Perpindahan Kalor ke Fluida

yang Berubah Fasa

(Kondensor dan Reboiler)

Pertemuan ke 7 OTK II
 Condensation

Condensation occurs when the temperature of

vapor is reduced below to it’s saturation
temperature Ts. This usually done by bringing
vapor in contact of cold surface.

Film Condensation: the condensate wets the

surface and forms a liquid film on the surface
that slides down under the influence of gravity

Dropwise condensation: Condensed vapor

forms droplet on the surface instead of a
continuous film
 FILM CONDENSATION
• The liquid film starts forming at the top of the plate and flows
downward under the influence of gravity.
• The thickness of the film δ increases in the flow direction x
because of continued condensation at the liquid–vapor
interface.
• Heat in the amount hfg (the latent heat of vaporization) is
released during condensation and is transferred through the
film to the plate surface at temperature Ts.
• Note that the velocity of the condensate at the wall is zero
because of the “no-slip” condition and reaches a maximum at
the liquid–vapor interface.
• The temperature of the condensate is Tsat at the interface and
decreases gradually to Ts at the wall
• As was the case in forced convection involving a single phase, heat transfer in
condensation depends on whether the condensate flow is laminar or turbulent.
• The criterion for the flow regime is provided by the Reynolds number, which is defined
as;

• Dh = 4Ac /p = 4δ hydraulic diameter of the condensate flow, m, p = wetted perimeter of

the condensate, m
• Ac = pδ = wetted perimeter x film thickness, m2, cross-sectional area of the condensate
flow at the lowest part of the flow
• Vl = average velocity of the condensate at the lowest part of the flow, m/s
• m = mass flow rate of the condensate at the lowest part, kg/s
Hydraulic Diameter Dh
Latent Heat of Vaporization hfg

• The latent heat of vaporization hfg is the heat released as a unit

mass of vapor condenses, and it normally represents the heat
transfer per unit mass of condensate formed during condensation.
• However, the condensate in an actual condensation process is
cooled further to some average temperature between Tsat and Ts,
releasing more heat in the process.
• Therefore, the actual heat transfer will be larger. Rohsenow showed
in 1956 that the cooling of the liquid below the saturation
temperature can be accounted for by replacing hfg by the modified
latent heat of vaporization h*fg, defined as
• We can have a similar argument for vapor that enters the condenser
as superheated vapor at a temperature Tv instead of as saturated
vapor. In this case the vapor must be cooled first to Tsat before it can
condense, and this heat must be transferred to the wall as well.
• The amount of heat released as a unit mass of superheated vapor at
a temperature Tv is cooled to Tsat is simply; Cpv(Tv - Tsat),
• The modified latent heat of vaporization in this case becomes

The rate of heat transfer can be expressed as:

Reynold’s Number

where As is the heat transfer area (the surface area on which condensation occurs).
 Flow Regimes
• The Reynolds number for condensation on the outer surfaces of
vertical tubes or plates increases in the flow direction due to the
increase of the liquid film thickness .
• The flow of liquid film exhibits different regimes, depending on
the value of the Reynolds number.
• It is observed that the outer surface of the liquid film remains
smooth and wave-free for about Re < 30, as shown in Figure, and
thus the flow is clearly laminar.
• Ripples or waves appear on the free surface of the condensate
flow as the Reynolds number increases, and the condensate flow
becomes fully turbulent at about Re = 1800.
• The condensate flow is called wavy-laminar in the range of 450 <
Re< 1800 and turbulent for Re >1800.
 Condensation on Vertical Plate
Consider a vertical plate of height L and width b maintained
at a constant temperature Ts that is exposed to vapor at the
saturation temperature Tsat.

