LABORATORY REPORT

(BIO 122)

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

GROUP: A4AS120116

GROUP MEMBERS:

NO NAME STUDENT NUMBER

1. MUHAMMAD AMRAN IFANDI BIN MOHD NAZRI 2022459726

2. MOHAMAD AIZUDDIN BIN ZOHARI 2022624764

3. MUHAMMAD SHAHIRAN BIN MOHAMED SHARIFF 2022623542

4. MUHAMMAD NAZZIRUL BIN RAMLI 2022603232

5. MUHAMMAD FARIED SYAHMIE BIN 2022826478
MOHAMMUD@MAHMUD

CLASS A4AS120116

GROUP 6

LECTURER’S NAME PUAN SAIYIDAH NAFISAH BINTI HASHIM

DATE OF SUBMISSION 6/1/2023

Title: Microscopy and the Cells.

Objective:

1. Describe the parts and function of the compound light microscopes and dissecting
microscopes.
2. State the steps in proper order for bringing the cell’s image into focus with the
compound light microscopes.
3. Calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the cell’s image.
4. Identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Identify the differences between animal and plant cells.

Introduction
Compound light microscopes is an upright microscope that uses two sets of lenses to obtain
a higher magnification. A compound microscope is used for viewing samples at high
magnification (40 to 1000x). Compound light microscope magnify a sample by reflecting
light from object being viewed under the microscope and passes through the lenses, it bends
towards the eyes. The used of compound light microscopes is it is used to observe blood
corpuscles, plant and animals’ cells, microorganisms like bacteria. Dissecting microscopes
is a low magnification stereomicroscope used specially in examining or dissecting a
biological specimen. Dissecting microscope is used to view three-dimensional object and
larger specimens. In this experiment we are to identify the differentiate of animal and plant
cells.
What is the difference between prokaryotic, eukaryotic and plant cells? The
difference between prokaryotic, eukaryotic and plant cells is eukaryotic cells contain
membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus while prokaryotic does not have it and plant
cell is a eukaryotic cell that have several fundamental factors from eukaryotic organism.
Prokaryotic usually a unicell organism meanwhile eukaryotic and plant cells is multicellular.
Beside that prokaryotic have a complexed cell wall while eukaryotic and plant cells have
simpler wall cell. Example of prokaryotic is bacteria while eukaryotic is fungi.
EXPERIMENT 1.1: COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Materials
- Compound light microscope
- Slides
- Cover slip
- Marker pen
- A4 paper/ Letter ‘e’ from newspaper

Procedure
Identification of parts

1. How to carry a microscope was explained by instructor, microscope was taken from the
cabinet and placed securely on the table.
2. The various parts on microscope were identified.
Focusing the Microscope – Lowest Power and Higher Power

1. The nosepiece was turned so that the lowest power objective in straight alignment over the
stage.
2. Lowest power objective was always focused.
3. The stage was lowered until it stops with the coarse-adjustment knob
4. The letter ‘e’ slide was placed on the stage and stabilized with the clips; the ‘e’ was
centralized on the stage.
5. The lowest power objective was sure is in place. When look to the side, The distance
between the stage and the tip of the objective was decreased until the lens comes to an
automatic stop or was no closer than 3 mm above the slides.
6. While looking into the eyepiece, the diaphragm was rotated to give maximum amount of
light.
7. The distance between the stage and the objective lens was increased slowly with the
coarse-adjustment knob until the object comes into view or focus.
8. Once the object was seen, the amount of light needed to adjust to increase or decrease the
contrast: the diaphragm was rotated slightly.
9. The fine-adjustment knob was used to sharpen the focus if necessary.
10. Both eyes were practiced to open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly
reduces eyestrain
11. The letter ‘e’ was made sure centred in the field of the objective.
12. The objective was moved higher by turning the nosepiece until you hear it click into
place.
13. If any adjustment was needed, used only the fine-adjustment knob. When the
observations of this slide were finished, the nosepiece was rotated until the lowest power
objective clicked into place and the slide was removed.
Total Magnification and Diameter of Field
1) Total magnification was calculated by multiplying the ocular lens by the magnification of the
objective lens.
2) The diameter of the field is the length of the field and was measured by placing the transparent or
metric ruler on the stage while viewing through the eyepieces with different objective lenses or was
calculated by using this formula Field of View = Field Number ÷ Objective Magnification
Magnification of Magnification of Total Diameter of Field
Objectives Eyepiece Magnification of
Cell’s Image
4X 10X 40 0.5

