THE FISHER VALLEY COLLEGE, INC.

“A CHRIST-CENTERED INSTITUTION”
#5 M.L. QUEZON ST, HAGONOY,
TAGUIG CITY.

DETAILED REPORT
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(ED202A WEDNESDAY 10am-1:00pm)

GENDER
PREPARED BY:
KIMBERLY JOY R. LEAL
SONIA P. LATOSA
RIEJANE P. SALE
CHARISSE JANE O. PACILAN
ERICA TRUMATA

GENDER
The modern English word "gender" is derived from the Middle English term
"gender" or "gendre," which was a loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle
French. This word, in turn, originates from the Latin term "genus," which means
"kind," "type," or "sort."

Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially
constructed. This includes norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a
woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other.

Origin of Gender

Binary

- It is often linked to the concept that there are two genders (male and female) in
the world and every person falls squarely into one of these categories.
- Many communities and cultures have a deep-rooted binary understanding of
gender, which defines gender as only consisting of two categories: male and
female. According to this concept, each person easily falls into one of these two
groups according to the biological sex they were allocated at birth. Within binary
gender systems, roles, attitudes, and qualities that are considered proper or expected
for each gender are frequently linked to male and female identities. Social
conventions, cultural traditions, and institutional frameworks like work, school, and
family relationships all serve to uphold these roles.

What is Gender? How does it differ from sex?

Gender

- It is the performance of roles, identities, and ideas surrounding masculine,

feminine, or neutral traits.
- The term "gender" describes how individuals express themselves and the
roles they take on in accordance with social norms of what it means to be
masculine, feminine, or neutral. It encompasses how people behave, perceive
themselves, and consider characteristics that are connected with being either
male or female, or neither.
Sex

- it is the biological and physical traits of the body.

● Reproductive organs ( which are the vagina and penis)

● Hormones (regulate various functions, including growth, metabolism,

mood and reproduction)
● Chromosomes ( xx female and xy male)

● Outward appearance of genitalia

● Secondary sex characteristics(puberty)

- these traits include growing breasts, getting hairy, producing all that
lovely oil and grease that makes our pit stink.

What are the alternatives to the binary gender model?

Genderfluid

- individuals whose gender identity shifts or fluctuates over time.

- Individuals may experience fluctuating emotions regarding their gender
identification over time. They may experience shifts in how they identify as a
boy, girl, or another gender. There are differences in these emotions in terms
of their intensity, duration, and frequency.

Example: I would be equally comfortable with a male or female body. My

male personality is more outgoing than my female one. It’s like having both
male and female energies and some days a mix of both.

Genderqueer

- people reject binary gender labels and might identify as either entirely male
or exclusively female, or as both.
- individuals reject the idea that gender can be neatly categorized into just
"male" or "female." Instead, they see gender as more fluid and complex.
 Some might feel like a blend of both genders, while others might feel like
they don't fit into either category.

Non-binary

- people who do not only identify as male or gender. They might identify as
neither gender, as a hybrid of the two, or as a whole different gender.
- People who identify as non-binary may feel that they fall entirely outside of
the male and female categories, or they may feel like they are somewhere in
between. Some people feel that they don't have a gender at all, while others
describe their gender as a combination of the two.

Agender
- No gender identity is associated with an agender person. They could feel
completely disconnected from the idea of gender.
- None of the genders have any connection to an agender person. Perhaps they
will never even consider the concept of gender. They simply do not identify
with the idea of gender.
- Genderless, gender free

Biological Sex

- a person's biological sex describes how they identify as either female, male,
or intersex based on their chromosomes, reproductive organs, and other
traits.
- A person's identification as female, male, or intersex based on their
chromosomes, reproductive organs, and other physical characteristics is
known as biological sex. It concerns their physical appearance and its
functionality.

Gender Identity

- Gender identity pertains to an individual's subjective perception of their own

gender, which might or might not align with the biological sex assigned to
them at birth.
- Regardless of the sex they were assigned at birth, a person's gender identity
refers to how they subjectively view their gender. Whether individuals
identify as male, female, neither, both, or something else entirely, what
matters is how they feel on the inside.
- One's gender identity can be strongly felt and may not necessarily match
with what society considers to be acceptable or with the physical traits of
their biological sex. It's an essential component of who they are and has the
power to shape how they communicate, relate to others, and move through
the world.

