The School and

Social Institution
Group 2
Meet the Members
Today you will
learn about:

SCHOOL AND SOCIAL

INSTITUTIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

-Determine the 5 Major Social Institutions

-Develop an understanding about the types and
function of each social institutions.
-Explore the roles and functions of the school and
various social institutions in shaping individuals and
society.
 OVERVIEW
Social institutions are integral part of a human society
because they are one of the most important structural elements
that govern behavior in various spheres of social life. In any wide
society, five major institutions are always present. These are the
family, politics, education (school), religion and economics.

These institutions may have different applications but they

are interrelated in a number of ways. For instance, schools need
funds, politics needs education and religion, religion needs
education and family while the family needs all of the
aforementioned institutions. Social institution change aspects
of life in individuals such as social stratification, deviance,
cultural activities and socialization.
SCHOOL
A school is an organized educational institution
where students receive formal instruction and
training.
- It typically follows a structured curriculum and is
staffed by teachers or educators.
- It plays a crucial role in the intellectual, social, and
emotional development of students, providing them
with knowledge, skills, and values necessary for their
personal and professional lives.
social institutions
Social institutions are enduring structures
within society that serve specific functions
and roles, influencing social interactions and
shaping cultural norms. These institutions
include family, religion, government, economy,
and culture, collectively contributing to the
stability and organization of a community.
 5 MAJOR SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

This means Family

Embarking on the journey of growing indoor plants is akin to
connecting
what you are
Education
honing a craft or mastering a sport. Patience and dedication are
fundamental. Each plant species serves as a unique challenge,
reading with Religion
demanding tailored care. Just as a craftsperson perfects their
your own artistry or an athlete achieves proficiency, helping an indoor
knowledge or Economic institutions
plant grow from just a few leaves is an art and discipline.
experiences.
Government
family
Families are the fundamental pillars of
society. Family units serve as the cradle
for the citizens who will eventually
make up a society's population. In other
words, families are in charge of the
growth of children into adults who will
eventually form society as a whole.
family
Network of people who are related by marriage, blood,
or social practice.
There are two types of family:
Nuclear Family - social unit made up of a husband, wife,
and their children.
Extended Family - Two or more generations of family in
the same house or village.
family
rform s several essential functions for society including:
The family pe
It socializes children
It provides emotional and practical support for its members
It helps regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction
It provides its members with a social identity
Rearing children
Socialization/transmit culture
It provide safety, identity or belonging to members
 Education
Education provides a formal structure and opportunity to instruct
youth on the social norms, expectations for behaviors, knowledge,
and skills that they will need to operate within a society

Types of education
1. Formal - It refers to the basic academic knowledge that a child learns
in a formal manner and usually takes place within the premises of the
school.
2. Informal - refers to the education that is not derived in schools
through a proper learning method.
3. Non-formal - It refers to adult basic education, adult literacy
education, or skill development.
 Education
Education serves several functions for society.
These include:
socialization
social integration
social placement
social and cultural innovation
 socialization
The most important function of education is socialization.

If children are to learn the norms, values, and skills they

need to function in society, then education is a primary
vehicle for such learning. Schools teach the three Rs
(reading, ’riting, ’rithmetic), as we all know, but they also
teach many of the society’s norms and values.
 social integration
Giving a child the opportunity to socialize with peers and
other adults through either learning activities, events, or
organized sports.

For a society to work, functionalists say, people must

subscribe to a common set of beliefs and values.
 social placement

Beginning in grade school, students are identified

by teachers and other school officials either as
bright and motivated or as less bright and even
educationally challenged.
 social and cultural
education
The development and implementation of new ideas,
practices, and initiatives that aim to improve education
outcomes by addressing social and cultural factors.