10X 10X 100 0.2

40X 10X 400 0.05

100X 10X 1000 0.02

EXPERIMENT 1.2: STEREOMICROSCOPE/ DISSECTING MICROSCOPE
Materials

1. Stereomicroscope/ dissecting microscope

2. Mark pen
3. A4paper/ Letter ‘e’ from Newspaper/ magazine

Procedure
Identification of Parts

1. A dissecting microscope was obtained, and the various parts of the microscope were
identified.

Focusing the Dissecting Microscope

1. A letter ‘e’ was placed as an object on the centre of the stage.

2. The distance between the eyepieces on the binocular head was adjusted so that they
comfortably fit the distance between eyes.
3. The focusing knob was used to bring the object into focus.
4. The magnification changing knob was turned to the lowest magnification and the
object was drawn.
5. Various magnifications were experimented until comfortable with the use of
dissecting microscope.
DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 1.2
LETTER E

FLOWER 1
FLOWER 2

FLOWER 3

FLOWER 4
FLOWER 5
EXPERIMENT 1.3: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Materials

1. Plain yogurt
2. Flat toothpicks
3. Slides
4. Compound microscopes
5. Cover slips
6. Dropper bottle of water

Procedure

1. The flat end of toothpicks was used to place a tiny drop of yogurt onto a clean slide.
2. The drop of water was added, and the yogurt was mixed.
3. Cover slip was placed and observed under low and high magnification. Observation
was drawn.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Animal Cell

Materials

1. Chicken liver cells

2. Slides and cover slips
3. Dropper bottle of water
4. Methylene blue stain
5. White tile
6. Forceps and spatula
7. Toothpicks
8. Compound microscope
9. Filter paper

Procedure

1. Forceps was used to hold the cut piece of chicken liver and toothpicks were used to
scrape its surface.
2. The scraped chicken liver cells were placed into a drop of water on a clean slide and
agitated so that the cells disperse. Covered with a cover slip.
3. A drop of methylene blue stain was added to one edge of the cover slip without
removing the cover slip. The stain under the cover slip was drawn by touching a
piece of filter paper to the opposite side of the cover slip.
4. Gentle pressure was applied. This helps to spread the cells into a single layer and
removes excess stain.
5. Cells was observed under low and high magnification and the structure of the
chicken liver cells was examined.
6. The nucleus was found
7. All the structures were drawn and labelled.
Plant Cell

Materials

1. Onion bulb
2. Clean slides
3. Cover slips
4. Distilled water
5. Razor blade
6. White tile
7. Forceps
8. Compound light microscope

Procedure

1. An onion bulb was cut into quarters. One of the fleshly scale leaves was removed
2. The onion scale was bent backwards until it snaps, and a ragged piece of epidermis
was produced.
3. Forceps were used to remove a small piece of epidermis and spread evenly in a drop
of water and was observed under low magnification.
4. The cell wall and cytoplasm were identified.
5. Light source was adjusted to obtain a clear image of the nucleus.
6. Change to high magnification. The structures were drawn and labelled.
DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 1.3
DISCUSSION
OBJECTIVE 1: TO DESCRIBE THE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND DISSECTING MICROSCOPE

Parts and Functions of Compound Light Microscope

1. Ocular lens: Eyepiece lens magnifies the image of the specimen.

2. 2. Eyepiece Tube: The tube holds the eyepiece.
3. Nosepieces: Nosepiece holds the objective lenses and is sometimes called a revolving
turret. You choose the objective lens by rotating to the specific lens one you want to use.
4. Objective Lenses: Most compound microscopes come with three or four objective lenses
that revolve on the nosepiece. The most common objective lenses have power of 4X, 10X and
40X.
5. Arm: The Arm connects the base to the nosepiece and eyepiece. It is the structural part
that is also used to carry the microscope.
6. Stage: The stage is where the specimen is placed. This place is for observation.
7. Stage clips: stage clips hold the slides in place.
8. Coarse focus: Coarse focus moves the stage to provide general focus on the specimen.
9. Fine focus: Fine focus moves the stage in smaller increments to provide a clear view of
the specimen.
10. Base: Base is the main support of a microscope. All the parts stand on it.

