HISTORY

The mentally ill were seen as _________________

Evil Spirits • Trephining = an early form of treatment that was supposed to

let the spirits escape

Hippocrates (Greece 500 B.C.) and Galen (Rome 200 A.D.) thought
that mental illness had _________ roots
Middle Ages
• Europeans still returned to belief in demon _________
• mentally ill __________

Philippe Pinel (France) and Dorothea Dix (U.S.)

• fought for ___________ treatment of the mentally ill
Enlightenment
• helped the development of ________ institutions
•

1950s
• development of ______ for the mentally ill
• many people were ________ from mental institutions
Deinstitutionalization
• intended to save ______ and benefit patients
• many were unable to _____ for themselves
 Primary prevention = attempt to reduce the _________ of societal
problems that give rise to mental health issues

Secondary prevention = working with people at _____ for

Preventative Efforts
developing specific problems

Tertiary prevention = aim to keep people’s mental health issues

from becoming more ______

Types of Therapy

Psychotherapy

Somatic treatments

Patients vs Clients
 Psychoanalytic Theories
• a therapeutic technique developed by _______
Psychoanalysis • focuses on identifying the ________ causes of a problem

Hypnosis patients are less likely to ________ thoughts

• say whatever comes to mind without ____________

Free association
• supposed to elude the ego’s __________

• patients asked to describe their _________

• manifest content
Dream analysis o what the patient ____________
• latent content
o the interpreted _________ meaning

Resistance ______________ yourself from the painful process of psychoanalysis

ex. ____________ with your therapist’s interpretations

patients redirect strong __________ felt towards others with whom

Transference
they’ve had a troubling relationship onto the _________

Insight therapies highlight the importance of the patient gaining an ____________ of

his problems
 Humanistic Theories

• people are innately ________

• people have ___________

Beliefs
• ____________- opposite

therapist must provide unconditional ______________

__________
Client/Person-centered
• therapists don’t tell clients what ___________
therapy
• help clients choose ______ of action

• ________ listening

• clients encouraged to get in touch with _________ selves

Gestalt therapy • stress importance of __________

• integrate actions, feelings, thoughts into a _________

Existential therapies focus on helping clients achieve a __________ meaningful perception

of their lives
 Behavioural Theories
Mary Cover Jones

• an unpleasant conditioned response is ________ with a

Counterconditioning
pleasant one

Joseph Wolpe

• teach the client to eliminate anxiety through _________

• construct anxiety ________ = a rank-ordered list of what the

clients fears, from ______________

Systematic • in vivo desensitization = the client _________ feared objects

desensitization or situations

• covert desensitization = client _________ the feared stimuli

• climb the ________, using _______________ to replace fear

with relaxation

Flooding
• the client addresses the _______ frightening scenario first

• client watches someone else _________ with feared object

Modeling
• client _________ what he saw
Aversive conditioning • pairs a habit the client wants to break with an ___________
stimulus

• uses rewards and punishments to ________ behavior

Operant conditioning
• ex. _____________
 Cognitive Theories
• most often used to treat _______________
• aims to engage clients in pursuits that will bring them
________
Cognitive therapy
• make beliefs about ___________ more positive
• _______________

Cognitive Behavioural Theories

Albert Ellis

• show client that his failure is _____________

Rational emotive • show that even if client does fail, it wouldn’t be a
behavior therapy ____________
• expose and confront the client’s __________ thoughts

Group Theories
• __________ therapy
• Meeting with a number of people experiencing _______
difficulties
Group Therapy
• _________ groups
• don’t involve a __________
 Somatic Theories
Psychopharmacology/ ______ therapy

Chemotherapy more likely to be used for ________ disorders

• *block receptor sites for ___________

• used for _____________

Antipsychotic drugs • ex. _________________

• side effect = _______________

• used for ________ disorders

• increase ___________ activity

• _______- for manic phase of BPD

• for unipolar depression:

Chemotherapy • tricyclic antidepressants

• monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

• serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs
 • _________ drugs
• types
Barbiturates
o _________
o ______________
• ex. xanax, valium

bilateral

• electric current passed through both brain hemispheres

unilateral

• electrical current through one hemisphere

more __________

worse side effects

Electroconvulsive • Memory _______

therapy (ECT) • Brief ___________

• Brief loss of ___________

used for ___________ when other methods fail

less __________ than chemotherapy

 • _______ treatment

• _____ resort

• purposeful ________ of part of the brain to alter a person’s

behavior
Psychosurgery
• prefrontal lobotomy

• cutting the main neurons leading to the _______ lobe

• calms behavior

• makes you a __________