The downward direction is taken as the positive x-direction

with the origin placed at the top of the plate where
condensation initiates.
• Both the plate and the vapor are maintained at constant
temperatures of Ts and Tsat, respectively, and the temperature across
the liquid film varies linearly.
• Heat transfer across the liquid film is by pure conduction (no
convection currents in the liquid film).
• The velocity of the vapor is low (or zero) so that it exerts no drag on
the condensate (no viscous shear on the liquid–vapor interface).
• The flow of the condensate is laminar and the properties of the
liquid are constant.
• The acceleration of the condensate layer is negligible.
• Canceling the plate width b and solving for du/dy gives

• Integrating from y = 0 where u = 0 (because of the no-slip

boundary condition) to y = y where u = u(y) gives;

• The mass flow rate of the condensate at a location x, where the

boundary layer thickness is δ, is determined from
• Substituting the u(y) relation to get

• which represents the rate of condensation of vapor over a

vertical distance dx. The rate of heat transfer from the vapor to
the plate through the liquid film is simply equal to the heat
released as the vapor is condensed and is expressed as
• Equating for dm· /dx to each other and separating the variables
give

• Integrating from x = 0 where δ = 0 (the top of the plate) to x = x

where δ = δ(x), the liquid film thickness at any location x is
determined to be

• The heat transfer rate from the vapor to the plate at a location
x can be expressed as
• Substituting the δ(x), the local heat transfer coefficient hx is determined to be

• The average heat transfer coefficient over the entire plate is determined from its
definition by substituting the hx relation and performing the integration

• Above equation is obtained with the simplifying assumptions provides good

insight on the functional dependence of the condensation heat transfer
coefficient. However, it is observed to underpredict heat transfer because it does
not take into account the effects of the nonlinear temperature profile in the
liquid film and the cooling of the liquid below the saturation temperature. Both
of these effects can be accounted for by replacing hfg by h*fg
Heat transfer coefficient for vertical plate

Inclined Plates:
Vertical and Horizontal Tubes
Condensation inside horizontal tube
 Horizontal Tube Banks
• Horizontal tubes stacked on top of each other as shown in
Figure are commonly used in condenser design. The average
thickness of the liquid film at the lower tubes is much larger as
a result of condensate falling on top of them from the tubes
directly above.
• Therefore, the average heat transfer coefficient at the lower
tubes in such arrangements is smaller.
• Assuming the condensate from the tubes above to the ones
below drain smoothly, the average film condensation heat
transfer coefficient for all tubes in a vertical tier can be
expressed as
Effect of Vapor Velocity
• In the analysis above we assumed the vapor velocity to be small and
thus the vapor drag exerted on the liquid film to be negligible, which
is usually the case.
• However, when the vapor velocity is high, the vapor will “pull” the
liquid at the interface along since the vapor velocity at the interface
must drop to the value of the liquid velocity.
• If the vapor flows downward (i.e., in the same direction as the
liquid), this additional force will increase the average velocity of the
liquid and thus decrease the film thickness. This, in turn, will
decrease the thermal resistance of the liquid film and thus increase
heat transfer
• Upward vapor flow has the opposite effects: the vapor exerts a force
on theliquid in the opposite direction to flow, thickens the liquid
film, and thus decreases heat transfer
 Effect of Noncondensable Gases
• Experimental studies show that the presence of
noncondensable gases in the vapor has a detrimental
effect on condensation heat transfer.
• Even small amounts of a noncondensable gas in the
vapor cause significant drops in heat transfer coefficient
• This is because when the vapor mixed with a
noncondensable gas condenses, only the
noncondensable gas remains in the vicinity of the
surface. This gas layer acts as a barrier between the
vapor and the surface, and makes it difficult for the
vapor to reach the surface.
• The vapor now must diffuse through the
noncondensable gas first before reaching the surface,
and this reduces the effectiveness of the condensation
process.
 Problem1
• Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure
condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-mwide
vertical plate that is maintained at 80°C by
circulating cooling water through the other
side.
• Determine:
(a) the rate of heat transfer by condensation to
the plate and
(b) the rate at which the condensate drips off
the plate at the bottom.

