BIO122

HISTOLOGY OF CELLS AND TISSUES

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment:
Microscopy and the Cells

Student Name And 1.MUHAMMAD I'Z A'BDISSALAM BIN MOHAMMAD FAIZAL

ID Number : (2022827204)
2022827204@student.uitm.edu.my (0105140080)

2.SHAHRUL BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN @ BINDI

(2022858596)
3.MUHAMAD AZ-ZALZALAH BIN SHAHARIZAN
(2022499916)
4.MUHAMMAD ISKANDAR BIN MUHAMMAD HAMROH
(2022837184)
5.MUHAMMAD IZZUL HAIKAL BIN MOHD BASRI
(2022454122)

Class : AS1201V

Group : GROUP 1

Lecturer’s Name : ROZIANA BINTI BUJANG

Date of Submission : 30/12/2022

TITLE: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

HYPOTHESIS:

The more magnification number of microscope, the clearer image we will get. It means, the
image of the cell would be more clear if we use the higher magnification of microscope because
a smaller area of the object is spread out to cover the field of view of our eyes.

INTRODUCTION:

In biology, a cell is a basic membrane-bound unit that houses the building blocks of life and is
the basic building block of all living things. As in the case of bacteria and yeast, a single cell is
frequently an entire organism in and of itself. As they develop, other cells acquire specialised
roles. Together with other specialised cells, these cells provide the foundation of huge
multicellular organisms. With a few exceptions, individual cells are too small to be seen with the
naked eye because they are the smallest unit and are known as such. Thus, a microscope allows
us to view the cells clearly. Micro means small and scope means to see or look at Microscopes
are devices that magnify images of small objects so that you can observe them. Compound light
and dissecting microscopes are the two different types of microscopes.

In the 1830s, compound microscopes were produced with high-quality lenses, including eyepiece
and objective lenses. The study of cell biological organisation was made possible by the
combination of improved microscopes. The most popular type of microscope is a compound
microscope, which has multiple components, each of which serves a particular purpose. Each
component of the microscope plays a specific part in how well it works as evidenced by the
outcome. By dividing the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece
lens, the total magnification of an image may be computed. The conventional objectives lenses
fixed to the microscope's turret are 40X, 10X, 40X, and 100X, while the eyepiece lens typically
has a 10X magnification. The dry lens category includes the 4X, 10X, and 40X lenses. Since an
immersion lens cannot be used without oil, the 100X objective is an exception that necessitates
the use of immersion oil. However, be sure to use wet wipes to remove all oil after using.

An optical microscope that gives the user a three-dimensional picture of a specimen is a

dissecting microscope or stereomicroscope. The stereomicroscope, also referred to as a
dissecting microscope or stereomicroscope, is distinct from a compound light microscope in that
it has independent objectives and eyepieces. As a result, each eye has its own unique optical
path. The differing viewing angles of the left and right eyes result in three-dimensional images.
Unlike the compound light microscope, which uses transmitted light, stereomicroscopes employ
the light that is reflected back from the object. The range of magnification is 7.5 to 75X. The
best items to study with these tools are those that are opaque, thick, and substantial. Most
stereomicroscopes, but not all, feature two light sources: one above the sample, which is
reflected in the eyepiece, and one below the sample, which is used to illuminate through thinner
samples. Similar to any other type of optical light microscopy, resolution depends on the light's
wavelength and numerical aperture.

OBJECTIVE:
1.Describe the parts and functions of the compound light and dissecting microscope.
2.State the steps in proper order for bringing the cell’s image into focus with compound light
compound.
3.Calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the Cell’s image.
4.Identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5.Identify the differences between animal and plant cells.

MATERIALS:

Experiment 1.1: Compound Light Microscope

1.Compound light microscope

2.Slides
3.Cover Slip
4.Marker pen
5.A4 paper/Letter ‘e’ from Newspaper/magazine

Experiment 1.2: Stereomicroscope/Dissecting Microscope

1.Stereomicroscope/dissecting microscope
2.Marker pen
3.A4 paper/Letter ‘e’ from Newspaper/magazine.

Experiment 1.3: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokarytic Cells:

1.Plain yogurt
2.Flat toothpicks
3.Slides
4.Compound microscope
5.Cover slips
6.Dropper bottle of water

Eukaryotic Cells (Animal Cells):

1.Chicken liver cells

2.Slides
3.Cover slips
4.Dropper bottle of water
5.Methylene blue stain
6.White tile
7.Forceps
8.Spatula
9.Toothpicks
10.Compound microscope
11.Filter paper or absorbent paper

Eukaryotic Cells (Plant Cells):

1.Onion bulb
2.Clean slides
3.Coverslips
4.Distilled water
5.Razor blade
6.White tile
7.Forceps
8.Microscope

PROCEDURE:

