Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal

Cu-Au deposits over 300 ka in northern Luzon, Philippines

Antonio Arribas, Jr.
Geological Survey of Japan, Higashi 1-1-3, Tsukuba 305, Japan
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
Tetsumaru Itaya
Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700, Japan
Toshinori Okada
Rogelio A. Concepción
Lepanto Consolidated Mining Co., Makati, Manila, Philippines
Jose S. Garcia, Jr.

ABSTRACT MANKAYAN MINERAL DISTRICT

There is commonly a close spatial relation between porphyry
Cu (6 Au) and high-sulfidation epithermal Cu-Au deposits
throughout the world, although a genetic association has not been
proven. Nowhere is this spatial association better seen than in
northern Luzon, Philippines, where the Lepanto epithermal Cu-Au
deposit overlies the Far Southeast (FSE) porphyry Cu-Au deposit,
both world-class orebodies. Fresh rock and hydrothermal mineral
separates yield K/Ar ages indicating that premineralization and
postmineralization volcanism occurred at 2.2–1.8 Ma and 1.2– 0.9
Ma, respectively, and that the hydrothermal system was active from
;1.5 to ;1.2 Ma. K/Ar ages of alunite from Lepanto have the same
range as those of hydrothermal biotite and illite from the FSE
deposit, indicating that both epithermal and porphyry mineraliza-
tion formed from an evolving magmatic-hydrothermal system that
was active for about 300 ka. This temporal relation strengthens the
argument for a genetic link between these two styles of ore deposit,
and has implications for exploration. Where one style of mineral-
ization is found, there is potential for the other nearby.
The Mankayan mineral district in the Central Cordillera of
northern Luzon is one of the richest mining districts in the Philip-
pine archipelago in terms of economic value and abundance and
diversity of hydrothermal ore deposits. Within an area of ,25 km 2
(Fig. 1), the district contains several porphyry Cu-Au (Guinaoang,
Palidan, and FSE) and epithermal precious- and base-metal depos-
its, both high-sulfidation (Lepanto) and low-sulfidation (Nayac,
Suyoc) types. The Lepanto and FSE deposits are in the northern
part of the district and show a close spatial relation; ore-grade por-
phyry Cu-Au mineralization in the FSE deposit occurs at ,800 m
elevation, below and to the southeast of the Lepanto enargite-Au
orebody, which extends for 3 km to the northwest from an elevation
of 700 to 1200 m (Figs. 1 and 2). Combined, the two deposits have
a metal content of .550 t (tonnes) Au and .3.6 Mt Cu (based on
a cutoff grade of Cu and Au equivalent in value to 1.0 wt% Cu;
Concepción and Cinco, 1989).
The geology of the Mankayan district can be divided into four
main lithologic groups (Fig. 1): (1) a volcanic to epiclastic basement

INTRODUCTION
Porphyry and high-sulfidation epithermal deposits form in dis-
tinct geologic and geochemical environments within magmatic-hy-
drothermal systems associated with intermediate to felsic magmas
(Hedenquist and Lowenstern, 1994). In porphyry deposits, dissem-
inated or stockwork Cu (6 Au and/or Mo) mineralization forms
within, or close to, an intrusive stock at depths .2 km and temper-
atures .350 8C. High-sulfidation epithermal deposits are located
mostly within extrusive rocks, as veins or structurally controlled ore-
bodies, and form at temperatures of ;150 –300 8C and depths ,1
km. Both deposit types share an association with advanced argillic
alteration, and a close spatial relation has been noted (Sillitoe, 1983,
1991) and used in the exploration for new ore deposits. However,
although suggested (Sillitoe, 1989), a genetic connection has not
been proven, in part because no chronological data exist to support
unambiguously a direct temporal relation between porphyry and
epithermal mineralization. If a genetic connection can be demon-
strated, this will have implications for the interpretation of ore-
forming processes related to high-level intrusions.