• The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100°C

are hfg = 2257 * 103 J/kg and ρv = 0.60 kg/m3.
Physical Properties Data

Solution (a) The modified latent heat of vaporization is:

h= 5800 W/m2oC:
 Problem2
• Saturated ammonia vapor at a saturation
temperature of Tsat = 10°C condenses on
the outer surface of a horizontal tube
which is maintained at -10°C.
• calculate: The rate of heat transfer from
the ammonia and the rate of
condensation of ammonia are to be
determined.
• The properties of ammonia at the
saturation temperature of 10°C are hfg =
1226×103 J/kg and ρv = 4.870 kg/m3
 Condensation Number
• Film Reynold’s Number is so important for determining the
condensation behavior. Therefore. It is convenient to express
heat transfer coefficient in terms of Re.
Condensate flow over tube bank
Condensate flow inside tube

Stratified flow: at low condensate and vapor rates

Annular flow: at high vapor and low condensate rates
Types of condensers

Vertical condenser
• Upflow vertical condenser: In case of upflow
condenser, the vapor enters at the bottom and
flows upwards inside the tubes. The condensate
drains down the tubes by gravity only
• Downflow vertical condenser: The vapor enters at
the top of condenser and flows down inside
tubes. The condensate drains from the tubes by
gravity and vapor induced shear
Horizontal condenser
• The condensation may occur inside or outside the horizontal tubes
Condensation in the tube-side is common in air-cooled
condensers. The main disadvantage of this type of condenser is
that the liquid tends to build up in the tubes. Therefore the
effective heat transfer coefficient is reduced significantly.
Air Cooled Condenser

• In the older designs, the

condenser tube (in serpentine
form) was attached to a plate and
the plate was mounted on the
backside of the refrigerator.
• In another common design, thin
wires are welded to the
serpentine tube coil. The wires act
like fins for increased heat
transfer area.
Reboilers
 Thermosyphon Reboilers

• Thermosyphon natural circulation reboiler: The boiling occurs inside

the tubes in vertical thermosyphon reboiler and inside shell in
horizontal thermosyphon reboiler. In vertical thermosyphon reboiler,
the liquid circulation occurs due to density difference between vapor-
liquid mixture (two phase) in the exchanger from the reboiler and the
liquid through the downcomer to the reboiler. Advantages: most
economical because no pump is required.
• Limitations: not suitable for heavily viscous fluid; high construction
cost for the installation of the column base at suitable elevation to get
thermosyphon effect; not suitable for low temperature difference
processes due to boiling point elevation imposed by static head.
Reboilers Principle
• The driving force to promote
flow through this reboiler is
the density difference
between the fluid in the
reboiler feed line and the
froth-filled reboiler return
line.
Thermosyphon Reboiler

• If these frictional losses are less

than 4.7 psig, the inlet line does
not run liquid full.
• If they are more than the 4.7
psig, the reboiler draw-off pan
overflows, and the flow to the
reboiler is reduced until the
friction losses drop to the
available thermosyphon force
Types of Reboiler
Once-through Thermosyphon Reboiler
• All the liquid from the bottom tray flows to
the reboiler.
• None of the liquid from the bottom of the
tower flows to the reboiler
• All the bottoms product comes from the
liquid portion of the reboiler effluent.
• None of the liquid from the bottom tray
flows to the bottom of the tower.
• The reboiler outlet temp is the same as
the tower bottoms temp.
Once-through Thermosyphon Reboiler

• A once-through thermosyphon
reboiler can be equipped with a
vertical baffle
• The reboiler return liquid goes only
to the hot side of the tower
bottoms.
Circulating Thermosyphon Reboiler
• The reboiler outlet temp is always
higher than tower bottoms
temperature.
• Some of the liquid from the reboiler
outlet will always circulate back into
the reboiler feed.
• Some of the liquid from the bottoms
tray ends up as bottoms product.
• Tower bottoms product temperature
and composition is the same as the
temperature and composition of the
feed to the reboiler
 Forced-circulation Reboiler
• Forced circulation reboilers are similar to
circulating thermosiphon reboilers, except
the pump is used for the circulation of the
liquid.
• To calculate the heat transfer coefficient it
is generally assumed that, heat is
transferred only by forced convection. The
usual method of shell and tube exchanger
design can be used.
• Advantage: suitable for viscous and highly
fouling fluids.
• Disadvantage: high pumping and
maintenance cost; pump is required to
circulate the boiling liquid through the
tubes and back into the column
 Kettle Reboiler
• The tube bundle is immerged in a pool of
liquid at the base of the column in an
oversize shell. Kettle reboiler is also called a
“submerged bundle reboiler”.
• The height of the tube bundle is usually 40-
60% of the shell ID. The submergence of the
tube bundle is assured by an overflow weir
at height of typically 5-15 cm from the upper
surface of topmost tubes
• Advantage: suitable for vacuum operation
and high vaporization rate up to about 80%
of the feed.
• Limitations: low heat transfer rate than
other types as there is no liquid circulation
(low velocity); not appropriate for fouling
fluids; kettle reboiler is not suitable for heat
sensitive materials as it has higher residence
time.
Kettle Reboilers

1. Nozzle exit losses.

2. Liquid feed-line ΔP.

3.The shell-side exchanger

pressure drop, including the
effect of the baffle height.

