 − 24x ] = 120x 2 − 24.
dx dx

Example 40
d 2y
If y = cos x − sin x , evaluate x , in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ π2 , when dx 2
is zero
aft
Solution.
dy
Since y = cos x − sin x , dx = − sin x − cos x and so
d 2y d
2
= [− sin x − cos x ] = − cos x + sin x .
d x dx
2
When ddxy2 is zero, then − cos x + sin x = 0 implying sin x = cos x so that
sin x
cos x = 1.
Dr π
Hence, tan x = 1 and so, x = arctan 1 = 450 or 4 rad in the range
0 ≤ x ≤ π2 .

Example 41
Given that y = 2xe −3x , show that
d 2y dy
aft
+6 + 9y = 0
dx 2 dx
Solution.
For y = 2xe −3x , differentiating by applying the product rule gives
dy
= (2x )(−3e −3x ) + (e −3x )(2) = −6xe −3x + 2e −3x
dx Dr
and also,
d 2y dy
2
= [−6xe −3x + 2e −3x ]
dx dx
= [(−6x )(−3e −3x ) + (−6)(e −3x )] + (−6)(e −3x )
= 18xe −3x − 12e −3x ).
Levy K. M. Matindih (MU/SSET/DMS) MSM
2 112-MATHEMATICAL METHODS II 2020/2021 73 / 96
d 2y
Substituting values into + 6 dy
dx + 9y = 0 gives
aft
dx 2
d 2y dy
2
+6 + 9y = (18xe −3x − 12e −3x ) + 6(−6xe −3x + 2e −3x ) + 9(2xe −3x )
dx dx
= 18xe −3x − 12e −3x − 36xe −3x + 12e −3x ) + 18xe −3x )
=0
Thus when y = 2xe −3x , we then have

Dr d 2y
dx 2
+6
dy
dx
+ 9y = 0.

Example 42
dy
Evaluate dθ when θ = 0 given y = 4 sec 2θ.
aft
Solution.
Since y = 4 sec 2θ, then by the product and chain rule, we obtain;
dy
= (4)(3) sec 2θ tan 2θ = 8 sec 2θ tan 2θ
dx
Again by product and chain rule, we obtain
d 2y
dx 2
=
Dr
d
dθ
[8 sec 2θ tan 2θ]
= (8 sec 2θ)(2 sec2 2θ) + (tan 2θ)[(8)(2)sec2θ tan 2θ]
= 16sec 3 2θ + 16 sec 2θ tan2 2θ.

aft
Solution continu’d.
When θ = 0, we have
d 2y
|θ=0 = 16 sec3 2(0) + 16 sec 2(0) tan2 2(0).16(1) + 16(1)(0) = 16.
dx 2
Dr
6 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
y +2 y +2
If y = 3x − 2, then by transposition, x = 3 .The function x = is
aft
3
called the inverse function of y = 3x − 2.
Inverse trigonometric functions are denoted by prefixing the function
with “arc” or, more commonly, by using the −1 notation. For example, if
y = sin x , then
Dr x = arc sin y or x = sin−1 y .
Similarly, if y = cos x , then
x = arc cos y or x = cos−1 y ,
and so on.

6.1 Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
If y = sin−1 x , then x = sin y . Differentiating both sides with respect to y
gives:
aft
dx q q
= cos y = cos2 y = 1 − sin2 y
dy
dx
√
since cos2 y + sin2 y = 1. Since x = sin y then dy = 1 − x 2 . However,
dy 1
= dx
Dr
Hence, when y = sin−1 x , then
dx dy
dy 1 1
= dx = √ . (6.1)
dx dy 1 − x2
Given y = sin−1 x x

a then a = sin y and x = a sin y .
Hence,
aft
s s
2
dx x a2 − x 2
q
= a cos y = a 1 − sin2 y = a 1 − =a
dy a a
√
a a2 − x 2
=
p a
= a2 − x 2
Thus, when y = sin−1

Dr x
a

, then
dy 1 1
= dy = √ (6.2)
dx dx
a − x2
2

dy
Generally, given y = sin−1 f (x ) the chain rule may be used to find dx . Let
u = f (x ) then y = sin−1 u. Now
aft
du 0 dy 1
= f (x ) and =√ .
dx du 1 − u2
Thus,
0
dy dy du 1 0 f (x )
= × =√ f (x ) = q (6.3)
dx
Dr du dx 1 − u2 1 − [f (x )]2
The differential coefficients of the remaining inverse trigonometric

functions are obtained in a similar manner to that shown above. Below are
useful formula.