Gender Engaging in Globalization

1. Jobs and Income- Globalization has led to an increase in workforce

participation for both women and men, particularly in industries like clothing
manufacturing and services, where low-paying jobs are prevalent.

2. Migration- Women and men frequently migrate across borders in search

of employment opportunities or due to marriage, encountering unique
challenges such as exploitation and discrimination.

3. Economic Opportunities- While globalization presents opportunities for

both women and men to establish businesses or work for multinational
corporations, they face barriers such as unequal access to resources and
markets.

4. Politics- Despite the spread of women's rights movements facilitated by

globalization, women and men continue to be underrepresented in political
leadership roles worldwide.

5. Culture - Globalization disseminates notions about gender roles through

media and popular culture, impacting both women and men and occasionally
strengthen stereotypes.

6. Health and Education- Because of globalization, more women and men

have better access to doctors, medicine, and schools around the world. But in
some countries that are still developing, there are still big differences
 between how many opportunities women have compared to men when it
comes to staying healthy and getting an education.

Gender expression

Gender expression is how a person publicly presents their gender. This can include
behavior and outward appearance such as dress, hair, make-up, body language and
voice. A person's chosen name and pronoun are also common ways of expressing
gender.

Examples of gender expression can include: Clothing choices, Hairstyles, Body

language and mannerisms and Voice and speech patterns

Gender Roles
These are a set of socially accepted behaviors and attitudes deemed appropriate or
desirable for individuals based on their sex.
Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity.
They
define how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based
on us
assigned sex.

Here are some common examples of traditional gender roles:

For Women:
1. Women are emotional and irrational.
2. Women are caregivers and nurturers.
3. Women should be primarily responsible for domestic tasks like cooking and
cleaning.
4. Women are not as physically strong as men.
5. Women should be submissive and passive.
For Men:
1. Men are supposed to be the educated breadwinners of the family.
2. Men are expected to be strong, both physically and emotionally.
3. Men are seen as protectors and providers.
4. Men should be dominant and assertive.
5. Men are expected to avoid displaying emotion, as it can be sees as a sign of
weakness.

Cisgender
This term describes a person whose gender identity matches the sex they were
assigned at
birth. In other words, a cisgender person is someone who is not transgender.

Here are some examples of cisgender individuals:

● A person who is assigned female at birth and identifies as a woman. She
might dress in traditionally feminine clothing such as skirts and dresses, and
meet societal standards of femininity.
● A person who is assigned male at birth and identifies as a man. He might be
strong, assertive, and align with societal standards of masculinity.

Transgender
● A transgender person is someone whose gender identity differs from that
typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. Some
transgender people may desire medical assistance to transition from one sex
to another.

Here are some examples of transgender individuals:

● A person who is assigned male at birth but identifies and lives as a woman.
This person may undergo medical procedures to transition, such as hormone
replacement therapy or surgery. They may prefer to be referred to with
she/her pronouns.
● A person who is assigned female at birth but identifies and live as a man.
They might choose to undergo prefer he/him pronouns.
● A person who is assigned male at birth, identifies as a woman, and is
attracted to other women. She would be identified as a lesbian.
● A person who is assigned female at birth, identifies as a man, and is attracted
to women. He would be identified as straight.

"Genderqueer" and "non-binary" are terms used to describe gender identities

that do not fit within the traditional binary framework of male or female.
Genderqueer vs non-binary
People who identify as "genderqueer" may see themselves as being both male and
female, neither male nor female

A non-binary person is someone who does not identify as exclusively a man or a

woman. Someone who is non-binary might feel like a mix of genders, or like they
have no gender at all.

Here are some types or categories within the Non-binary:

1. Agender:
Individuals who identify as having no gender or as gender-neutral.

2. Bigender:
People who identify as having two distinct gender identities

3. Demigender
Individuals who partially identify with a particular gender.

4. Genderfluid:
Individuals whose gender identity may change or shift over time.

5. Gender Neutral:
Used by people who do not identify as having a gender or who identify as having a
neutral gender.

6. Pangender:
Individuals who identify with all or many genders.

Sexual Orientation

"Sexual orientation" and "gender" are distinct concepts, each referring to different
aspects of a person's identity.
Sexual orientation refers to an individual's enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual
attraction to people of the same or opposite sex, or both, or people regardless of
their gender.