4.The vapor-line ΔP, including

the vapor outlet nozzle loss
 Once-through Reboiler Design
• Natural circulation is maintained if ΔP
(driving force) ≤ Δp(Frictional losses)
ΔP = ρ1 H1- ρ2 H2

Considering factor of Safety =2

ΔP = (ρ1 H1- ρ2 H2)/2

Friction Losses:
 • The minimum downcomer nozzle
elevation above a horizontal
reboiler centerline is:

Kern (1968) recommends a head difference

of 3 ft:

The density of fluid in riser is:

 Circulating Reboiler Design
Horizontal Reboilers: The
driving force must be
at least equal to the frictional losses:

ΔP = ρ1 H1- ρ2 H2

The minimum downcomer nozzle elevation is limited to:

 Circulating Vertical Reboilers
• Vertical Reboilers (bottom
draw-off):

since H1′ +H3 =H2 +H4

The vertical reboiler should be flooded. The

maximum elevation of the top tube-sheet
should not be higher than the minimum liquid
level in the tower, thus at minimum, and: H1′
=H4, and H3 =H2
Contoh Perhitungan Skripsi
 LAMPIRAN B
NERACA PANAS

Tujuan : Menentukan kondisi operasi dan kebutuhan panas pada

Praprancangan Pabrik Isopropil Alkohol (IPA).

Dalam perhitungan neraca panas ini :

➢ Perhitungan berdasarkan basis 1 jam operasi
➢ Temperatur referensi 2980 K

Data-data yang dibutuhkan

1. Kapasitas Panas Gas
Cp= A+ BT + CT2 + DT3 +ET4
Dalam hubungan ini:
Cp = kapasitas panas gas, J/mol 0K
T = suhu, 0K
A,B,C,D dan E = konstanta

Tabel B1. Kapasitas Panas Gas

Komponen A B C D E
Isopropil alkohol 25,535 2,1203E-02 5,3492E-05 -1,4727E-07 4,9406E-11
Air 33,933 -8,4186E-03 2,9906E-05 -1,7825E-08 3,6934E-12
Aseton 35,918 9,3896E-02 1,8730E-04 -2,1643E-07 6,3174E-11
H2 25,399 2,0178E-02 -3,8549E-05 3,1880E-08 -8,7585E-12
Sumber : Yaws, Handbook of Chemical Compound Data

2. Kapasitas Panas Cairan

Cp= A+ BT + CT2 +DT3
Dalam hubungan ini:
Cp = kapasitas panas cairan, J/mol 0K
T = suhu, 0K
A,B,C, dan D = konstanta

1
 2

Tabel B2. Kapasitas Panas Cairan

Komponen A B C D
Isopropil alkohol 72,525 7,9553E-01 -2,6330E-03 3,6498E-06
Air 92,053 -3,9953E-02 -2,1103E-04 5,3469E-07
Aseton 46,878 6,2652E-01 -2,0761E-03 2,9583E-06
H2 50,607 -6,1136 3,0930E-01 -4,1480E-03
Sumber: Yaws, Handbook of Chemical Compound Data

3. Panas Laten Penguapan

ΔH vap = A(1 – T/Tc)n
ΔH vap = Panas Penguapan, kJ/mol
T = suhu, 0K
A,B,C,D dan E = konstanta

Tabel B3. Panas Laten Penguapan

Komponen A Tc n Tmin Tmax TB HVAP @TB

Isopropil alkohol 58.982 508.31 0.326 350 508.31 355.41 39.87

Air 52.053 647.13 0.321 273.16 647.13 373.15 39.5

Aseton 49.244 508.2 0.481 260 508.2 329.44 29.79
H2 0.659 33.18 0.38 13.95 33.18 20.39 0.46
Sumber: Yaws, Handbook of Chemical Compound Data