Experiment 1.1: Compound Light Microscope

1.The nosepiece was turned so that the lowest power objective in straight alignment over the
stage.
2.Always began focused with the lowest power objective (4x or 10x).
3.With the coarse-adjustment knob, the stage was lowered until it stops.
4.The letter ‘e’ slide was placed on the stage and stabilize it with the clips
5.The distance between the stage and the tip of the objective lens was decreased until the lens
comes to an automatic stop or was no closer than 3mm above the slide.
6.While looked into the eyepiece, the diaphragm was rotated to give the maximum amount of the
light.
7.The distance between the stage and the objective lens, was slowly increased, using the coarse
adjustment knob until the object comes into view or focus.
8.Adjusted the amount the light. To increased or decreased the contrast, rotated the diaphragm
slightly.
9.The fine-adjustment was used to shaped the focus if necessary.
10.Moved to the next higher objective (low power[10x] or high power[40x]) by turning the
nosepiece until you heard it click into place.
11.If any adjustment is needed, used only the fine-adjustment knob. Always used only the fine-
adjustment knob with high power. When you had finished your observations of this slide, rotated
the nosepiece until the lowest power objective click into place, and then removed the slide.
Experiment 1.2: Stereomicroscope/Dissecting Microscope

1.A letter 'e' was placed as an object on the centre of the stage.
2.The distanced between the eyepieces on the binocular head was adjusted so that they
comfortably fitted the distanced between your eyes. You should be able to saw the object.
3.Used the focused knob to brought the object into focus.
4.Turned the magnification changing knob to the lowest magnification and drew the object.
5.Experiment with various magnifications until you are comforted with the used of the
stereomicroscope.

Experiment 1.3: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic:

1.Used the flat end of a toothpick to placed a tiny drop of yogurt onto a clean slide.
2.A drop of water was added and mix thoroughly with the yogurt.
3.A cover slip was placed and observed under low and high magnification. Drew your
observation.

Eukaryotic Cells (Animal Cells):

1.The piece of chicken liver was cut and held using forceps, then the surface was scraped with a
toothpick to obtain some cells.
2. The scraped chicken liver cells was placed into a drop of water on a clean side and agitate, so
that the cells disperse. Cover slip was used.
3. Next, a drop of methalyne blue stain was added to one edge of the cover slip without
removing the cover slip. Then, the stain under the cover slip was drew by touching a piece of
filter paper to the opposite side of cover slip.
4. Gentle pressure applied to help spreading the cells into a single layer and removes axcess
stain.
6.The chicken liver cells was observed under low and high magnification and the structures was
examined.
7. Structures were drew and labelled.

Eukaryotic Cells (Plant Cells):

1.An onion have been cut into quarters and one of the fleshy scale leaves have been removed.
2.The onion scale need to be bended backwards until it snapped and a ragged of epidermis will
be produced.
3.Forceps have been used to removed a small piece of epidermis and need to be spread evenly in
a drop of water and have been observed under low magnification.
4.The cell wall and cytoplasm have been identified.
5.To obtained a clear image of the nucleus, light source have been adjusted.
6.Changed to high magnification. Drew and label the structure that you have saw.
RESULT:

Magnification Of Magnification Of Total Magnification Diameter Of Field

Objectives Eyepiece Of Cell’s Image

4X 10X 40 10 mm
10X 10X 100 1 mm
40X 10X 400 0.1 mm
100X 10X 1000 0.01 mm
 DATA SHEET FOR EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

Name: Muhammad I’z A’bdissalam Bin Mohammad Faizal

Student ID: 2022827204
Class: AS1201V
100x
400x
400x

400x
 DATA SHEET FOR EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

Name: Shahrul Bin Zainal Abidin

Student ID: 2022858596
Class: AS1201V
100x 400x
400x

400x
 DATA SHEET FOR EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

Name: Muhammad Iskandar Bin Muhammad Hamroh

Student ID: 2022837184
Class: AS1201V
100x 400x
400x

400x
 DATA SHEET FOR EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

Name: Muhammad Az-zalzalah Bin Shaharizan

Student ID: 2022499916
Class: AS1201V
 DATA SHEET FOR EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPY AND THE CELLS

Name: Muhammad Izzul Haikal Bin Mohammad Basri

Student ID: 2022454122
Class: AS1201V
100x 400x
400x

400x
DISCUSSION:

1. Based on the experiment, the function of compound light microscope is for the things that
are too small to see with the naked eye are generally used to view meanwhile for examining
three-dimensional objects and larger speciments with a maximum magnification of 100x,
a dissecting microscope is used.

2. The compound light microscope able to observe the little details for each of the samples
under different magnifications and came out that for bringing the cell’s image into focus
with the light compound microscopes, by looking through the eyepiece and move the focus
knob until the image comes into focus. Adjust the condenser and light intensity for the
greatest amount of light. Move the microscope slide around until the sample is in the centre
of the field of view using this main optical image, the objective in the nosepiece (turret)
collects light from the image and focuses it to form an image within the barrel of the
microscope. Also, when focusing on a slide, always start with either the 4X or 10X
objective. Once the object in focus, switch to the next higher power objective.