(i) When y = sin−1 x
or y = sin−1 f (x ) then respectively,

a
aft
0
dy 1 dy f (x )
=√ or =q (6.4)
dx a − x2
2 dx 1 − [f (x )]2
(ii) When y = cos−1 x

or y = cos−1 f (x ) then respectively,

a
Drdy
dx
= −√
1
a − x2
2
or
dy
dx
= −q
f (x )
0
1 − [f (x )]2
(6.5)

(iii) When y = tan−1 x
or y = tan−1 f (x ) then respectively,

a
aft
0
dy a dy f (x )
= 2 or = (6.6)
dx a + x2 dx 1 + [f (x )]2
(iv) When y = sec−1 x

or y = sec−1 f (x ) then respectively,

a
Dr
dy
dx
= √
a
x x 2 − a2
or
dy
dx
= q
f (x )
0
f (x ) [f (x )]2 − 1
(6.7)

(v) When y = co sec−1 x
or y = co sec−1 f (x ) then respectively,

a
aft
0
dy a dy f (x )
=− √ or =− q (6.8)
dx x x − a2
2 dx f (x ) [f (x )]2 − 1
(vi) When y = cot−1 x

or y = cot−1 f (x ) then respectively,

a
Dr dy
dx
=− 2
a
a + x2
or
dy
dx
=−
f (x )
0
1 + [f (x )]2
(6.9)

Example 43
Differentiate y = sin−1 7x 2 with respect to x .
aft
Solution.
Comparing y = sin−1 7x 2 to y = sin f (x ), we get that f (x ) = 7x 2 and
0
f (x ) = 14x .
0
dy f (x )
Since if y = sin f (x ) then dx =√ , we obtain that,
1−[f (x )]2
dy
dx
Dr
=q
f (x )
0
1 − [f (x )]2
=q
14x
1 − [7x 2 ]2
=√
14x
1 − 49x 4

Example 44
(i) Show that if y = cos−1 x then
dy 1
= −√
aft
dx 1 − x2
(ii) Hence obtain the differential coefficient of
y = cos−1 (1 − 2x 2 )
Solution.
Dr
(i) If y = cos−1 x then x = cos y . Differentiating with respect to y gives
dx
q q p
= − sin x = − sin2 y = − 1 − cos2 y = − 1 − x 2 .
dy
Hence,

Solution.
dy 1 1
= dx = − √ .
dx dy 1 − x2
aft
0
(ii) For y = cos−1 (1 − 2x 2 ), let f (x ) = 1 − 2x 2 . Then f (x ) = −4x .
0
dy f (x )
Since when y = cos−1 f (x ) then dx = −√ , we obtain
1−[f (x )]2
dy (−4x ) 4x 4x
= −q =q =√
dx 1 − [1 − 2x 2 ]2 1 − [1 − 4x 2 + 4x 4 ] 4x − 4x 4
2
4x
=q
Dr = √
4x 2 (1 − x 2 )
4x
2x 1 − x 2
2
=√ .
1 − x2

Example 45
Differentiate y = tan−1 xa with respect to x and show that the differential
coefficient of
aft
3x
y = tan−1
5
15
is 9+25x 2
.
Solution.
If y = tan−1 xa , then x
a = tan y and so, x = a tan y . Thus,
dx
dy
Dr
= a sec2 y = a(1 + tan2 y ) = a 1 +
" 2 #
x
a
!
a2 + x 2 a2 + x 2
=a = .
a2 a

Solution.
Hence,
aft
dy 1 a
= dx = 2
dx dy
a + x2
Comparing y = tan−1 3x 5 with y = tan

−1 x shows that a = 3 . Hence the
a 5
differential coefficient of y = tan−1 3x
5 is then
dy
dx 3
3
= 25
+ x2
5
Dr
= 9
25
3
5
+ x2
=
3
5
9+25x 2
25
=
3
5 (25)
9+ 25x 2
=
15
9 + 25x 2
.

Example 46
Differentiate with respect to x the function y = ln(sin−1 3x ).
aft
Solution.
Let u = sin−1 5x then y = ln u and so,
du d 3 dy d 1 1
= [sin−1 5x ] = q and = [ln u] = = −1 .
dx dx 1 − (5x )2 du du u sin 5x
dy dy du
Dr
By the chain rule, we get
1 5

5

= × = −1
q  = √ .
dx du dx sin 5x 1 − (5x )2 1 − 25x 2 sin−1 5x

Example 47
dy
Find dt given that y = tan−1 3
t2
.
aft
Solution.
0
From y = tan−1 3
t2
, let f (x ) = 3
t2
= 2t −3 . Then, f (x ) = −6t −3 . Hence,
0
dy d −1 3 f (t) − t63 − t63

= tan = = 2 = t 4 +9
dt dt t2 1 + [f (t)]2 1 + t32 t4
!
Dr
= − 3
=− 4
t
6
6t

.
t4
t4 + 9
t +9

Example 48
cot−1 2x
Differentiate y = 1+4x 2
with respect to x .
aft
Solution.
Applying the quotient rule gives:
d
[cot−1 2x ] − (cot−1 2x ) dx
d
" #
dy d cot−1 2x (1 + 4x 2 ) dx [1 + 4x 2 ]
= =
dx dx 1 + 4x 2 (1 + 4x 2 )2

