Program Studi Teknik Mesin

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

MS3221 Energy Conversion System

Modul 2: Compressor System

Ari D. Pasek

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 COMPRESSOR DEFINITION
• Compressor is a machine are intended to compress a substance in a
gaseous state[1].
• Compressor is a machine used to compressed air or gas to a final
pressure exceeding 241.25 kPa gage (342.6 kPa absolute)[2].
• Ejector and vacuum pump are also categorized as compressor
• Blower a device that produce current of air, discharge gas pressure is
less than 241,25 kPa, but still need pressure to overcome the friction
pressure drop along the duct system.
• Fan an apparatus with rotating blades that creates a current of air,
discharge pressure is less than that of Blower.

[1] Paul C. Hanlon, Compressor Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 2001

[2] Yuri G. Melliza, Lecture Note on Compressor, 2019, https://www.academia.edu/38602413/MECHANICAL_ENGINEERS_MANUAL

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 COMPRESSOR CLASSIFICATION
COMPRESSOR TYPE

DYNAMIC POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

EJECTOR RADIAL AXIAL CENTRIFUGAL RECIPROCATING ROTARY

VANE SCREW LIQUID RING LOBE

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Ejector – Working Principles

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Ejector - Mix and compressed fluids

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Ejector – as a vacuum device for steam power plant condenser

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Radial Compressor – in a turbo charger of internal combustion engine

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Positive Displacement Compressor – for compressed air system

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Axial Compressor – for Gas Turbine Power Plant
!̇
Saringan Udara Cerobong
Gas
Buang

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Axial Compressor – for Turbo Propeller Engine

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Axial Compressor – for Turbofan Engine

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Axial Compressor – for Turbo Jet Engine

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 COMPRESSOR APPLICATION
Compressor Application – for Refrigeration System
TYPE OF REFRIGERAN COMPRESSOR
BASE ON ROTOR MOVEMENT
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Reciprocating Comprerssor
Rotary Compressor
Roller Type
Vane Type
Screw Type
Scroll Type
DYNAMIC
Centrifugal

BASED ON DRIVING MOTOR POSITION

External (Open Type)
Internal (Hermetic)
Semi Hermetic
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RANGE OF CAPACITY OF REFRIGERANT COMPRESSOR
in kW

Scroll

Rotary

Centrifugal

Screw

Reciprocating

1 10 100 1000

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 REFRIGERANT COMPRESSOR DEVELOPMENT

3000 300

Weight, kg

Cooling Capacity at -10/35oC per kg weight

Speed, rpm
2500 250
Speed, rpm; WEIGHT, kg

Capacity, W/kg

2000 200

1500 150

1000 100

500 50

0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year

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 SMALL HERMETIC COMPRESSOR
Maximum Power 10 – 15 kW

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 SEMI HERMETIC COMPRESSOR

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 OPEN TYPE COMPRESSOR

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 ROLLER TYPE COMPRESSOR

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 HERMETIC ROLLER
COMPRESSOR

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VANE TYPE COMPRESSOR

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 SREW TYPE COMPRESSOR
OPEN TYPE HERMETIC TYPE

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 SREW TYPE COMPRESSOR
SINGLE SCREW

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 SREW TYPE COMPRESSOR
DOUBLE SCREW

LAKI

PEREMPUAN

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 SCREW VS RECIPROCATING

Reciprocating Compressor Screw Compressor

27 pcs. 10 kali lebih

sedikit

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268 pcs. 25
 SCROLL COMPRESSOR
Scroll diam

Scroll orbital

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 HERMETIC SCROLL COMPRESSOR

KATUP
SERVIS

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 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

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 GAS EQUATION OF STATE
Compressed gas is assumed as:
Perfect Gas • Perfect gas with constant specific heats
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀𝑅𝑇 • Perfect gas with specific heats varies with
temperature
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁ℛ𝑇 • Real gas

Real Gas 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑁ℛ𝑇

Van der Walls Equation of State Redlich Kwong Equation of State

𝑎𝑁 ! ℛ𝑇 𝑎𝛼
𝑝+ ! 𝑉 − 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁ℛ𝑇 𝑝= −
𝑉 𝑣. − 𝑏 𝑣. 𝑣. + 𝑏