We report the results of K/Ar dating of mineral separates from
fresh and altered rocks from an area with closely related porphyry
and epithermal mineralization in the Mankayan mineral district of
northern Luzon, Philippines (Fig. 1). Coupled with the available
geologic data on the Lepanto enargite-Au deposit and the Far
Southeast (FSE) porphyry Cu-Au deposit, the K/Ar ages are used Figure 1. Map of Mankayan district in northern Luzon (inset), Philip-
pines, showing simplified geology and location and type of known hy-
to determine the timing of magmatism and associated Cu-Au min- drothermal deposits. Outlines of economically most important depos-
eralization and the life span of the ore-forming magmatic-hydro- its (i.e., FSE [Far Southeast], Guinaoang, and Lepanto) are shown
thermal system. projected to surface (based on Garcia, 1991).

Data Repository item 9517 contains additional material related to this article.

Geology; April 1995; v. 23; no. 4; p. 337–340; 4 figures. 337

consisting of several units (i.e., Lepanto metavolcanic rock, Apaoan
sedimentary rock, and Balili volcaniclastic rock) of Late Cretaceous
to middle Miocene age; (2) a large Miocene intrusion (Bagon in-
trusion) of tonalitic to gabbroic composition; (3) a Pliocene dacitic
pyroclastic and porphyry unit (Imbanguila hornblende dacite) that
predates Cu-Au mineralization in the Lepanto and FSE deposits;
and (4) an unaltered Pleistocene dacitic pyroclastic and porphyry
unit (Bato hornblende-biotite dacite). The Imbanguila dacite forms
a district-wide blanket of interlayered volcaniclastic and pyroclastic
rocks and porphyritic lava flows. Near the FSE deposit, numerous
dikes and two large (.300 m in diameter) volcanic vents filled with
Imbanguila dacite porphyry and pyroclastic rock have been exposed
by deep exploration drilling (Fig. 2). The Imbanguila and Bato da-
cites are lithologically and chemically (A. Arribas, unpublished
data) similar and are likely to have been derived from a common
parent magma.
Lepanto and FSE Cu-Au Deposits
The Lepanto enargite-Au deposit was worked for Cu prior to
the sixteenth century from outcrops at ;1100 m elevation. The
deposit is 3 km long and consists of a main zone of breccia and
replacement mineralization along the Lepanto fault. Multiple veins
branch off from the main zone at a sharp angle into both the hanging
wall and the footwall (Garcia, 1991). The mushroom-shaped cross
section of the enargite-Au orebodies is controlled by the intersec-
tion of the steeply dipping Lepanto fault and branch veins with the
unconformity at the base of the Imbanguila dacite (Figs. 1 and 2).
Lithologic variations in the host rocks also played an important role
in the formation of the deposit, as shown by lenses of stratiform
enargite-luzonite ore that resulted from replacement of detrital lay-
ers within volcaniclastic and sedimentary basement units (Garcia,
1991). The main characteristics of the Lepanto ores (e.g., Gonzalez,
1959; Garcia, 1991; Claveria and Hedenquist, 1994) are similar to
those of other high-sulfidation deposits and include an association
with massive and vuggy silica and hypogene advanced argillic alter-
ation (alunite, pyrophyllite), an abundance of pyrite and high-sul-
fidation-state minerals, such as the Cu-sulfosalt minerals enargite
and luzonite, and the presence of selenides, tellurides, and Sn-bear-
ing minerals. Claveria and Hedenquist (1994) provided evidence
that Au mineralization, accompanied by tennantite-tetrahedrite and
chalcopyrite, followed enargite-luzonite deposition. Homogeniza-
tion temperatures of fluid inclusions in enargite and quartz indicate
that a dilute (,4 wt% NaCl equivalent) liquid cooled from ;280 to
;160 8C as it flowed northwest, away from the porphyry (Mancano
and Campbell, 1994).
