II.

Systems of Linear Equations

1 Systems of Linear Equations
What is a system of linear equations?
Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices
2 Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Systems
Homogeneous Linear Systems of Equations
Nonhomogeneous systems
Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices
Row Operations and Equivalent Systems
3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Solve systems of equations by graphing.
Solve systems of equations by substitution.
Solving Systems of Equations Using Elimination
Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination
Using matrix Equation to solve a system of Equations
Solving Systems with Inverses
Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
-Types of Systems and Types of Solutions
In 2-Dimension, in 3- Dimension
independent system, inconsistent system , dependent system
4 Applications of Systems of Equations

III. Vector Spaces

Fields
Vector spaces / basic properties
Subspaces
Linear Combination ans Spanning set
Linear Dependence and Independence
Bases and Dimension
Rank of a matrix

1
Exercises

Ex1. Determine whether the given ordered pair is a solution to the system of
equations.

{5 x − y=4
a) x +6 y=2 and (4, 0)

{−3 x−5 y=13

b) −x + 4 y=10 and (−6, 1)

{9 x +ky =9
c) Determine the values of k such that the linear system kx + y=−3 has

i. Unique solution
ii. No solution
iii. Infinitely many solutions

Ex2. Solve i) graphically ii) algebraically the system of equations and state
whether the system is consistent, inconsistent, or dependent and whether the
system has one solution, no solution, or infinite solutions.

a. {3x−2
x− y=0.6
y=1.3

b. {−9
3 x−2 y=5
x+ y=5

c. Determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations
(3 different methods):
i¿ {x−2
y=3 x−1
y=12
ii) {2xx−5+ yy=5
=−3

Ex3.

a) Find two numbers whose sum is 28 and difference is 13.

b) A number is 99 more than another number. Twice the sum of the two numbers
is 1010. Find the two numbers.

2
c) At a family reunion, there were only blood relatives, consisting of children,
parents, and grandparents, in attendance. There were 400400 people total. There
were twice as many parents as grandparents, and 50 more children than parents.
How many children, parents, and grandparents were in attendance?

d) A local band sells out for their concert. They sell all 1,175tickets for a total
purse of $28,112.50. The tickets were priced at $20 for student tickets, $22.50 for
children, and $29 for adult tickets. If the band sold twice as many adult as children
tickets, how many of each type was sold?

e) The circle given by the equation x 2+ y 2+ ax+ by +c=0 passes through the points (-2,
0), (-1, 7), and (5, -1). Find a, b, and c.

Ex4. Solve each system by 3 different methods

{ { {
3 x−4 y +2 z=−15 2 x+ 3 y−6 z=1 x+ y + z =14
1 ¿ 2 x +4 y+ z =16 2) −4 x −6 y +12 z=−2 3) 2 y+3 z=14
2 x+3 y +5 z=20 x +2 y +5 z=1 −16 y−24 z =−112

4) What restriction on the parameter a does ensure the consistence of the

following system? Find the solution depending on a.

{ {
3 x +4 y+ 4 z=2 2 x + y + a z=4
i ¿ 3 x +2 y+3 z=3 ii) x+ z =2
4 x+5 y + a z =4 x + y + z=2

5) Check the consistence of the following system as a function of the parameter λ:

{63x+x+42yy++λz=0
z=0

Do the following cases exist:

(a) there is no solution;
(b) there is a unique solution. Find the solution if possible.

3
 {
x + y + z=4
6) Solve the following systems a) −x− y + z=−2 b)
2 x− y +2 y=2

{
x 1−2 x 2 + x 3+ x 4=0
−x 1 +2 x2 + x 4 =0
2 x1 −4 x 2 + x 3=0

{ {
3 x+ y−z=1 2 x +5 y=9
c) x− y + z=−3 d) x +2 y−z=3
2 x+ y+ z =0 −3 x−4 y+7 z =1

Ex5.
Find the general solutions of the following systems and specify two different basic
solutions for each system:

{
x 1+ 2 x 2−x 3 +4 x5 =2

{
4 x 1−x 2−3 x 3 +5 x 4=−2
x + 4 x −5 x + x +3 x =2
a) −x1 + x 2 + x 3−x 4=4 b) 2 x1 −2 x2 +10 3x + 4x −x5 =11
1 2 3 4 5
2 x 1−x 2−x3 −2 x 4 =1
3 x 1 +2 x 2+5 x 3 +2 x 4+ 2 x 5=1 2

Ex6.