−2
(1 + 4x 2 ) − (cot−1 2x )(8x )
Dr =
=
1+(2x )2
(1 + 4x 2 )2
−2(1 + 4x cot−1 2x )
.
(1 + 4x 2 )2

Example 49
Differentiate y = xco sec−1 x with respect to x .
aft
Solution.
Using the product rule gives:
dy d d d
= [xco sec−1 x ] = x [co sec−1 x ] + (co sec−1 x ) [x ]
dx dx dx dx
−1

−1
=x √ + (co sec x )(1)
Dr =√
x x2 − 1
−1
2
x −1
+ co sec−1 x .

Example 50

dy
Show that if y = tan−1 sin x
cosx −1 then dx = 12 .
Solution.
aft

For y = tan−1 sin x
cosx −1 , let f (x ) = sin x
cosx −1 . Then,
0 (cos x − 1)(cos x ) − (sin x )(− sin x ) cos 2 x − cos x + sin2 x

f (x ) = =
(cos x − 1)2 (cos x − 1)2
cos 2 x + sin2 x − cos x
=
Dr (cos x − 1)2
1 − cos x
=
(cos x − 1)2
−(cos x − 1)
=
(cos x − 1)2
−1
=
cos x − 1

Solution.
Hence,
aft
−1 −1
dy d sin x

cos x −1 cos x −1
= tan−1 = 2 = (cosx −1)2 +sin2 x
dx dx cos x − 1

sin x
1+ cos x −1 2
(cosx −1)
−1 −1
cos x −1 cos x −1
= cos2 x −2 cos x +1+sin2 x
= 2−2 cos x
(cos x −1)2 (cos x −1)2
" #
−1 (cos x − 1)2

=
cos x − 1 2(1 − cos x )
Dr =
−1
·
(cos x − 1)2
−(1 − cos x ) 2(1 − cos x )
1
= .
2

References
[1] Buckhouse, J. K and Houldsworth, S.P.T. (1985), Pure Mathematics 1. Longman.
aft
[2] Goodman, A. W. (1969), Analytic Geometry and the Calculus, Second Edition,
Collier-Macmillan.
[3] Larson R. and Bruce H. E. (2010), Calculus, 9th Edition Brooks/Cole, Belmont,
USA.
[4] Smith, R. T. and Minton, R. B. (2007), Calculus: Early Transcendental
Functions, Boston, McGraw-Hill.
[5] Spiegal M. R. and Wrede M. (2002, 1963). Advance Calculus, Theories and
Problems. Schaum’s Outline Series, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc,
USA.
Dr
bibitemStawart Stewart, J. (2008), Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Second
Edition, Belmont,.
[6] Stewart, J. (2008), Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Sixth Edition, Belmont,
Thomson Brooks/Cole.
[7] Thomas, J. (2008), Calculus Including Second-Order Differential Equations,
Eleventh Edition,.
[8] Zill D. E. (1985), Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Prindle Welber and Shmidt,
Boston
.
aft
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
END OF LECTURE ON DIFFERENTIATION

Dr

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MSM 112: MATHEMATICAL METHODS II

Levy K. M. Matindih (MU/SSET/DMS) MSM 112-MATHEMATICAL METHODS II 2020/2021 1 / 96

2 Basic Differentiation Rules

3 Differentiation of Implicit Functions

4 Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

6 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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δy f (xo + h) − f (xo ) f (xo + h) − f (xo )

As δx = h approaches zero, δyδx approaches a limiting value and the

When determining the gradient of a tangent to a curve there are two

(i) Calculate f (xo ) and f (xo + h)

is called the difference quotient of f at xo with increment h.

A function has a derivative at a point xo if the slopes of the secant lines

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Example 5 (Using the power rule)

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Example 8 (Using the sum and difference rule)

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These limits can be used to prove differentiation rules of trigonometric

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But u = x 2 + x , so substituting, we get

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(i) y = tan(5 − sin 2t) (ii) f (x ) = 3 tan4 3x

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In such cases y may be differentiated with respect to x by using standard

y 3 − 2x 3 y 2 = 3x + 4, y 2 = 2x ln y and cos y = x 2 − 2xy

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and then solving the resulting equation for dy

(iii) Let f (t) = sin 3t. The chain rule,

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(i) 4 ln 5y (ii) 15 e 3θ−2 .

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Rearranging gives: (4y − 21y 2 ) dy 3

dx = 20x . Hence, solving for

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(ii) When x = 1 and y = 2,

Rearranging we obtain, (2y − 2) dy

When x = 2 and y = −1,

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