The potential for high-temperature mineralization at depth
and to the southeast of the Lepanto deposit was first suggested by
Gonzalez (1959) on the basis on chemical and mineralogical gra-
dients within the enargite-Au orebody. The FSE porphyry Cu-Au
338
deposit was discovered in 1980, and extensive drilling since then has
resulted in the identification of an elongated, longitudinally bell-
shaped orebody that extends vertically downward for .1000 m from
;800 m elevation (i.e., from a depth of ;600 m below the present
surface; Fig. 2). The distribution of metal grades is concentric
around dikes and irregular intrusive bodies of melanocratic quartz
diorite porphyry (Fig. 2). The Cu-Au ore (mainly bornite, chalcopy-
rite, and native Au) is rich in magnetite and occurs in extensively
altered intrusive and country rocks. Hydrothermal alteration is char-
acterized by a K-silicate (mainly biotite) core overprinted by illite-
chlorite alteration and late quartz-illite-sulfide and anhydrite veins.
Outward, and in the upper parts of the deposit, alteration grades
into argillic (kaolinite) and advanced argillic (pyrophyllite, diaspore,
alunite) assemblages, subeconomic in grade, that mark the transi-
tion to the Lepanto deposit. Locally, enargite veinlets crosscut FSE
porphyry-style alteration and mineralization. Fluid-inclusion studies
indicate that high-temperature (.500 8C) saline brines were present
during the evolution of the deposit (Concepción and Cinco, 1989).
A breccia pipe that contains both porphyry and epithermal style
mineralization cuts through the FSE deposit and overlying Imban-
guila dacite (Concepción and Cinco, 1989).
K/Ar AGES: SAMPLES AND RESULTS
Samples for K/Ar dating (7 igneous and 24 hydrothermal min-
eral separates) were collected mainly from drill core and under-
ground workings along a .4 km northwest-southeast cross section
of the Lepanto and FSE deposits (Fig. 2). The Imbanguila and Bato
units were dated using fresh igneous hornblende and biotite. Well-
constrained maximum ages for the epithermal and porphyry depos-
its were obtained by dating unaltered hornblende from drill-core
segments of fresh Imbanguila dacite that graded, within several tens
of metres, to intensely altered and mineralized dacite. Dating of the
enargite-Au deposit was based on K/Ar ages of crystalline pink al-
unite, which occurs both as a product of hydrothermal alteration and
as gangue in ore veins with kaolinite, quartz, pyrite, and Cu-bearing
sulfides. The FSE porphyry system was dated using biotite from
deep (,200 m elevation) remnants of early K-silicate alteration, and
illite associated with late quartz-illite-sulfide veinlets. In addition, an
illite-bearing sample was collected from the main zone of high-grade
($3.0% Cu equivalent) porphyry mineralization in the FSE core
(east-400 level; Garcia, 1991). Details of laboratory procedures and
error calculation for measurement of K and radiogenic 40Ar are
reported by Itaya et al. (1991) and Okada and Itaya (1995), and in
Table A.1 All ages are reported to the 95% confidence level (2s).
1
GSA Data Repository item 9517, Table A, Mineral K/Ar data for
the Lepanto and FSE (Far Southeast) Cu-Au Deposits, Philippines, is
available on request from Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140,
Boulder, Colorado 80301.
Figure 2. Schematic cross section of Lepanto and Far Southeast
(FSE) deposits along Lepanto fault (Garcia, 1991) showing major
lithologic units, outline of enargite-Au and porphyry Cu-Au de-
posits, and most sample locations with K/Ar ages. Hornblende
samples and one sample of biotite (1.18 Ma) are from fresh ig-
neous rocks; alunite, illite, and other biotite samples are hydro-
thermal in origin.