{
2 x 1−2 x 2+ 3 x 3 + x 4 =0
1- Solve the following system −x 1+ 2 x 2 + x 4=0
2 x 1−4 x 2 + x 3 + x 4=0

-Determine a basis and the dimension of the solution set.

2- Using Gauss-Jordan Elimination solve the following system

{
2 x 1−4 x 2+ 12 x 3−10 x 4 =58
−x 1 +2 x 2−3 x 3 +2 x 4=58
2 x1 −4 x 2 +9 x 3−6 x 4=44

4
-State one two specific solution
-Is the set of solution a subspace of IR 4 under the usual operations of addition and
scalar multiplication.? Explain

Ex7.
a)- Let U ∧V be vector spaces∧¿f a linear transformation f: U→ V .
Show that Kernel of f is subspace of U and that Imf a subspace of V

b)- Let U be a vector space generated by the functions f ( x )=x +1∧g ( x )=2 x 2−2 x+ 3.
Show that h ( x )=6 x 2−10 x +5 lies in U.
-Consider the functions f ( x )=x 2 +1 , g ( x )=3 x−1, h ( x )=−4 x+ 1 of vector space P2 of
polynomials of degree ≤ 2. Show that the set of functions { f , g , h } is a basis for P2.
(Recall that if p is an arbitrary function in P2, p is thus a polynomial of the form
p ( x )=a x 2+ bx+ c , where a , b , c are scalars).

c)- Find the coordinates vector for u=( 2 ,1 , 3 ) with respect to the ordered basis
i ¿ B1= { ( 1, 1 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 0 , 1 ) , ( 0 , 1 ,1 ) }
ii ¿ B 2={ ( 0 , 1 ,1 ) , ( 1 ,1 , 0 ) , ( 1, 0 , 1 ) }

Ex8.
Let A , B ,C ,∧D be four matrices.

( ) ( )
11 −3 4 −3 5
A= 1
8
0 5 , B=
9 −2
33 7 25
3 6 −3(, ) C= 4 1 ,
2 9

Compute the following i ¿ A+ 2C ii) 4BC iii) C . B iv) AC

Ex9.
a) Determine the kernel and the range of the transformation defined by the
matrix

5
 ( )
1 2 3
A= 0 −1 1 . Give the dimension and a basis for each set
1 1 4

b) Find the kernel and the image of the linear mapping described by matrix

( )
2 −2 2 1
5 −1 7 0
A= matrice 4 x 4: 3 −1 4 1
1 1 3 −2

( )
4 −1
c) Let Let A be a 3x3 matrix defined by A= 0 2
1 3

Find the corresponding matrix transformation f A

5
Find the image of the vector X = −1 ( )
()(
x
3
f2

z
x−2 y+ z
d) Find the standard matrix of IR → IR where y = x−z )
(If ¿ ¿, e 2, e 3) is the standard basis of IR 3, the columns of the standard matrix of f are
¿.

Ex10.
Let f : IR 2 → IR 3 be a linear transformation. Let B=( e1 , e2 ) and B' =(e 1', e 2', e 3') be
standard bases of IR 2 and IR 3 .

() ()
1 0
a-If f (e ¿¿ 1)= 2 ¿, and f (e ¿¿ 2)= 3 ¿ determine the matrix of f corresponding to
3 2
the bases B and B' .

b-If f (e ¿¿ 1)=4 e1−2 e 2+ e3 ¿, and f (e ¿¿ 2)=2 e1 +e 2−3 e 3 ¿ determine the matrix of f

corresponding to the bases B and B' .

6
c-Let f:U →V be a linear transformation., f is defined relative to bases
B ¿ ¿) and B' ¿ ¿ of U and V as follows

f(u1)= 4 v 1+ 3 v 2, f(u2)= -3 v 1+7 v 2, f(u3)=2 v 1−2 v 2

Find the matrix representation of f with respect to these bases and use it to
determine f ¿ + 2u2 - u3)

Ex11.
Check whether the following transformations are linear or not. If Yes, determine
the Image, the kernel and compute their dimensions
-The transformation f : IR 2 → IR2, by f ( x , y )=( x−3 y , 3 x+ 2 y )
-The transformation g: IR 3 → IR3, by g( x , y , z )=( x−z , y , z +2 y )

