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II: LEXICO - GRAMMAR (40 points)

Part 1: Choose one of the words marked A, B, C, or D which best completes the sentence. (20
points)
1. On his desk _______, which he usually sits in front of and looks at.
A. stood the picture of us B. the picture of us stands
C. standing the picture of us D. stands the picture of us
2. Last weekend, _______ nothing to watch on TV, we played chest together.
A. there being B. there having C. having had D. being
3. Here _____ from Rangoon
A. is an interesting news B. is an interesting item of news
C. are interesting news D. are some interesting news item
4. However good Schoenberg_____have been, I still find his modem music very difficult to appreciate.
A could B may C should D would
5. ...................... the phone rang later that night did Anna remember the appointment
A. No sooner B. Only C. Not until D. Just before
6. Don't ____ to any conclusions before you know the full facts.
A rush B dive C leap D fly
7. Mr Smith was talking to his friends and_____
A. on a perch beside him sat a blue parrot
B. on a perch beside him did a blue parrot sit
C. did a blue parrot sit on a perch beside him
D. a blue parrot did on a perch beside him sit
8. I was told yesterday that the car had been fixed but it’s broken down _______ again!
A. even B. still C. yet D. right
9. Had the electrician not come in time, we would______last night's party by candlelight.
A have to have B have to be having
C have had to have had D have had to have been having
10. It is difficult to decide on the best ................of action in these circumstances.
A. measure B. course C. process D. policy
11. There was a terible storm on the night we first stayed at the campsite but we were alright with out
tent and were as dry as a..................
A. bone B. cover C. coat D. sheet
12. Jeremy’s friends were fond of him .................... because of his generosity.
A. at least B. still less C. even less D. not least
13. The thick fog ................... out any possibility of our plane taking off before morning
A. ruled B. struck C. stamped D. crossed
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14. Looking down at the coral reef, we saw ..................... of tiny, multi-coloured fish.
A. swarms B. flocks C. teams D. shoals
15. Of all the paintings in the gallery, it was this one that really ...............my eye.
A. grasped B. snatched C. caught D. seized
16. The community should take the doctor’s advice into consideration since he’s in ________ earnest
about the epidemic.
A. mortally B. fatally C. deadly D. gravely
17. We might have to change our plans for the weekend and, ...............we’ll let you know as soon as
possible.
A. in case B. if so C. providing D. supposing
18. After feeling off .................. for days, Tom finally went to see his doctor.
A. food B. colour C. fitness D. balance
19. There was................. evidence to bring charges against the man.
A. insubstantial B. inferior C. ineffective D. insufficient
20. The size of the pop-star’s personal fortune was the subject of much ................. in the press.
A. doubt B. guessing C. speculation D. wonderment
\Part 2. Complete each of the following sentences with (a) suitable preposition(s) or particle(s). (10
points)
1. I can’t concentrate on my work with the prospect of the court case handing…………………me.
2. He has an inspirational politician, who put………………………his ideas with clarity.
3. I know it’s every stressful, but try not to let it get……………………………..you.
4. It was a good idea, but I am afraid it didn’t quite come .................
5. He’s sometimes bad tempered but he’s a good fellow……………………………heart.
6. The gunners began to blaze ................ at the target, the moment the signal was given.
7. She’s fainted! Don’t crowd ................! Give her air!
8. I don’t know how I’m going to summon ................ the courage to tell Dad!
9. It took Jerry a while to cotton ................ to the fact I was joking.
10. How did you come……………………these tickets? I’ve been trying to get some for ages.
Part 3: Use the correct form of each of the words given to fill in the blank in each sentence. (10
points)
1. She’s family suffered from his ………………….. (EXPEND)
2. The Southerners were like the colonists in the Revolutionary War in that they were _____________
but geographically protected. (MAN)
3. My ankle is really ............................and I can’t walk easily. (SWELL)
4. The government’s............................. approach has brought criticism. (COMPROMISE)
5. Jim is one of the most................................ members of the committee. (SPEAK)
6. You shouldn’t interrupt someone in …………………… (SENTENCE)