These are the common categories of sexual orientation include

Heterosexual - The term "heterosexual" is derived from two Greek roots: "hetero,"
meaning "different," and "sexual."
Homosexual - The term "homosexual" is derived from two Greek roots: "homo,"
meaning "same," and "sexual."
Bisexual - The term "bisexual" is derived from two Latin roots: "bi," meaning
"two," and "sexual."
Asexual - The term "asexual" is derived from the prefix "a-" meaning "without" or
"lack of," and "sexual."

Gender Dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is the feeling of discomfort or distress that might occur in people
whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth or sex-related
physical characteristics.

Here are some common manifestations of gender dysphoria:

 Emotional Distress
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Desire for Recognition
 Body Dysphoria
 Self-harm

Intersectionality
Intersectionality is a framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or
social problem as affected by several discriminations and disadvantages. It takes
into account people’s overlapping identities and experiences to understand the
complexity of prejudices they face.
In other words, intersectional theory asserts that people are often disadvantaged by
multiple sources of oppression: their race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation,
religion, and other identity markers.

Who is Kimberlé Crenshaw?

Kimberlé Crenshaw, law professor and social theorist, first coined the term
intersectionality in her 1989 paper “Demarginalizing The Intersection Of Race And
Sex: A Black Feminist Critique Of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory
And Antiracist Politics.”

The theory emerged two decades earlier, however, when black feminists began to
speak out about the white, middle-class nature of the mainstream feminist
movement.

Three forms of intersectionality

 Structural intersectionality
Used to describe how different structures work together and create a complex
which highlights the differences in the experiences of women of color with
domestic violence and rape.

 Political intersectionality
The experiences of women of color differ from those of white women and men of
color due to their race and gender often intersecting.

 Representational intersectionality
Underpins the importance of representing people of different genders, races,
sexualities, and abilities in art, literature, film, and television, alongside politics and
in positions of
Power.

Racism and Sexism

Racism is a system of discrimination and prejudice based on race, often involving
the belief that certain races are superior to others.
Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's gender, typically against
women and girls. It involves prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of sex and
often leads to unequal treatment and opportunities.

Social Construct
- A social construct is any category or thing that is made real by convention or
collective agreement. Socially constructed realities are contrasted with
natural kinds, which exist independently of human behavior or beliefs.

A social construct is an idea that results from human interaction rather than existing
in an objective reality. People acknowledge its existence, so it must exist.

A social construct are concepts that members of a society have developed and
adopted; they frequently dictate how members of the community "should" behave
or identify with one another. These include things like wealth or money, color, and
gender.

Examples of Social Construct

● Race- Race is a culmination of the cultural and social meanings assigned to
various people based on physical attributes — specifically skin pigmentation.

Race isn’t a “biological fact," but the impact of race as a social construct is
that people are associated with social and cultural assumptions (and
prejudices) that essentially prescribe how they will be treated in society.

● Gender- Gender is another widely-held social construct that has impacted

modern society so much that we must remind ourselves that there is a
difference between someone’s gender identity and their sexual biology.
 Despite the diversity of gender identity in humans, for much of history,
people have believed that men and women had specific gender-related roles
that were determined by their biology.

● Money- Money also would not exist without human interaction. If we think
about objective reality, we might think that money does exist. After all, we
can touch the paper or the coins.

However, unless humans agree on what the paper or the coins represent and
can be used for, paper money is just paper and the coins are just metal disks.

Why do humans create Social constructs?

-One-way humans create social constructs is by structuring what they see and
experience into categories.

Social construct theory says that humans create constructs in order to make sense of
the objective world.
For example, they see people with different skin colors and other physical features
and create the social construct of race.

Social Constructs Can Change

-A social construct can include values and beliefs that humans have about the
construct. Humans can alter the construct as they continue to interact with the
world.

Attitudes toward those of different skin colors have changed over the last 100 years
and they continue to change. The construct of race still exists, but what the
construct means has changed.