4. Antoine (Kpa)
log P= A-(B/(T+C))

dimana : log P = Tekanan uap (mmHg)

T = Temperatur (K)
A, B, C, = konstanta Antoine
 3

Tabel B4. Konstanta Antoine

Komponen A B C Tmin Tmax
Isopropil
alkohol 7,83056 1483,3 217,413 -87,87 235,16
Air 7,96681 1668,21 228 - -
Aseton 7,31414 1315,67 240,479 -94,7 235,05
Sumber: Yaws, Handbook of Chemical Compound Data

1. Neraca Panas Condensor

T4 : 598 K T5 : 308 K
Condensor

Fungsi : Menurunkan temperatur gas hasil reaksi dengan media pendingin air.
Kondisi Operasi : Temperatur bahan masuk : 325 °C = 598 K
Temperatur bahan keluar : 35 °C = 308 K
Temperatur referensi : 25 °C = 298 K

Panas masuk (Hin)

T = 598 K

Tabel B14. Neraca Panas (Input) di Condensor

598

Komponen mol  Cp dT
298
H in ( kJ )

Aseton 710.227,27 29.537,9278 20.978.641,9043

Isopropil Alkohol 21.963,14 10.165,8809 223.274,7154
Air 339.600,47 10.436,4323 3.544.217,3294
H2 711.206,90 8.750,3219 6.223.289,2679
Total 30.969.423,2171
 4

Panas keluar (Hout)

T = 308 K

Tabel B15. Neraca Panas (Output) di Condensor

308

Komponen mol  Cp dT
298
H out ( kJ )

Aseton 710.227,27 1284,0837 911.991,2535

Isopropil Alkohol 21.963,14 1733,7380 38.078,3385
Air 339.600,47 754,4915 256.225,6822
H2 711.206,90 287,8669 204.732,8985
Total 1.411.028,1727

Q pendingin = Hin – Hout

Q pendingin = 29.558.395,0443 kJ
Q loss = 5% Q pendingin
Q loss = 1.477.919,7522 kJ

Panas yang dibutuhkan untuk menurunkan temperatur umpan masuk flash drum
Q pendingin total = Q pendingin – Q loss
Q pendingin total = 28.080.475,2921 kJ

Pendingin masuk = 30 °C = 303 K

Pendingin keluar = 50 °C = 323 K
Cp air = 4,2 kJ/kg K
m pendingin = Q pendingin total /(Cp air x (Pendingin keluar – Pendingin masuk)
m pendingin = 334.291,3725 kg

Tabel B16. Neraca Panas Overall Condensor

 5

Panas Masuk Keluar

H in 30.969.423,2171 -
H out - 1.411.028,1727
Q Pendingin total - 28.080.475,29210
Q loss - 1.477.919,75222
Total 30.969.423,2171 30.969.423,2171

2. Neraca Panas Destilasi

T9= 330,09 K

T8= 333,12 K
Destilasi

T11= 371 K

Kondisi Operasi
Suhu umpan masuk pada bubble pointnya : 60,12 °C = 333,12 K
Suhu Produk atas pada dew pointnya : 57,09 °C = 330,09 K
Suhu produk bawah pada bubble pointnya : 98 °C = 371 K
Suhu referensi : 25 °C = 298 K
Tekanan Operasi : 1 atm = 760 mmHg

Rumus Antoine

log P= A-(B/(T+C))

dimana :
log P = Tekanan uap (mmHg)
T = Temperatur (K)
A, B, C, = Konstanta Antoine
 6

Tabel B22. Konstanta Antoine

Komponen A B C Tmin Tmax
Isopropil
7,83056 1483,3 217,413 -87,87 235,16
alkohol
Air 7,96681 1668,21 228 - -
Aseton 7,31414 1315,67 240,479 -94,7 235,05
(Sumber: Robert C.Reid, Apendix The Properties of Gases & Liquids)
Tabel B23. Neraca Massa Destilasi
Komponen Feed Destilate Bottom
Massa Fraksi Massa Fraksi Massa Fraksi
IPA 1319,77 0,03 291,67 0,01 1028,47 0,15
Air 6112,81 0,13 125 0,00 5987,81 0,85
Aseton 41250 0,85 41250 0,99 - -
Total 48682,58 1,00 41666,3 1 7015,91 1

