COLEGIO COLOMBO INGLES

AMOR, CIENCIA Y VIRTUD

FIRST TERM-2024
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY FINAL EVALUATION

NAME:_________________________________________________ DATE:______________________________________

AIM: Analyze, relying on various sources, the centrality of the human being and its capacity to transform the world in the
cultural expressions of humanism.

AIM 2: Compare medieval and modern society, considering the changes implied by the breakdown of unity religion of
Europe, the emergence of the centralized State, the impact of the printing press on the dissemination of knowledge and
ideas, the scientific revolution and the birth of modern science, among others.

COMPETENCE : READING COMPREHENSION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION.

It was an intellectual movement that emerged in Europe between the 16th and 17th centuries. Its purpose was to
restructure the society under scientific principles and the use of reason, above the religious and traditional elements
that they explained nature, the world and the universe, characteristics of the humanism of the time.

The first great milestone that will allow the development of this process is the invention of the printing press.

THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS.

The invention of the printing press during the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg was of great importance for the
development and spread of the scientific revolution throughout Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

 They were reproduced faster than manuscripts (books, pamphlets, among

others), and can be disseminated more quickly.
 A greater number of manuscripts were reproduced.
 Knowledge about mathematics was disseminated, physics, biology,
astronomy, etc. These new knowledge allowed the development of new
ways of thinking, and new ways of knowing the world such as humanism
and anthropocentrism.
 Written knowledge became the form of most accepted knowledge, leaving
in a second plane to oral knowledge.
 The first book of mass circulation was the Bible in German.
 Despite the positive elements, few people
 They benefited, since there were few who knew how to read.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OF COPERNICUS.

Starting in the 8th century, science and its development were a factor of great importance for the progress of the
West. Miscellaneous Historians debate whether this process was slow and gradual in nature, or whether it was a rapid
and gradual process revolutionary. What they agree on is that it would have major consequences at a cultural level.
as social. One of these main consequences was the change in paradigm (approach) with which the universe was
understood; going from an Aristotelian or geocentric vision to a heliocentric vision, transforming the way of studying
the universe, the world and understand the role of man these. All this started by the approaches and discoveries
of Nicholas Copernicus in the 16th century.

GEOCENTRISM V/S HELIOCENTRISM.

The Aristotelian vision had dominated the entire Middle Ages; this approach was legitimized by the Catholic Church
and by the idea of the immobility of nature and of God's greatest creation.

a. Geocentric Theory: Place the planet Earth in the center of the universe and to the remains of the planets,
including the Sun, rotating at their around.
b. Heliocentric Theory: Places the Sun in the center of the universe and the rest of the planets, including the
Earth, rotating around it.

Although this theory was raised by Nicholas Copernicus, and he was the one who suffered persecution from
the Church Catholic. The contribution of several scientists of the time was necessary for this theory to be
massively accepted.
Johannes Kepler formulated the laws of planetary motion (elliptic orbits), Galileo Galilei verified the theory of
Copernicus, through observation (telescope) and Isaac Newton discovered the universal law of gravity. All
these discoveries helped to consolidate what Copernicus proposed.
 COLEGIO COLOMBO INGLES
AMOR, CIENCIA Y VIRTUD
FIRST TERM-2024
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY FINAL EVALUATION

Modern Science: The process of scientific renaissance experienced at the beginning of the Modern Age brought about
the questioning of the explanations for the phenomena provided by Classical Science, and will lead researchers,theorists
and scientists to seek new ways of studying the world around them, resulting in the Birth of Modern Science.

CLASSIC SIENCE MODERN SCIENCE

SPECULATIVE EXPERIMENTAL

Modern science: Had to implement a series of procedures and mechanisms to validate its discoveries, these procedures
will be known as the scientific method.

2.2.1 The Scientific Method.

Mystical explanations and magic are left aside, and the importance of theology for the explanation of things is
reduced phenomena. It is now possible to know the world through the laws that govern nature, leaving aside
the idea of divine will. There are two different scientific currents that generate two different scientific methods:
The Rationalism (deductive method) and Empiricism (inductive method).

Deductive method generates collusions (theory), and then buys them in reality.

It goes from the general (theory) to the particular (the application of the theory in a real place).

Inductive method starts from the observation of reality, and then draws conclusions

(theories) . It goes from the particular (the observation of a phenomenon in a particular place) to the generating
(planing the theory)

It is important to note that during this period scientists claimed that the functioning of nature was

explained through laws. That is, conclusions that are applicable to one hundred percent of the scenarios, which
isn’t always possible. When statements could only be applied in certain circumstances or were not posible verify
them completely, they were called theories.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING REQUESTS ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS TEXT.

1. According to the content of the guide. Mention 3 advantages of using the printing press on the form of
reproduction of medieval text.
2. Explains how the appearance of the printing press could have influenced the disfussion of ideas and
knowledge in European society.
3. What is the difference between classical science and modern science?
4. Draw a diagram of the geocentric theory and one of the heliocentric theory, identifying the elements such as
Earth, the Sun and other planets.