GEOLOGY, April 1995
 K/Ar ages of four hornblende separates from fresh Imbanguila
dacite range between 2.19 6 0.62 and 1.82 6 0.36 Ma. These ages
(Table A, Fig. 3) are older than those of hydrothermal minerals
associated with the FSE and Lepanto deposits, i.e., biotite (1.45 6
0.04 to 1.34 6 0.05 Ma), illite (1.37 6 0.05 to 1.22 6 0.06 Ma), and
alunite (1.56 6 0.29 to 1.17 6 0.16 Ma). On the basis of the K/Ar
ages, the two deposits are contemporaneous and older than the
unaltered Bato dacite (1.18 6 0.08 and 0.96 6 0.29 Ma). Dating of
the quartz-diorite porphyries genetically related to FSE mineraliza-
tion was not possible because all of these intrusions are hydrother-
mally altered. However, fresh hornblende from the matrix of vol-
canic breccia that crops out above Lepanto and contains lithic
fragments with K-silicate alteration and porphyry-style mineraliza-
tion (Concepción and Cinco, 1989) yielded an age of 1.43 6 0.21
Ma. The presence of the volcanic breccia and its K/Ar age suggest
that there was some eruptive activity at the same time as the FSE
mineralization and associated intrusive magmatism.
TIMING OF MAGMATISM AND ORE FORMATION
The analytical results are consistent with the field relations and
indicate that hydrothermal Cu-Au mineralization took place in the
Mankayan district in the middle of a Pliocene to Pleistocene event
of dacitic-andesitic magmatism. Volcanism started in the late Plio-
cene with eruption of Imbanguila dacite—probably as early as 2.9
Ma in the northeast part of the district (Sillitoe and Angeles,
1985)—and continued until ;1.8 Ma. Between ;1.5 and 1.2 Ma,
intrusion of quartz diorite led to extensive magmatic-hydrothermal
activity and formation of proximal porphyry and distal epithermal
Cu-Au mineralization—FSE and Lepanto, respectively. The loca-
tion and morphology of the two deposits reflect differences in their
formation: the FSE deposit has a concentric distribution around and
within the intrusive body, in contrast to Lepanto, where ore is gen-
erally distal from the intrusion, located along the Lepanto fault and
uncomformity at the base of Imbanguila dacite.
Magmatism during formation of the deposits was mainly in-
trusive (see above) and it is likely that the comparatively narrow
diorite dikes and irregular bodies found in the FSE deposit are
Figure 3. Radiometric ages for mineral separates from fresh and hy-
drothermally altered igneous rocks associated with Lepanto and Far
Southeast (FSE) deposits. Samples are arranged arbitrarily by litho-
logic or mineral groups, and by age (older to left) within each group.
Analytical uncertainty at 2s level is contained within size of symbols,
except where indicated with bar. Illite separates were concentrated in
<2 mm size fraction (<4 mm in three samples) and contain up to 20%
quartz 6 anhydrite 6 plagioclase 6 chlorite 6 sulfides. Hydrothermal
biotite separates (100 –150 mm size fraction) contain <10% chlorite.
Alunite separates were prepared by microdrilling and contain up to
30% kaolinite 6 quartz. Igneous hornblende and biotite samples were
all fresh. Ranges of weight percent K concentration for different min-
eral groups are 0.18 6 0.01 to 0.30 6 0.02 for hornblende, 5.23 6 0.11
to 7.47 6 0.15 for biotite, 4.42 6 0.09 to 7.46 6 0.15 for illite, and 2.90
6 0.06 to 5.63 6 0.11 for alunite.
GEOLOGY, April 1995
underlain by a larger stock. Volcanism resumed immediately after
Cu-Au mineralization with the eruption of Bato dacite domes and
associated pyroclastic deposits. The youngest recorded age for Bato
is 0.5 Ma (analytical precision not reported; Ringenbach et al., 1990)
for the Pusdo plug, located between the FSE and Guinaoang por-
phyry Cu-Au deposits (Fig. 1). Overall, the period of calc-alkaline
magmatism and intervening hydrothermal mineralization in the dis-
trict lasted ;2.5 m.y. Results of preliminary K/Ar dating of other
deposits in the Mankayan district suggest that hydrothermal activity
was concentrated during, but may have not been restricted to, the
period between Imbanguila and Bato eruption. For example, seri-
cite from the Guinaoang porphyry gave an age of 3.5 6 0.9 Ma
(Sillitoe and Angeles, 1985).