Our scientists cannot make important scientific

discoveries and our artists and thinkers cannot come
up with great works of art, poetry, and prose unless
they have first been educated in the many subjects
they need to know for their chosen path.
 Religion
Religion is a system of beliefs, values, and practices
concerning what a person holds sacred or considers
to be spiritually significant. From the Latin religio
(respect for what is sacred) and religare (to bind, in
the sense of an obligation), the term religion
describes various systems of belief and practice
concerning what people determine to be sacred
or spiritual (Durkheim 1915; Fasching and de
Chant 2001).
Varieties of Religion

MONOTHEISM ATHEISM

POLYTHEISM ANIMISM

TOTEMISM
 MONOTHEISM POLYTHEISM
- Monotheism is the belief in - Polytheism is the belief in
just one god, like in or worship of multiple gods
Christianity, Islam, and or deities, each having it's
Judaism. It's the idea that own attributes, powers, and
there's only one all-powerful responsibilities. Ancient
divine being. Greek, Roman, and Hinduism
are some examples of
polytheistic religions.
ATHEISM
- Atheism is not believing in
the existence of gods or
deities. Atheist rely on
empirical evidence, reason,
and scientific
understanding, in order to
explain things in the universe
and human existence
 ANIMISM
- Animism is a belief system where in everything in
nature was considered to possess a soul, spirit, or life
force, and is therefore worthy of reverence or respect.
Animism is often found in indigenous cultures and is
one of the oldest known belief systems.

TOTEmISM
- Totemism is a belief system in which humans are
thought to have a spiritual connection or kinship
with a particular animal, plant, or natural object,
known as a totem. Totemism is often found in
indigenous cultures and is an integral part of their
religious and cultural practices.
 Organizational phases
of religion
Cult
Cults, like sects, are new religious
groups. The term “cult” is used
interchangeably with the term new
religious movement (NRM). Some
groups that are controversially
labelled as cults today include the
Church of Scientology and the
Hare Krishna movement.
Sect
A sect is a religious group
that is a subset of a religion
or denomination. Sects
typically share the same
beliefs as the religion that is
their foundation but will have
marked differences in some
areas.
 Denomination
A religious denomination refers to a
distinct group or subcategory
within a specific religion that shares
common beliefs, practices, and
organizational structures. It acts as
a division or branch of a larger
religious tradition and often has its
own leadership, worship style,
rituals, and interpretation of
religious texts.
Ecclesia
Ecclesia refers to a religious
group that most members of
a society belong to. It is
considered a nationally
recognized, or official,
religion that holds a religious
monopoly and is closely
allied with state and secular
powers.
Religion serves several functions for society.
This includes:

Giving meaning and purpose to life.

Reinforcing social unity and stability.

Promoting physical and psychological well-being.

Serving as an agent of social control of behaviour.

Motivating people to work for positive social change.

 Economic Institution

Economic institutions provide basic

physical subsistence for society and
meet needs for food, shelter, clothing
and other necessities of life.
 Types of Economic Institutions
Economic institutions are divided into several types according to certain
patterns, including:

5
Based on the nature of ownership
4

3 According to the economic activity

2

1
Based on the number of workers
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
 Economic Institution Based on the
Nature of Ownership

Private Enterprises Mixed Institutions

They belong to a person or They are both privately and
group of individuals. publicly owned
 Economic Institution Based on the
Nature of Ownership

Public Institutions
This is owned by the state and managers are not entitled to act according
to their personal opinions, nor may they sell them until they have obtained
state approval.
 Economic Institution According to the
Economic Activity

Agricultural Institutions Business Institutions

Keen to increase the production of Interested in private business
land or contribute to the activities.
reclamation.
 Economic Institution According to the
Economic Activity

Financial Institutions Service Institutions

Institutions that provide specific
Institutions that contribute to the
services such as university
implementation of activities
institutions and transport
related to money.
institutions.
 Economic Institution Based on the
Number of Workers

Small Enterprises Large Enterprises

Enterprises with fewer than 50 Enterprises with more than 500
employees. employees.
Economic Institution Based on the
Number of Workers

Giant Enterprises
Enterprises with more than 10,000
employees.
 Functions of
Economic Institution
 It includes:
It includes:

Social Stratification Power and Authority

refers to a society’s categorization of its people into Power - The ability to influence or control others
rankings based on factors like wealth, income, Authority - The legitimate or formal right to
education, family background, and power. exercise power