Trial Bubble Point Feed

T trial bubble point 60,12 °C = 333,12 K
P 760 mmHg

*Mencari fraksi komponen dalam umpan

massa IPA
Fraksi massa Isopropil Alkohol IPA =
massa umpan
1319,77 kg
=
48682,58 kg
= 0,03

massa air
Fraksi massa air =
massa umpan
6112,81 kg
=
48682,58 kg

= 0,13
 7

massa aseton
Fraksi massa aseton =
massa umpan
41250 kg
=
48682,58 kg

= 0,85

*Mencari Log Psat komponen dalam umpan

𝐵
log Psat = A - ( )
𝑇+𝐶
Dimana A, B, dan C adalah konstanta Antoine, dan T adalah nilai bubble point
feed, ketika nilai total Yi adalah 1. Nilai T yang diperoleh adalah 60,12 0C.

𝐵
log Psat IPA = A - ( )
𝑇+𝐶
1483,3
= 7,8306 - ( )
60,12+ 217,413
= 2,486

𝐵
log Psat air = A - ( )
𝑇+𝐶
1668,21
= 7,9668 - ( )
60,12+228
= 2,177

𝐵
log Psat aseton = A - ( )
𝑇+𝐶
1315,67
= 7,3141 - ( )
60,12+240,479
= 2,937

Sehingga nilai Psat (mmHg) adalah

 8

𝐵
(A − ( 𝑇+𝐶 ))
Psat = 10

Psat IPA = 102,486

Psat IPA = 306,23 mmHg

Psat air = 102,177

Psat air = 150,28 mmHg

Psat aseton = 102,937

Psat aseton = 865,70 mmHg

*Mencari nilai Ki komponen dalam umpan

𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
Ki =
𝑃
306,23
Ki IPA =
760
= 0,4029

150,28
Ki Air =
760
= 0,1977

865,70
Ki Aseton =
760
= 1,1391

*Mencari nilai Yi komponen dalam umpan

Nilai total Yi komponen harus bernilai 1, jika tidak bernilai 1 maka suhu bubble
point harus diubah agar nilai total Yi menjadi 1.

Yi = Fraksi x Ki
Yi IPA = 0,03 x 0,4029
= 0,0109
 9

Yi Air = 0,13 x 0,1977

= 0,0248

Yi Aseton = 0,85 x 1,1391

= 0,9652

Nilai Yi total = Yi IPA + Yi Air + Yi Aseton

= 0,0109 + 0,0248 + 0,9652
= 1,0009

Maka suhu bubble point feed adalah 60,12 0C.

Tabel B24. Trial Bubble Point Feed

Feed
Log P Saturated
Komponen Massa Ki Yi
Fraksi Psat (mmHg)
(kg)
IPA 1319,77 0,03 2,486 306,23 0,4029 0,0109
Air 6112,81 0,13 2,177 150,28 0,1977 0,0248
Aseton 41250 0,85 2,937 865,70 1,1391 0,9652
Total 48682,58 1,00 7,600 1322,21 1,7398 1,0009

Trial Dew Point Destilate

T trial dew point 57,09 °C = 330,09 0K
P = 760 mmHg

Dengan cara yang sama seperti penentuan bubble point pada feed, sehingga dapat
diperoleh nilai dew point untuk destilat. Penentuan nilai dew point untuk destilat
hanya berbeda caranya saat mencari nilai Xi. Dimana nilai Xi adalah sebagai
berikut:
 10

𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑘𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛
Xi =
𝐾𝑖

0,01
Xi IPA =
0,352
= 0,0199

0,003
Xi Air =
0,172
= 0,0175

0,99
Xi Aseton =
1,028
= 0,9629

Sehingga total Xi adalah

Xi total = Xi IPA + Xi Air + Xi Aseton
= 0,0199 + 0,0175 + 0,9629
= 1,0002

Maka suhu 57,09 °C atau 330,09 0K adalah suhu dew point untuk destilat.