ℛ ! 𝑇"!
Correction factor to Correction factor to 𝑎 = 0.42748
𝑝"
account for account for molecular 𝛼 = 𝑇#$%.!
intermolecular force size
ℛ𝑇"
𝑏 = 0.08662
𝑝"
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 COMPRESSOR THEORY
𝑚̇ !
State 1 State 2

V2

V1
𝑊̇ ' Isentropic compression proses for ideal gas
with constant specific heats
'$% '$%
𝑇% 𝑝% ' 𝑣! '$% 1
= = =
𝑇! 𝑝! 𝑣% 𝑟
𝑚̇ %
W1-2 Isentropic compression proses for ideal gas
with variable specific heats

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P SKECTH OF PROCESS IN
P 3 2 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
2

4 1
P
1

Vs V
Vc
Vp

TDC BDC
Piston Cylinder

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MAIN DIMENSION OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

L
q=
D

• High speeed vacuum pump and compressor q £ 0.5

• Halokarbon refrigerant compressor q = 0.8
• Ammonia Compressor q = 1.0
• High Pressure Compressor q = 4.6

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 PARAMETER OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

• kecepatan torak (Cm): 2 LN

Cm =
60
• Harga Cm biasanya berada pada kisaran 1,5 s/d 5,0 m/s. Harga
Cm yang terlalu tinggi akan menyebabkan tingginya friksi dan
keausan.

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 PERFORMANCE PARAMETER

p
V
 =
m hv
vl
• v1 = volume jenis uap pada stasion isap kompresor,
• hv = efisiensi volumetrik.

p D2 n
Vp = z L
4 60

Vs
hv =
Vp
1/ n 1/ m
æ ps ö æ pd ö æ p2 ö
h v = (1 - C )çç ÷÷ - C çç ÷÷ - 0,015çç ÷÷
è p1 ø è p1 ø è p1 ø

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 P
Pd
P2
1/ n 1/ m
æ ps ö æp ö æp ö
h v = (1 + C )çç ÷÷ - C çç d ÷÷ - 0,015çç 2 ÷÷
è p1 ø è p1 ø è p1 ø
n » m » k = c p / cv
Jika tidak ada penurunan tekanan pada katup
p s = p1 ; p d = p 2
P1
1/ k
æ p2 ö æ p2 ö
h v = (1 + C ) - C ç ÷ - 0,015çç ÷÷
ç ÷ Ps
è p1 ø è p1 ø
Jika tidak ada kebocoran pada ring piston
1/ k
æ p2 ö
h v = (1 + C ) - C çç ÷÷
è p1 ø
V
C= c V
Vp

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 INFLUENCE OF SUCTION PRESSURE
P
P2

Vs
P1

V’s
P’1

Vc Vp V 37
 INFLUENCE OF SUCTION PRESSURE
100%

p
V
Vs  =
m hv
hv = vl
Vp

0%
P1
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 INFLUENCE OF SUCTION PRESSURE

p æh -h ö
V
 = hv
W çç 2 1
÷÷
v1 è hm ha ø

Wmaks
Operation
State W

p min p1 = p2 P1
m=0 W=0
W=0
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 INFLUENCE OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE

V p
V
hv = s  =
m hv
Vp vl

P2
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 INFLUENCE OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE

p æh -h ö
V
 = hv
W çç 2 1
÷÷
v1 è hm ha ø

P2

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TWO STAGES COMPRESSOR WITH INTERCOOLER (1)

The intercooler is
expected to reduce
compressor power and
reduce discharge
temperature.

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TWO STAGES COMPRESSOR WITH INTERCOOLER (2)

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 TWO STAGES COMPRESSOR WITH INTERCOOLER (3)

p
Qint
2 s
4 s
5 3

5 Intercooler 1
4
2
T
Compressor 2 Compressor 1
T
1
h

The intercooler is expected to reduce compressor power and reduce discharge

temperature.

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 TWO STAGES COMPRESSOR WITH INTERCOOLER (4)
p R-717

s Power and discharge temperature decrease

s
5 3

4
2
T
T
1
h
p R-22
s s

5 3

4
Power remain but discharge temperature decreases
2 T
T
1
h 45
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