12th grade

General Chemistry 2

Intermolecular Forces
and Liquids and Solid
Obectives of this topic
▪ Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of
liquids and solids.
▪ Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular
forces.
▪ Describe the following properties of liquids and explain
the effect of intermolecular forces on these properties.
surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point,
and molar heat of vaporization.
▪ Explain the properties of water with its molecular
structure and intermolecular forces.
 IntER vs. IntRA Molecular Forces

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Forces within a molecule or Forces between molecules
ionic compound. or ions and molecules.

Example: Example:
NaCl Ionic bond between Solid liquid gas
atom of Na and atom of Cl
Which are stronger, intramolecular bonds
or intermolecular forces?

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 Phase Changes
When a substance changes from solid to liquid to
gas, the molecules remain intact.
Schematic Representations of the Three States of Matter
Intermolecular
Forces
The attractive and
repulsive forces that arise
between the molecules of
a substance.
Why do some samples of
matter exist under
ordinary conditions as
gases, while others are
liquids or solids?
Intermolecular Forces

01 02 03
London dispersion Dipole-dipole force Hydrogen bond
force

04
Ion-dipole
interactions
 01
London Dispersion Force
(van der Waals)
These are the weakest forces and
result from temporary
fluctuations in electron
distribution, creating temporary
dipoles. All molecules experience
dispersion forces.
 Example of London
Dispersion Forces

Notice that the partially negative charge of

the chlorine is attracted by a London force
to the partially positive charge of the
carbon of the neighboring or adjacent
molecule. Thus, an intermolecular, or
between the molecules, attraction between
carbon and chlorine that helps the two
molecules of carbon tetrachloride stay
together.
 02
Dipole-dipole force
These forces occur between the
positive end of one polar molecule
and the negative end of another
polar molecule..
 Example of Dipole-Dipole
Interactions

In the molecule, the partially

positive dipole of the hydrogen
atom in water is attracted to
partially negative dipole of the
chlorine atom in the
neighboring hydrochloric acid
molecule.
 03
Hydrogen Bonds
It occurs between a hydrogen
atom bonded to a highly
electronegative atom (such as N,
O, or F) and a lone pair of
electrons on another
electronegative atom.
 Example of Hydrogen
Bonding
In the molecules below, the positive dipole of hydrogen of water attracts
the negative dipole of the fluorine in the next molecule. Additionally,
two water molecules are held together with a hydrogen
bond between the positive dipole of hydrogen of one molecule and the
negative dipole of the oxygen atom of an adjacent water molecule.
 04
Ion-Dipole Interactions
These forces occur between an ion
and the dipole of a polar molecule.
Common in solutions where ionic
compounds are dissolved in polar
solvents.
 Example of Ion-Dipole
Interactions
When sodium chloride, NaCl, is added to water to form a solution, the
sodium and chlorine dissociate and form the Na+ cation and the Cl –
anion. The chloride ion is then attracted to the positive dipole of
hydrogen and the sodium ion is attracted to negative dipole of oxygen
Summary
Examples of mix types

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Oil + liquid Alcohol + color

Mercury is the closest It’s actually a cold place.
planet to the Sun It’s full of iron oxide dust
 Features of matter

Mass Volume Weight

It’s the closest planet to Venus is the second Mars is actually a very
the Sun planet from the Sun cold place

Porosity Inertia Impenetrably

Jupiter is the biggest It’s composed of It’s the farthest planet
planet of them all hydrogen and helium from the Sun
Which compound has strong IMF?

Solid Liquid Gas

It’s the closest planet to Venus has a beautiful Despite being red, Mars is
the Sun and the smallest in name and is the second actually a cold place. It’s
the Solar System planet from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
 Another picture
always is good for
you
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an
image instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate it
How can we identify the IMF?
Fission
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Fusion
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere
How can we identify the IMF?
Fission
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Fusion
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere
Identify the IMF.
Fission
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Fusion
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere
Identify the IMF.
Fission
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Fusion
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere
 02
Reactions of
elements
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