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7. Low income and little administrative support make teachers …………. with their profession.
(HEART)
8. Don’t you think she is ______? She always looks good in her photographs. (PHOTO)
9.Hardly a day goes by without Tim being __________ of eating sweets. (DESIRE)
10.She resembled an army commander whom nothing could put the __________ on. (FRIGHTEN)
III: READING COMPREHENSION (60 points)
Part 1: Read the following passages and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap. Write
your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. (15 points)
HEARING IN COLOUR
A number of scientists around the world are now investigating a phenomenon called synaesthesia that
may (1) _______as many as one in 2,000 people. The name (2) _______from the Greek words for
together and perception and means that some people’s senses work in combination. For example, some
people (3) _______colour when they hear particular sounds. Similarly, a smell or taste may be (4)
_______as a reaction to information received from the eyes. However, the most common form of
synaesthesia occurs among people who (5) _______certain letters or words with colours. Scientists at
Cambridge University conducted experiments to determine whether this is actually a product of mental
activity or if some individuals are just (6)_______imaginative. They discovered that synaesthetes,
people who experience synaesthesia, (7) _______ associate the same letters or words with the same
colours. Brain scans revealed (8) _______ activity in the brain when subjects were listening to words,
suggesting that it is a physical condition. The most plausible explanation is that synaesthetes have
slightly different connections between the areas of the brain which control their (9) _______.
Synaesthesia is not a medical problem, however, and synaesthetes often (10) _______from an unusually
good memory, probably because they have extra information to help them recallthings like names and
numbers.
1. A. effect B . infect C. suffer D . affect
2. A. reminds B . derives C.C. prescribes D . distracts
3. A. differ B . view C. see D . mind
4. A. retained B . perceived C. thought D . responded
5. A. associate B . elaborate C. conceive D . comply
6. A. deeply B . utterly C. highly D . fully
7. A. perfectly B . earnestly C. practically D .consistently
8. A. unusual B . infallible C. insecure D .incapable
9. A. consciences B . attitudes C. senses D .conditions
10. A. approve B . sting C. cure D .benefit

Part 2: Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers
in the corresponding numbered boxes provided below the passage. (15 points)
How can I cope better with stress?
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Recent research found that having higher levels of self-esteem, a more positive way of explaining why
things happen, and avoiding perfectionist thinking were strongly 1._________ to bouncing back when
things go wrong.
To begin with, according to Dr Judith Johnson self-esteem was shown to be 2. __________ in two thirds
of the studies in mediating the link between failure and distress. All we need to do is write a list of our
positive qualities and examples of when we have 3. _______them.
Secondly, how we explain things also 4.______. If we can brush off a disappointment by
5.____________ it to external factors, then we have the equivalent of emotional armour.
Finally, if we have perfectionist tendencies, lower them. Perfectionists hold rigid standards that don’t
bend in the stormy 6. _________of life. Johnson says we need to set more realistic 7. ___________.
She also advises self-awareness and noticing when we are stressed. If you feel stuck, do something that
8._________ you up. You need to plan these things into a schedule – doing them will chip away at your
negative 9. ________, even if you do enjoy them a bit less than usual. Other research shows that the 10.
__________ of friends or family also helps emotional resilience, as does being physically active.

Part 3: Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers
in the corresponding numbered boxes provided below the passage. (15 points)
Archaeological records-paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the
use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In
ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90
percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient
people were right-handed.
Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by
placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar
outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons are
displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.
Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4
million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in
toolmaking: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be
distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).
Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat
into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit.
Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right
stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by
left-handers).
Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between
the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two

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sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used
to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided
dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo
erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Human ancestors became predominantly right-handed when they began to use tools.
B. It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence concerning tool use.
C. Humans and their ancestors have been predominantly right-handed for over a million years.
D. Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern humans.
2. What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?
A. Some are not very old.
B. It is unusual to see such paintings.
C. Many were made by children.
D. The artists were mostly right-handed.
3. The word "depicted" in the first paragraph refers to ________.
A. written B. portrayed C. referred D. mentioned
4. When compared with implements "flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation”, it can be inferred that
"implements flaked with a clockwise motion" are ______.
A. more common B. larger
C. more sophisticated D. older
5. The word "cranial morphology" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. the form of crane B. the form of study
C. the study of physical bodies D. the study of skulls
6. The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significant because ______.
A. the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can be verified
B. it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestors
C. the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns produced by modern
knives
D. it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools
7. The word "hemispheres" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.
A. differences B. sides C. activities D. studies
8. Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Habilis in the last paragraph?
A. To contrast them with modern humans
B. To explain when human ancestors began to make tools
C. To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed
D. To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very large
9. All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT _______.

