Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNBOUNDED
PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
Aggregate production
Aggregates are produced in a quarry or mine (see
Figure below) whose basic function is to convert in
situ rock into aggregate with specified
characteristics.
Usually the rock is blasted or dug from the quarry
walls then reduced in size using a series of screens
and crushers.
Some quarries are also capable of washing the
finished aggregate.
Soundness Tests
The most common soundness test involves repeatedly
submerging an aggregate sample in a saturated solution of
sodium or magnesium sulfate. This process causes salt
crystals to form in the aggregate pores, which simulate ice
crystal formation. The basic procedure is as follows :
Oven dry the sample and separate it into specific sieve sizes.
Immerse the sample in a saturated solution of sodium or
magnesium sulfate and let it remain at a constant temprature
for 18hrs.
Remove the sample from the solution and dry to a constant
weight at 110 ± 5oC (230 ± 9oF).
Repeat this cycle five times.
Wash the sample to remove the salt; then dry.
HIGHWAY II - Unbounded Pavement Materials
Unbound Pavement Materials
Test for Aggregate
18
Soundness Tests
Determine the loss in weight for each specific sieve size and
compute a weighted average percent loss for the entire
sample.
The maximum loss values typically range from 10 – 20
percent for every five cycles.
Notes: These specifications may be modified according to site conditions, material type
and principal use. And where GB = Granular base course, GS = Granular sub-base, GC
= Granular capping layer.
Table 5-2: Grading Limits for Graded Crushed Stone Base Course
Materials (GB1)
These are a minimum Ten Per Cent Fines Value (TFV) (BS
812, Part 111) and limits on the maximum loss in strength
following a period of 24 hours of soaking in water.
Alternatively, requirements expressed in terms of the results
of the Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)(BS 812, Part 110) may
be used: the ACV should preferably be less than 25 and in any
case less than 29.
Other simpler tests e.g. the Aggregate Impact Test (BS 812,
Part 112) may be used in quality control testing provided a
relationship between the results of the chosen test and the
TFV has been determined.
Unique relationships do not exist between the results of the
various tests but good correlations can be established for
individual material types and these need to be determined
locally.
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
BEARING CAPACITY: -
A minimum CBR of 30 per cent is required at the highest
anticipated moisture content when compacted to the specified
field density, usually a minimum of 95 per cent of the
maximum dry density achieved in the ASTM Test D 1557
(Heavy Compaction).
Under conditions of good drainage and when the water table
is not near the ground surface the field moisture content
under a sealed pavement will be equal to or less than the
optimum moisture content in the ASTM Test Method D 698
(Light Compaction). In such conditions, the sub-base material
should be tested in the laboratory in an unsaturated state.
Except in arid areas, if the base course allows water to drain
into the lower layers, as may occur with unsealed shoulders
and under conditions of poor surface maintenance where the
base course is pervious, saturation of the sub-base is likely.
HIGHWAY II - Unbounded Pavement Materials
Sub Base Course Materials
41
BEARING CAPACITY: -
In these circumstances, the bearing capacity should be
determined on samples soaked in water for a period of four
days.
The test should be conducted on samples prepared at the
density and moisture content likely to be achieved in the field.
In order to achieve the required bearing capacity, and for
uniform support to be provided to the upper pavement, limits
on soil plasticity and particle size distribution may be
required.
Materials which meet the recommendations of Tables 5-5 and
5-6 will usually be found to have adequate bearing capacity.
Table 5-6: Typical Particle Size Distribution for Sub-Bases (GS) Which Will
Meet Strength Requirements
MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Soils used for improved subgrade layers shall be non-expansive,
non-dispersive and free from any deleterious matter.
They shall comply with the requirements shown in Table 5-7.
Type 1
The material shall be compacted to a minimum in-situ
density of 95% of the maximum dry density determined
in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO T 180.
The plasticity index should be not greater than 15 and not
less than 8 for wet climatic zones and should be not
greater than 20 and not less than 10 for dry climatic
zones.
The linear Shrinkage should be in a range of 3-10%.
Note that the above gradation and plasticity requirements
are only to be used with angular particles and that
crushing and screening are likely to be required in many
instances for this purpose.
HIGHWAY II - Unbounded Pavement Materials
Gravel Surfaced Roads
GRAVEL WEARING COURSEMATERIAL SPECIFICATION
56
Type 2 & 3
These materials may be more rounded particles fulfilling:
The Plasticity Index lies in a range of 5-12% in wet areas, and
in any case less than 16% in other areas
Use of more rounded particles may allow the use of river
gravel. Subjected to trials to verify whether crushing occurs
under traffic or whether crushing should be considered prior
to use, a minimum percentage by weight of particles with at
least one fractured face of 40% may be considered.
Except for very low traffic, the CBR should be in excess of 20
after 4 days of soaking at 95% of maximum dry density under
Heavy Compaction.
For very low traffic, the requirement may be relaxed to a CBR
of 15.
HIGHWAY II - Unbounded Pavement Materials
Gravel Surfaced Roads
GRAVEL WEARING COURSEMATERIAL SPECIFICATION
57
Type 4
This material gradation allows for larger size material and
corresponds to the gradation of a base course material.
The use of this gradation of materials is subject to the local
experience and shall be used with PIs in a range of 10-20.
Type 5 & 6
These materials gradations are recommended for smaller
size particles.
They may be used if sanctioned by experience with
plasticity characteristics as for material Type 1.
THANK YOU