Tabel B25. Trial Dew Point Top/ Destilat

Destilat
Log P Saturated
Komponen Massa Ki Xi
Fraksi Psat (mmHg)
(kg)
IPA 291,67 0,01 2,427 267,397 0,352 0,0199
Air 125,00 0,003 2,115 130,460 0,172 0,0175
Aseton 41250,00 0,99 2,893 781,414 1,028 0,9629
Total 41666,67 1,00 7,436 1179,270 1,552 1,0002
 11

Trial Bubble Point Bottom

T trial bubble point 98 °C = 371 0K
P = 760 mmHg

Dengan cara yang sama seperti penentuan dew point pada destilat, sehingga dapat
diperoleh nilai bubble point untuk bottom.

Tabel B26. Trial Bubble Point Bottom

Bottom
Log P Saturated
Komponen Massa Ki Xi
Fraksi Psat (mmHg)
(kg)
IPA 1028,100 0,15 3,13 1342,251 1,766 0,083
Air 5987,810 0,85 2,85 707,291 0,931 0,917
Aseton 0,000 0,00 3,43 2673,814 3,518 0,000
Total 7015,910 1,00 9,40 4723,356 6,215 1,000

Menentukan reflux minimum

Trial harga θ umpan masuk dimana harga q = 1
x
Sehingga jumlah =0
 −
Maka harga θ = 0,66868

Harga θ dimasukan ke persamaan dew point top

Tabel B27. Perhitungan Rm
Komponen Ki α Xd (α x Xd)/(α – θ)
Aseton 0,352 1,4600 0,9837 1,4612
Isopropil 0,172 0,0203 0,0067 0,0203
Alkohol
Air 1,028 0,0108 0,0096 0,0108
Total 1,0000 1,4911
 12

Harga Rm + 1 = 1,4911
Rm = 0,4911
Untuk jenis pendingin air digunakan R/Rm = 1,5
Maka harga reflux sebenarnya = 1,5 x 1,4911 = 0,7366

V
Lo D

Vo

L w

Tabel B28. Trial Bubble Point Bottom

D Lo (kmol/jam) V (kmol/jam)
Komponen
(kmol/ jam) (D x R) (D + Lo)
Aseton 710,2273 523,1655 1233,3927

Isopropil Alkohol 4,8539 3,5755 8,4293

Air 6,9444 5,1154 12,0598
Total 722,0256 531,8563 1253,8819

❖ Panas Masuk Kondensor Distilasi

a. Mencari panas masuk Hv (H in)
330,9
H in = n  CpdT
298
 13

Tabel B29. Panas Masuk Kondensor Distilasi

n CpdT H in
Komponen
(kmol/ jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Aseton 1.233,3927 2.496,3063 3.078.926,0604
8,4293 1.071,2844 9.030,2206
Isopropil Alkohol
Air 12,0598 1.082,1965 13.051,1163
Total 3.101.007,3972

b. Mencari panas laten (H laten) : H in = n x ∆Hv

Panas Laten Aseton : 11.440.967,1989 kJ/jam
Panas Laten Isopropil Alkohol : 54.785,4013 kJ/jam
Panas Laten Air : 101.760,7597 kJ/jam

Tabel B30. Panas Laten Kondensor Distilasi

n CpdT H in
Komponen
(kmol/ jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Aseton 1233,3927 9.276,0132 11.440.967,1989

Isopropil Alkohol 8,4293 6.499,3699 54.785,4013

Air 12,0598 8.437,9859 101.760,7597
Total 11.597.513,3599

❖ Panas Keluar Kondensor Destilasi

c. Mencari Panas Keluar HD (H out)
330,09
H out = n  CpdT
298
 14

Tabel B31. Panas Keluar Kondensor Distilasi

n CpdT H out
Komponen
(kmol/ jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Aseton 710,2273 2.496,3063 1.772.944,8320
4,8539 1.071,2844 5.199,8920
Isopropil Alkohol
Air 6,9444 1.082,1965 7.515,2533
Total 1.785.659,9773

d. Mencari panas HLo

Tabel B32. Panas HLo
n CpdT HLo
Komponen
(kmol/ jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Aseton 523,1655 2.496,3063 1.305.981,2284
3,5755 1.071,2844 3.830,3286
Isopropil Alkohol
Air 5,1154 1.082,1965 5.535,8630
Total 1.315.347,4200