The large number and wide distribution of samples collected
from the FSE deposit (Fig. 2), combined with the precision of the
radiometric ages (Fig. 4), help determine more closely the evolution
of the porphyry Cu-Au deposit. The data indicate that the main
K-silicate (biotite) and sericitic (illite) alteration stages overlapped
to a great extent; however, in agreement with crosscutting relations,
the majority of the biotites (five out of six) are older than most
(seven out of ten) of the illite separates. This absolute timing is also
consistent with the observation that pervasive illite-chlorite alter-
ation (1.31 6 0.05 Ma), which contains the bulk of economic min-
eralization, overprints K-silicate alteration outward from the core of
the deposit (Concepción and Cinco, 1989).
Two of the oldest ages from the FSE deposit (1.45 6 0.04 and
1.42 6 0.04 Ma) are from biotite separated from drill-core segments
of strongly sheared Balili volcaniclastic rock. The rock has a schis-
tose texture and consists of a hydrothermal assemblage of coarse-
grained biotite-quartz-anhydrite-sulfides crosscut by several veins of
quartz 6 anhydrite 6 sulfides (including molybdenite), the oldest of
which are also sheared. Coupled with the K/Ar ages, these samples
provide evidence for ductile deformation concurrent with high-tem-
perature alteration and mineralization early in the life of the FSE
porphyry system. In contrast, deformation within the Lepanto enar-
gite-Au orebody is always brittle, consistent with a mineralization
temperature below that of the brittle-plastic transition (;400 8C;
Fournier, 1991).
The K/Ar ages for eight alunite samples from the Lepanto
deposit show a large degree of overlap within analytical precision,
and they also overlap the biotite and illite ages from the FSE deposit
(Fig. 3). No pattern is observed between the ages for alunite in
mineralized veins and alunite in zones of wall-rock alteration, nor is
there a trend in age with distance from the intrusions. Dating wall-
rock alunite provides the age of advanced argillic alteration asso-
Figure 4. K/Ar age (Ma) vs. percentage of radiogenic 40Ar in total 40Ar
released from hydrothermal minerals from Lepanto and Far Southeast
(FSE) deposits. Shaded regions represent premineralization and post-
mineralization ages based on K/Ar dating of country rocks. Rectangles
indicate range of values for each mineral group, excluding alunite sam-
ples with 40Arrad/S40Ar # 10%.
339
ciated with magma degassing (Henley and McNabb, 1978), but this
is only a maximum age for the main Cu and Au mineralization
stages, because main-stage enargite and subsequent main-stage Au
at Lepanto both crosscut advanced argillically altered rocks (Cla-
veria and Hedenquist, 1994). However, two alunite samples from
the Lepanto sulfide veins (1.35 6 0.10 and 1.17 6 0.16 Ma) overlap
in age with those of the wall-rock alunite, thus defining the age of
mineralization as well. A minimum age for enargite-Au formation
is given by the oldest sample of Bato dacite (1.18 6 0.08 Ma),
because this unit is unaltered and overlies the enargite-Au orebody.
This minimum age constraint is thus within the analytical precision
of the youngest illites from the FSE deposit (e.g., 1.23 6 0.09 and
1.22 6 0.06 Ma) and implies that the two deposits were contem-
poraneous within the period necessary for cooling of the numerous
intrusions in the FSE deposit.