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A. ancient artwork B. asymmetrical skulls
C. studies of tool use D. fossilized hand bones
10. Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the evidence from cranial morphology?
A. Differences in the hemispheres of the brain probably came about relatively recently
B. There may be a link between handedness and differences in the brain's hemispheres.
C. Left-handedness was somewhat more common among Neanderthals.
D. Variation between the brain's hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo erectus and Homo
habilis.
Part 4: Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (15 points)
Wealth in A Cold Climate
Latitude is crucial to a nation's economic strength.
A Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was this
anecdote about the great yellow-fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793," Masters recalls. “This
epidemic decimated the city until the first frost came." The inclement weather froze out the insects,
allowing Philadelphia to recover.
B If weather could be the key to a city's fortunes. Masters thought, then why not to the historical
fortunes of nations? And could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic mysteries
of all - why are almost all the wealthy, industrialised nations to be found at latitudes above 40
degrees? After two years of research, he thinks that he has found a piece of the puzzle. Masters, an
agricultural economist from Purdue University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at Tufts
University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among the factors that distinguish rich nations from
poor ones. Their study is published this month in the Journal of Economic Growth. The pair
speculate that cold snaps have two main benefits - they freeze pests that would otherwise destroy
crops, and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry disease. The result is agricultural
abundance and a big workforce.
C The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the second
climate data from the University of East Anglia. They found a curious tally between the sets.
Countries having five or more frosty days a month are uniformly rich, those with fewer than five are
impoverished. The authors speculate that the five-day figure is important; it could be the minimum
time needed to kill pests in the soil. Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small country that is
growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small country that isn't growing at all. Perhaps climate has
something to do with that." In fact, limited frosts bring huge benefits to farmers. The chills kill
insects or render them inactive; cold weather slows the break-up of plant and animal material in the
soil, allowing it to become richer; and frosts ensure a build-up of moisture in the ground for spring,
reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the “cold equals rich" argument.
There are well-heeled tropical places such as Hong Kong and Singapore, a result of their superior
trading positions. Likewise, not all European countries are moneyed - in the former communist

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 colonies, economic potential was crushed by politics.
D Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor - the wealth of nations is too
complicated to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other
factors - such as the presence of institutions, including governments, and access to trading routes - to
determine whether a country will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that
institutions had the biggest effect on the economy, because they brought order to a country in the
form of, for example, laws and property rights. With order, so the thinking went, came affluence.
“But there are some problems that even countries with institutions have not been able to get around,”
he says. “My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get better institutions. And the
accumulation of wealth and improvement in governing institutions are both helped by a favourable
environment, including climate.”
E This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to
remain penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given.
Instead of aid being geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to
improve agriculture and to combat disease. Masters cites one example: “There are regions in India
that have been provided with irrigation - agricultural productivity has gone up and there has been an
improvement in health.” Supplying vaccines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties
that can grow in the tropics would break the poverty cycle.
F Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthro-
pological, climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In
350BC, Aristotle observed that “those who live in a cold climate ... are full of spirit”. Jared
Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs
and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned north-
south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are similar. One of
the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took
twice as long for com to spread from Mexico to what is now the eastern United States. This easy
movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant a faster dissemination of other
technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also boasted
domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields. Blessed
with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically.
G John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations
between the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries
between 23.45 degrees north and south of the equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the
Harvard International Review, they concluded that “development surely seems to favour the
temperate-zone economies, especially those in the northern hemisphere, and those that have
managed to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war”. But Masters cautions against geographical
determinism, the idea that tropical countries are beyond hope: “Human health and agriculture can be

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 made better through scientific and technological research," he says, “so we shouldn’t be writing off
these countries. Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldn’t be rich.”
Questions 1-6
Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below. Write the
appropriate number, i-x, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Example answer List of Headings
Paragraph A: iii i. The positive correlation between climate and wealth
1. Paragraph B ii. Other factors besides climate that influence wealth
2. Paragraph C iii. Inspiration from reading a book
3. Paragraph D iv. Other researchers’ results do not rule out exceptional cases
4. Paragraph E v. Different attributes between Eurasia and Africa
5. Paragraph F vi. Low temperature benefits people and crops
6. Paragraph G vii. The importance of institution in traditional views
viii. The spread of crops in Europe, Asia and other places
ix. The best way to use aid
x. Confusions and exceptions
Questions 7-10
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
Dr William Masters read a book saying that a(an) 7. _______which struck an American city hundreds of
years ago was terminated by a cold frost. And academics found that there is a connection between
climate and country’s wealth as in the rich but small country of Finland. Yet besides excellent
surroundings and climate, one country still needs to improve their 8. ______to achieve long prosperity.
Thanks to resembling weather conditions across latitude in the continent of 9. ______, crops such as
einkorn wheat is bound to spread faster than from South America to the North. Other researchers also
noted that even though geographical factors are important, tropical country such as 10. ______ still
became rich due to scientific advancement.

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