BIO122

HISTOLOGY OF CELLS AND TISSUES

LABORATORY REPORT
Experiment:
Microscopy and the Cells
Students Name & ID 1. Ainur Zahirah binti Shaiful Mazram (Student Id:) 2023822258
2. Nur Nadhira Syahila binti Khairo (Student Id:) 2023855906
3. Mawaddah binti Mohd Tarmizi (Student Id:) 2023805382
4. Dhiya Humairah binti Supian (Student Id:) 2023217178

2023805382@istudent.uitm.edu.my / 013 990 4889

Class AS120 1J
Group GROUP 5
Lecturer’s Name MADAM KHALILAH HARIS
Date of Submission 27/11/2023

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Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should uphold at
all times.

I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely our group work, and that no
part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s) or provided by any
other student(s).

I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to be
penalized if any form of copying is found valid.

TITLE :
Microscopy and the cells
OBJECTIVE :
1. To describe the parts and functions of the compound light and dissecting microscope.
2. To state the steps in proper order for bringing the cell’s image into focus with the
compound light microscope.
3. To calculate the diameter of the field and the total magnification of the cell’s image.
4. To Identify the differences between animal and plant cells.
INTRODUCTION :
Microscope is commonly used equipment in laboratory especially in field of
microbiology. Microscope use to magnify the image of the small objects that can’t be seen
with human eyes such as cell and bacteria. By using microscope, the image can be seen
clearly under the lens.
The invention of microscope is believed to be invented around 1600s. It not very clear
about the actual inventor of the microscope but the credits had been given to the father and
son team, Hans and Zacharias Jensen. The earliest microscope could magnify an image of a
test subject up to 20 or 30 times of its original size. In 1660s Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made
his own lens by grinding them himself. Compare to Jensen’s microscope, who use two lenses,
Leeuwenhoek only use one lens. Leeuwenhoek’s high quality microscope could magnify an
image of test subject up to 200 times.
Upon this invention, Leeuwenhoek then invented the world’s first practical microscope
and he discovered protists and bacteria. He also the first scientist to discover the world of
‘animalcules’.
These discoveries made him known as ‘The Father of Microbiology’.
This experiment was conduct introduced students about microscope. This experiment
was also conducted to describe the specific part and function of the compound light and
dissecting microscope.
Experiment 1.1 : Compound Light Microscope
MATERIALS :
1. Compound light microscope
2. Slides
3. Cover slip
4. Letter ‘e’ printed on A4 paper
PROCEDURE :
1. The nosepiece was turned on so that the lowest power objective in straight alignment
over the stage.
2. Always began focusing with the lowest power objective (4x or 10x).
3. The stage lowered by using the course-adjustment knob until it stops.
4. The letter ‘e’ placed on the stage and it stabilized with the clips. The ‘e’ letter
centralised as the best we can see on the stage.
5. The lowest power of objective again was sure that it was in placed. The distance
between the stage and the tip of the objective lens was decreased until the lens comes
to an automatic stop or is no closer than 3mm above the slide.
6. While looking into the eyepiece, the diaphragm (or diaphragm lever) rotated to give
the maximum amount of light.
7. The distance between the stage and the objective lens slowly increased, using the
coarse adjustment knob until the object comes into view or focus.
8. The amount of light adjusted once the object is seen. To increase or decrease the
contrast, rotate the diaphragm slightly.
9. The fine-adjustment knob was used to sharpen the focus if necessary.
10. Practise having both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly
reduces eyestrain.
11. Next, the letter ‘e’ was sure is centred in the field of the objective.
12. The next higher objective (low power [10x] or high power [40x]) moved by turning
the nosepiece until we heard it click into place. The focus was not change; parfocal
microscope objective will not hit normal slides when changing the focus if the lowest
objective is initially in focus. Before going on to step 13, the power change from the
low power [10x] to high power [40x].
13. If any adjustment was needed, use only the fine-adjustment knob. Always use only
the fine-adjustment knob with high power. When you have finished your observations
of this slide (or any slide), rotate the nosepiece until the lowest power objective click
into place, and then remove the slide.
Experiment 1.2 : Stereomicroscope
MATERIALS :
1. Stereomicroscope
2. Deceased insects (Grasshopper)
3. Plucked flower
PROCEDURE :
1. The letter ‘e’ was placed as an object on the centre of the stage.
2. The distance between the eyepiece on the binocular head was adjusted, so they
comfortably fit the distance between eyes. We able to see the object.
3. The focusing knob is used to bring the object into focus.
4. The magnification changing knob was turned on to the lowest magnification and the
object was drew.
5. The experiment was repeated with a various magnification.
RESULT :
- Compound light microscope

Letter ‘e’

Figure 1
Figure 1: Image seen under the microscope with total magnification 40X
Stereomicroscope

Plant
Animal
specimen
specimen

Figure 2 Figure 3
Plant and animal specimen
Figure 2 : Image seen under the microscope with total magnification 40X
Figure 3 : Image seen under the microscope with total magnification 40X
DISCUSSION :
People use microscope to study different types of cells and specimens because by
using microscope we can get a better view of the object due to the different objective lens
especially for compound light microscope that have 4 different objective lenses that can
magnify clearer and bigger image of the study specimen .
For dissecting microscope, it also can magnify specimens, but it only has one objective
lens. In order to get a clear image of the study specimens, users need to know how to
manipulate different parts of the microscope such as adjusting the fine course knob and the
course focus knob . Total magnificent of the cell image can also be calculated by multiplying
the number of magnification of the objective with the number of total magnification of
eyepiece . To calculate the diameter of field, simply divide the field number with the
objective magnification number.

CONCLUSION :
This experiment was performed by using both compound light microscope and stereo
microscope to see the function of each part of the microscopes. In order to get the clear
image, we need to know how to handle it correctly, from how to hold it to how to handle the
lens. We need to use the lens from the lowest power [4×] to the highest power [10×] in order
to get the experiment right.
In this experiment, we use the formula magnification of objective times magnification
of eyepiece in order to get the total magnification of cell's image. By knowing how to handle
microscope correctly, the lens of the microscope can clearly show the image and the
difference between the animal and plant cells. On the other hand, handling microscope
correctly proven the hypothesis of the experiment which is if the lens get closer, then the
image get clearer.
The hypothesis was proven correct because the picture show how clear the specimens i
when we get the lens closer to the speciment of both animal and plant. We learned that by
handling the microscope and lens correctly, the image of the specimens turned out clear as we
can see the body and cells of both specimens.

REFERENCES :

National optical. Microscope World Blog. (n.d.). https://www.microscopeworld.com/p-3470-

what-is-a-compound-microscope.aspx

Lane, N. (2015, April 19). The Unseen World: Reflections on leeuwenhoek (1677)
“concerning little animals.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological sciences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4360124/

The Microscope. Science Museum. (n.d.). https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-

stories/medicine/microscope