Parts and Functions of a Dissecting Microscope

1. Base: The place that holds the specimen

2. Eyepiece: The part you look through to observe specimen
3. Arm: Connect the head and the base. Serves as the backbone of the microscope.
4. Zoom knob: Used to control the intensity of the ‘e’ zoom
5. Focus knob: to focus the image of an object
6. Stage plate: where the slides is placed for viewing
7. Stage clip: Holds the slides in place securely
8. Bottom lighting: shines light from the bottom
9. Top lighting: shines light from the top
10. Lighting control: controls the brightness of the bottom light
OBJECTIVE 2: TO STATE THE STEPS IN PROPER ORDER FOR BRINGING
THE CELL’S IMAGE INTO FOCUS WITH THE COMPOUND LIGHT
MICROSCOPE

PROKARYOTIC CELL
1. The lens is cleaned thoroughly.
2. A slide is put on the stage and secured using the stage clip.
3. Light Switch is turned on to shine the specimen stage
4. Use a toothpick to put a tiny piece on yogurt on a slide
5. Add a drop of water and mix it thoroughly with the yogurt
6. Increase magnification to 10x and use the fine adjustment knob to focus the image.
7. Step 6 is repeated but using different magnification level
8. Observation is to be drawn

EUKARYOTIC CELL
1. The lens is cleaned thoroughly.
2. A slide is put on the stage and secured using the stage clip.
3. Turn on the light switch and adjust the brightness.
4. Use a forcep to hold the chicken and cut off a small piece using a scalpel.
5. Put the chicken piece onto a clean slide
6. Add a drop of water onto the slide and cover it with a cover slip
7. Add a drop of methylene blue stain without removing the cover slip
8. Remove excess water using a tissue
9. Gently apply pressure
10. Use low and high magnification to observe the chicken cell 11. Record the observation

OBJECTIVE 3: TO CALCULATE THE DIAMETER OF FIELD AND THE

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF THE CELL’S IMAGE
FIELD OF VIEW = FIELD NUMBER (FN) ÷ OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
- 20/4 = 5mm
- 20/10 = 2mm
- 20/40 = 0.5mm
- 20/100 = 0.2mm

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
- 4X x 10X = 40X
- 10X x 10X = 100X
- 40X x 100X = 400X
- 100X x 10X = 1000X
OBJECTIVE 4: TO IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
Nucleus Present Absent
Number of chromosomes More than one One (but not true
chromosomes – plasmids)
Cell type multicellular unicellular
Lysosomes Present absent
Microtubules Present Absent or rare
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent
Mitochondria Present Absent
Cytoskeleton Present May be absent
Ribosomes Larger Smaller
Vesicles Present Absent
Golgi apparatus Present Absent
Flagella Microscopic in rare Sub microscopic in rare
Cell wall Only in plants and fungi Usually chemically complex
Vacuoles Present Present
Cell size 10-100 nano meter 1-10 nano meter

Plant cell Animal cell

1. Have a cellulose cell wall outside the cell
membrane
2. Have a cell membrane.
3. Have cytoplasm
4. Have a nucleus.
5. Often have chloroplasts containing
chlorophyll.
6. Have prominent one or more vacuoles.
7. Often regular in shape.
1. Have no cell wall.
2. Have no chloroplasts
3. Have only small vacuoles.
4. Often irregular in shape.
5. Do not contain plastids.
6. Have complex and prominent Golgi
apparatus.
7. Cytoplasm fills almost the entire cell
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, based on the experiment we learned how to use the compound light microscope.
We can name the parts and identify its functions. A compound light microscope is a high power
(high magnification) microscope that uses a compound lens system. A compound light
microscope has multiple lenses: the objective lens typically includes 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x. That
lens is then compounded (multiplied) by the eyepiece lens which is 10x to obtain a higher
magnification which is 40x, 100x, 400x, 1000x.
The dissecting microscope also known as a stereomicroscope on the other hand have
different uses and parts, the microscope is typically use for observing three-dimensional object
and larger specimens, with a maximum magnification of 100x. Other than that, we also learned
that Prokaryotic cells also known as simple cells are a single-celled organism that lacks a
nucleus. Prokaryotes are the simplest of organism and lacks other membrane bound organelles.
Whereas Eukaryotic cells also known as complex cells are organism or cells that that possesses
a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the
nucleus in which the well-defined chromosomes are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain
organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, an endoplasmic reticulum, and
lysosomes. Hypothesis is accepted.

REFERENCES
Shikha Goyal. 15 December 2022. What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells?
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-difference-between-prokaryotic-
and-eukaryotic-cells-1523518350-1

Fred Koenig. 2020. Compound Microscope Parts, Functions, and Labelled Diagram.
https://microscopeinternational.com/compound-microscope-parts/

Fred Koenig. 2019. Dissecting Microscope Uses.

https://microscopeinternational.com/dissecting-microscope-uses/

Marc Perkins. Cross section of a developing flower. CC BY-NC 2.0