High income
class

Middle income
class

Low income
class
 Interdependence of other Needs satisfaction
Institution
refers to fulfilling the needs and wants of
refers to the interconnectedness and reliance
individuals and society through the production,
between various organizations or systems within a
distribution, and consumption of goods and
society.
services.
 Employment Division of Labor
paid work agreement between an employer any work project must be divided into small
and an employee. tasks among workers based on their
specialization.
 Provision of Funds
funds put aside by a company to cover
anticipated losses in the future.
 GOVERNMENT
A Government is an institution entrusted with making
and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with
regulating relations with other societies. In order to
be considered a government, a ruling body must be
recognized as such by the people it purports to govern.
 TYPES OF

GOVERNMENT
1. DEMOCRACY
A popular form of government in the modern era
which is an example of a limited government.
PEOPLE CHOOSE WHO WILL GOVERN THEM.

TWO TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

DIRECT DEMOCRACY
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
 DIRECT DEMOCRACY
a form of government in which policies and laws are decided by a
majority of all those eligible rather than by a body of elected
representatives:
"Direct democracy gives all people the right to participate."

Example:
Switzerland: Known for its modern application of
direct democracy.
U.S. States: Several states in the United States,
like California and Oregon, utilize ballot initiatives
and referendums, giving voters a direct voice in
state governance.
 REPRESENTATIVE
DEMOCRACY

a form of government in which the citizens of the country elect some or all of
the country's leaders at the highest levels of government.
Elected officials are tasked with creating laws and making executive decisions
on behalf of the population.

Examples:
United States - The people elect the
president, members of the House of
Representatives and members of the Senate.
United Kingdom - The Prime Minister is
elected, as are members of the House of
Commons.
2. Totalitarianism
a form of government that attempts to assert
total control over the lives of its citizens. It is
characterized by strong central rule that attempts
to control and direct all aspects of individual life
through coercion and repression.

In modern times, North Korea is a prime

example of a totalitarian government because it is
a one-party communist dictatorship where only
one family, the Kims, hold the power.
3. Dictatorship
In this government form, a dictator rules. They
typically assert their authority using military
power, which is called a military dictatorship.
There have been many dictatorships throughout
history.
Famous examples include Joseph Stalin’s rule of
the Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein’s rule of Iraq
and North Korea.
4. Monarchy
In an absolute monarchy, the king or ruler is in
control of all the government. The more common
constitutional monarchy has a royal family, but
they serve mostly as ceremonial figures.

Examples of monarchies that exist today include:

Constitutional monarchy - In the United
Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth is the figurehead
monarch, but parliament has most government
control.
5. Oligarchy
Similar to a monarchy, an oligarchy places
power with a few people or families, typically
a country’s wealthy elite.
It is not necessarily dependent on noble birth, but
on wealth or those who are deemed most
“capable” of ruling. The term is derived from the
Greek words for "few" (óligon) and "rule" (arkho).
EXAMPLES:
In modern times, the most cited example of an
oligarchy is Russia.
 FUNCTIONS OF
GOVERNMENT
Institutionalizing of norms
Resolution of conflicts and interpretation of law
Enforcement of laws
Economic Policies
International relations
KEY terms TO REMEMBER:
FAMILY - fundamental pillars of society and serve as the cradle for
the citizens who will eventually make up a society's population.
EDUCATION - provides a formal structure and opportunity to
instruct youth on the knowledge and skills that they will need to
operate within a society
RELIGION - system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning
what a person holds sacred or considers to be spiritually
significant.
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION - provide basic physical subsistence for
society and meet needs for food, shelter, clothing and other
necessities of life
GOVERNMENT- an institution entrusted with making and enforcing
the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other
societies
 Recap
In conclusion, schools and social institutions
are integral components of society, each
serving distinct functions in shaping individual
lives and societal dynamics. Schools provide
formal education and socialization, equipping
individuals with knowledge and skills
necessary for personal and professional
success. Social institutions, including family,
education, religion, economy, and
government, contribute to the stability and
organization of society, regulating social
interactions and shaping cultural norms.
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 Different Types of Government Around the World | YourDictionary
North Korea: Systematic Repression | Human Rights Watch (hrw.org)
Totalitarianism | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts | Britannica
Examples of Dictatorship | YourDictionary
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