Neraca Panas Total di Kondensor

Panas masuk = Panas keluar
Hv + H laten = HD + HLo + H kondensor
3.101.007,3972 + 11.597.513,3599 = 1.785.659,9773 + 1.315.347,4200 + H
kondensor
H kondensor = 11.597.513,3599 kJ/jam
Asumsi Q losses 5% sehingga:
Q kondensor = (11.597.513,3599) – (5% x 11.597.513,3599) kJ/jam
= 11.017.637,69 kJ/jam

Kebutuhan air pendingin

Suhu masuk 30°C = 303 K
 15

Suhu keluar 50°C = 323 K

323
Qc = n  CpdT
303

11017637,69 kJ/jam = n x 1505,57815 kJ/kmol

n = 7317,878327 kmol/jam

Jadi kebutuhan air pendingin pada kondensor destilasi:

m = 7317,878327 kmol/jam x 18 kg/kmol
m = 131.721,8099 kg/jam

Tabel B33. Neraca Panas Total di Kondensor Destilasi

Panas Masuk Panas Keluar
Komponen
(kJ/jam) (kJ/jam)
Hv 3.101.007,3972 -
H Laten 11.597.513,3599 -
HD - 1.785.659,9773
H Lo - 1.315.347,4200
Q kondensor - 11.017.637,69
Q loss - 579.875,668
Total 14.698.520,7571 14.698.520,7571

Tabel B34. Komposisi Destilasi

Feed Destilat Bottom
Komponen
(kmol/jam) (kmol/jam) (kmol/jam)
Aseton 710,2273 710,2273 0,00
Isopropil Alkohol 21,9631 4,8539 17,11
Air 339,6005 6,9444 332,66
Total 1071,7909 722,0256 349,7654

Panas Masuk
a. Mencari panas umpan masuk (Q feed)
 16

333,12
Q feed = n  CpdT
298

Tabel B35. Panas Masuk Destilasi

N CpdT Panas masuk
Komponen
(kmol/jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Aseton 710,2273 2740,2887 1.946.227,788
Isopropil Alkohol 21,9631 1173,3209 25.769,81606
Air 339,6005 1184,6849 402.319,5579
Total 2.374.317,162

Panas Keluar
b. Mencari panas destilat
330,1
Q destilat = n  CpdT
298

Tabel B36. Panas Keluar Destilasi (Destilat)

N CpdT HD
Komponen
(kmol/jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Aseton 710,2273 2.497,109192 1.773.515,051
Isopropil Alkohol 4,8539 1.071,62088 5.201,525412
Air 6,9444 1.082,534623 7.517,601552
Total 1.786.234,178
 17

c. Mencari Panas Bottom

371
Q bottom = n  CpdT
298

Tabel B37. Panas Keluar Destilasi (Bottom)

N CpdT Panas keluar
Komponen
(kmol/jam) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/jam)
Isopropil Alkohol 17,1093 2.459,5253 42.080,8451
Air 332,6561 2.470,9555 821.978,4515
Total 864.059,2966

Panas Total di Reboiler Destilasi

Q feed + Q reboiler = Q kondensor + Q destilat + Q bottom
Q reboiler = 11.293.614 kJ/jam

Kebutuhan steam
Dari tabel uap jenuh, untuk T = 350 °C (623 K)
Diperoleh harga panas penguapan Hfg = 2568,8 kJ/kg
Panas yang diberikan steam = m x Hfg
11.293.614 kJ/jam = m x 2568,8 kJ/kg
m = 4396,4552 kg/jam

Tabel B38. Neraca Panas Total Destilasi

Panas Masuk Panas Keluar
Komponen
(kJ/jam) (kJ/jam)
Q feed 2.374.317,162 -
Q destilat - 1.786.234,178
Q kondensor - 11.017.637,69
Q bottom - 864.059,2966
Q reboiler 11.293.614 -
Total 13.667.931,1663 13.667.931,1663