Light path of a microscope. The optimal set up for a light microscope is referred to as
'Kohler illumination'. In this case the iris diaphragm of the lamp, the specimen and the
primary image are simultaneously in focus. The objective forms a magnified primary
image of the specimen in the image plane, which is viewed and further magnified by the
eyepiece. The eye of a human being is a microscope, which makes the world seem bigger
than it really is.

3. The diameter of the field was obtained by looking at the red circle through the lens. It then
was measured by using the ruler provided on the stage of the microscope in the virtual lab.
It is also known as field of view. This applied for the first data obtained.It shows that, at higher
magnification, smaller objects can be able to see eventhough it is smaller size within our field of
view.

Next, the magnification is referred to an action of magnifying an object. It is a process of

enlarging the apparent size and not the the physical size. Means that, the object does not
physically become larger but only appear larger. The total magnification of the Cell’s
image was obtained by multiplying the magnification of objective lens and eye piece lens
that have been selected.

Based on the result obtained, the magnification of the Cell’s image was 40X, 100X and
400X, respectively. The higher the magnification of objective and eye piece lens, the
higher the total magnification of the Cell’s image.

When using higher magnification then the image will be appeared clearer than 400X
magnification. For example, by using 1000X magnification.Thus, able to see the image
even closer up.

The experiment can be improved by calculating the diameter of field first when using the
microscope to know the field of view and estimate the size of object that are going to be
observed.
4. A prokaryotic cell is a unicell and a type of cell that does not have a nucleus or
membranebound organelles inside them. The example of prokaryotic are include
archaebacteria, bacteria and cyanobacteria. Eukaryotic is a cell organism that contain
membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum.
Example of organisms based on the eukaryotic cell are protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals.
These organisms are grouped into the biological domain Eukaryotic .The similarities of these
two cells are they both have DNA as their genetic material .They also have ribosome and have
similar basic metabolism .But eukaryotic undergo mitosis while prokaryotic divide by
binary fission ,a simple cell division .Eukaryotic have a nucleus while prokaryotic do not
and the DNA of eukaryotic cell are more complex than the prokaryotic.

Based on the result gain and the observation using microscope, the Escherichia coli
bacteria is a prokaryotic cell while Elodea leaf cell and Cheek cell are eukaryotic cell as
Escherichia coli bacteria does not have nucleus and both Elodea leaf cell and Cheek cell
contain nucleus.

5. Plant cells and animal cells are the basic unit of life in organisms. The kingdom of these
cells animalia and plantae, respectively. Both cells are eukaryotic cells, which mean
they have a true nucleus and specialized structures called organelles that carry out
specific functions.

The difference between these cells based on the results obtained by using a microscope
are plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls while animal cells do not have these two
organelles. Also, plant cells have a large, singular vacuole that is used for storage and
maintaining its shape. Contrarily, animal cells have many, smaller vacuoles compare to
plant cells.

Animal cells and plant cells both have nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane.This is
because based on the results gain by using a microscope, plant cells and animal cells
have these organelles.

Based on the obtained results, cells that have specilized organelles such as chloroplast
and cell wall are classified as plant cell whereas cells that do not have these organelles
are classified as animal cell.

To make sure the experiment going well and more exact, make sure the objective lenses
and stage plate clean and does not have smudges on the microscope glass by wiping the
lenses and stage plate using a piece of lens paper.
CONCLUSIONS:

During this lab session, we found several differences of compound light and dissecting
microscope. Both microscopes have body, base, and arm as their basic component. Their
differences can be seen through smaller parts. For example, compound light microscope has
single ocular and its own stage for cell placement meanwhile dissecting microscope has double
eyepiece its stage plate connected to light source.

Compound light microscope was usually used to view cell samples at high magnification. It has
two sets of lenses to give a better image of cell sample and were usually very detailed for cell’s
study. Dissecting microscope on the other hand focused on viewing a three-dimensional object
and larger specimens. The reason this microscope has lower magnification was because it
concerted on specimen’s outer layer.

Through out this lab, we can differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells are often called as single cells which did not contain any nucleus. This cells
DNA are stored into their cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells are multi-celled organism that contained
nucleus to store their genetic information. Eukaryotic cells are bigger in size than prokaryotic
cells in comparison.

Finally for this lab assessment that we can conclude is the comparison between plant and
animal cells that we had observed. Plant cells generally are more complex than animal cells.
This can be proof by comparing their organelles complexity. Animal cells does not have any
similar organelle within plant cells except from nucleus, membrane plasm and cytoplasm.

REFERENCES:

Michael Greenwood, M.Sc. (2018), Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Cells, Retrieved From,
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Eukaryotic-and-Prokaryotic-Cells-Similarities-and-
Differences.aspx
Fred Koenig, (2019), Dissecting Microscope Uses, Retrieved From,
https://microscopeinternational.com/dissecting-microscope-uses/
Fred Koenig, (2020), Compound Microscope Parts, Function and Labeled Diagram, Retrieved
From, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://microscopeinternatio
nal.com/compound-microscope-
parts/&ved=2ahUKEwiIn7qSgO_7AhWS1jgGHbbVDsoQFnoECGIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw08Nc
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