On the basis of K/Ar data for the hydrothermal minerals and
the maximum and minimum ages derived from dating the country
rocks, the life span of the hydrothermal system that formed the FSE
and Lepanto deposits was between ;0.2 and ;0.6 m.y. (Fig. 4).
However, three alunite samples contain a low percentage of radio-
genic 40Ar (40Arrad/S40Ar # 10%; Fig. 4), which is mainly caused by
the relative impurity of the mineral separates. Excluding these three
samples, the maximum lifetime of the system responsible for form-
ing these deposits is ;300 ka. Compared to the few deposits for
which there are well-constrained chronological data, this time pe-
riod is similar to that estimated for the intrusion-related Ladolam
Au deposit, Papua New Guinea (Moyle et al., 1990). A life span of
,1 m.y. is also indicated for several other porphyry deposits (e.g.,
Silberman, 1985), including Ok Tedi, Papua New Guinea, which
formed at 1.1 to 1.2 Ma (Page and McDougall, 1972).
IMPLICATIONS
The intimate spatial association (Fig. 2) and the identical ages
(Fig. 4) for the porphyry and epithermal mineralization together
argue for a genetic relation between the FSE and Lepanto orebod-
ies. Given the relatively short period of hydrothermal activity, it is
highly improbable that the two deposits are independent and un-
related. We believe that the two deposits formed from a single mag-
matic-hydrothermal system that evolved in style of mineralization
through time and space, most likely with complexities arising from
multiple intrusions.
Our conclusion that there can be a genetic association between
porphyry and high-sulfidation Cu-Au deposits has implications for
exploration strategies. In districts where one style of mineralization
is found, evidence should be sought for the presence of the other in
an appropriate spatial relation (Sillitoe, 1991). However, we hasten
to add that ore-grade amounts of the complementary style of min-
eralization cannot be assumed to always be present, because geo-
logic and structural factors are also critical, in addition to geochemi-
cal evolution to ore-deposit formation.
The establishment of a genetic link between a world-class high-
sulfidation deposit and the porphyry environment has consequences
for the source of metals in the epithermal environment. In porphyry
Cu and intrusion-related Au deposits there is wide agreement on a
dominantly magmatic fluid source for the ore-forming metals (Sil-
litoe, 1991), whereas in the epithermal environment, the evidence
for a magmatic source of the metals weakens (Hedenquist and Lo-
wenstern, 1994). The metal associations in the Lepanto and FSE
deposits are consistent with a close genetic connection between por-
phyry and epithermal mineralization; both deposits have similar
Cu-Au ratios and high concentrations of Te, Bi, and Sn (Gonzalez,
1959; Claveria and Hedenquist, 1994; A. Arribas and J. W. Heden-
quist, unpublished data). Only a fraction of the total Cu and Au
contained in the Lepanto-FSE system is present within the epi-
340 Printed in U.S.A.
thermal deposit (,25% for an FSE cut-off grade of 1.0% Cu equiv-
alent). If it is true that the Cu, Au, Te, Sn, and other elements in the
FSE porphyry deposit were derived from fluids released by the di-
orite intrusions, then it is most likely that the same metal suite in the
Lepanto deposit was also derived from the intrusions, either by a
magmatic fluid or by remobilization of porphyry protore in an evolv-
ing hydrothermal system. Thus, the Lepanto epithermal deposit has
good evidence for a magmatic source of Cu and Au.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Supported by a Japan Science and Technology Agency fellowship to
Arribas and a grant from the Resource Geology Society of Japan to He-
denquist. We thank A. F. Disini, president of Lepanto Consolidated Mining
Co. (LCM), for permission to conduct and publish this study; the staff of
LCM for their assistance; and J. T. Chesley, J. C. Cinco, Jr., C. G. Cun-
ningham, J. B. Lowenstern, and R. H. Sillitoe for reviews of the paper.
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Manuscript received September 22, 1994
Revised manuscript received December 13, 1994
Manuscript accepted December 21, 1994
GEOLOGY, April 1995