( )
x+ y
2 x 3
()
-k : IR → IR : y → x−2 y
3x

( )
x+ y
2
k : IR → IR :
x
3
y ()
→ x−2 y +1
3x

Ex12.
a) If f : IR 3 → IR is a Linear Transformation with f ( 3 ,−1 ,2 ) = 5 and f ( 1 , 0 , 1 ) = 2,
compute f (−1 , 1 , 0 ).
b) Determine the Image, the kernel and compute their dimensions of each of the
following functions:
i. f : IR 2 → IR2, by f ( x , y )=( x− y ,3 x )

( )
x+ y
2 3 x
()
ii. f: IR → IR : y → x−2 y
3x

iii. f : IR 3 → IR3 , by f ( x , y , z )=(x , y , 0)

iv. f : IR 3 → IR3 , by f ( x , y , z )=(x− y , z , y−x )

7
Ex13.
a-Consider the linear transformations
f: IR 3 → IR2, by f( x , y , z )=( x+ y , x−z)
g: IR 2 → IR 3, by g( x , y ) =(x + y , x− y , x )
- Show that g is one-to-one linear transformation (but not onto)
- Show that f is onto linear transformation (but not one-to-one)
- Determine Imf, kerf, dim(Imf), dim(kerf).

Ex14. Let f : IR 3 → IR2 be a linear transformation defined by

()
x
(
x−3 y + 4 z
f y = 2 x + y +4 z .
z
)
-Find the matrix of f with respect to the bases ¿ ¿) and ¿ ¿ of IR 3∧IR2 where

( ) ( ) ()
2 0 1
u1= −1 , u2= 2 , u3= 0 , v 1=
0 −1 3
1
1 , v2
3
2 () ()

()
2
-use this matrix to find the image of the vector u= 3
5

Ex15.
a)Let f ( X )= AX∧g ( X )=BX be defined by the following matrices A∧B . And l et h=¿
gof . Find the image of the vector X under h. (2 methods)
Recall that h (X )=¿ (gof ¿( X )= g ( f (X )).

( )
3 4
A= 0 2
−1 0
B= ( 14 −2 −1
2 0 ) 1
, and X = .
4 ()

b) Let f ( x )= AX and g ( x )=BX be defined by the following matrices A∧B . Let

h=g o f . Find the image of the vector u under h .

8
 ()
1
A= ( 3 0 −1
4 2 0 ) B= ( 1 −2
4 0 ) u= 4
2

Ex16.

()( )
x 2 x− y
Let f : IR → IR be defined by
3 3
f y = y+z
z z−3 x

If B denotes the standard basis of IR 3 and B' ={ ( 1 ,−1 , 0 ) , ( 2 ,0 , 1 ) , ( 0 ,3 , 0 ) }.

-Determine M B
-Find an Invertible matrix P such that M B ( f ) = P−1 M B ( f ) P.
'

Ex17.
1 0
{( ) ( )}
' −2 1
- Consider the basis B 0 , 1 and B = 1 , 3 for IR 2 . {( ) ( )}
(6 )
If u is a vector in IR 2 such that u B= 7 find u B . '

-Consider the bases B= {(1 ,2) ,(3 ,−1) } and A={(−1 , 1 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) } for
3
()
IR . If u is a vector in IR such that u B= 4 find the coordinate of u relative to A.
2 2

Ex18

( )
1 2 3
1. Find the rank of matrix A= 2 3 4 using
3 5 7

a) The Echelon Form

b) The Minor Method

9
 ( )
3 2 3
2. Find a basis for the row space of the matrix = 2 5 4 and determine its
B
1 −1 5
rank.
3. Find a basis for the subspace V of IR 4 spanned by the vectors (2 methods)
v 1(1 , 2 ,3 , 4), v 2(−1,−1 ,−4 ,−2), v 1 ¿

Ex19.

( )
1 2 2 −1
Compute the rank of matrix C = 3 6 5 0 , and find bases for the row space and
1 2 1 2
the column space.

Ex20.
Consider the basis B { ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 ,−1 ) } and B' ={ ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 ) } for IR 2 .

( 3)
a) If u is a vector in IR 2 such that u B= 4 find u B . '

b) In the same xy-plane construct u B and u B as a linear combinations of

'

{ ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 ,−1 ) } and
B ={ ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 ) } respectively.
'

()( )
x 2 x− y
3 3
f
b) Let f : IR → IR be defined by y = y + z in the standard basis of IR 3.
z z−3 x

Let B' ={ ( 1 , 1, 0 ) , ( 1 , 0 ,1 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 0 ) } be another basis for IR 3.

Find the matrix of f with respect to the basis B'

=========================================.

10
11