Social Construct as Gender

-The social construct of gender illustrates the nature/nurture debate about human
behavior.
A little more than 50 years ago, people believed that men and women had specific
gender-related roles determined by biology: Women are more nurturing so they
were best suited to be mothers who stayed at home to raise children. Men are more
aggressive and less nurturing, best suited to go out to work and provide for the
family.

LGBT
-LGBT is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
-Whether or not LGBT people openly identify themselves may depend on whether
they live in a discriminatory environment, as well as the status of LGBT rights
where one lives.

It is intended to emphasize a diversity of sexuality and gender identity-based

cultures and is sometimes used to refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual instead
of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.

LESBIAN: A lesbian is a woman who is physically and romantically attracted to

other women.
GAY: Used in some cultural settings to represent men who are attracted to men in
a romantic, erotic and/or emotional sense.
BISEXUAL: A person who experiences sexual, romantic, physical, and/or spiritual
attraction to more than one gender, not necessarily at the same time, in the same
way, or to the same degree.
TRANSGENDER: A person whose sense of personal identity or gender does not
correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth, or does not conform to gender
stereotypes. Sexual orientation varies and is not dependent on gender identity.
QUEER: A multi-faceted word that is used in different ways and means different
things to different people.
QUESTIONING: An individual who is unsure of and/or exploring their gender
identity and/or sexual orientation.
INTERSEX: An umbrella term that describes people born with any of 30 different
variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or
genitals.
ASEXUAL: A person who experiences little or no sexual attraction to others
and/or a lack of interest in sexual relationships/behavior.
AROMANTIC: A person who experiences little or no romantic attraction to others
and/or has a lack of interest in romantic relationships/behavior.
PANSEXUAL: A person who experiences sexual, romantic, physical, and/or
spiritual attraction for members of all gender identities/expressions.

Countries that allows Same-sex Marriage

Argentina (2010)
Belgium (2003)
Brazil (2013)
Canada (2005)
Denmark (2012)
England/Wales (2013)
Finland (2015)
France (2013)
Iceland (2010)
Ireland (2015)
Luxembourg (2014)
New Zealand (2013)
Norway (2009)
Portugal (2010)
Scotland (2014)
South Africa (2006)
Spain (2005)
The Netherlands (2000)
Uruguay (2013)
Sweden (2009)
United States (2015)

Problems Faced by LGBT

MARGINALIZATION AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION:

-It is important to people's exclusion from complete and satisfying social lives on
an interpersonal, societal, and individual basis. Individuals that are marginalized
may experience stigma and are frequently the target of negative public perceptions.
They also have very little control over how they live and the resources at their
command. They might not have many possibilities to contribute to society, which
could lead to low self-esteem and confidence as well as social isolation.

Marginalization of LGBT people often starts with the family into which they were
born.

Marginalization and bias around sexual orientation and gender identity and
expression regularly prevent LGBT people from accessing fundamental public
services such as health care and housing and contribute to significant health
disparities.

IMPACT OF FAMILY REACTIONS ON LGBT CHILDREN:

-Conflict and Rejection

Research indicates that experiencing rejection from family for being gay
significantly increases the risk of suffering various mental health and behavioral
problems.

PROBLEMS OF HOMOPHOBIA:
-Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people are more likely to experience
intolerance, discrimination, harassment, and the threat of violence due to their
sexual orientation, than those that identify themselves as heterosexual.

Living in a homophobic environment forces many LGBT people to conceal their

sexuality, for fear of the negative reactions and consequences of coming out.

HARASSMENT OF LGBT:
-LGBT students face harassment in schools. Being a teenager is tough enough
without fearing harassment in a place where you're supposed to feel safe.
LEGAL INJUSTICE:
-Many police departments continue to be accused of insensitivity, including not
appropriately responding to violence directed at LGBT people

Policies or Laws

NATIONAL: RA 9710
The MAGNA CARTA FOR WOMEN
-Provides an insight regarding the state's duties towards maintaining the rights of
women, regardless of their sexual orientation.

SOGIE BILL
-The Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression Equality Bill or also
known Anti-Discrimination Bill that aims to prevent any discrimination against
people based on their gender identity, sexual orientation and expression.

The SOGIE Equality Bill is meant to fulfill the rights set forth in the 1987
constitution, particularly the equal protection clause. It recognizes the LGBTQ++
as equals and ensures that their rights are protected as much as everyone's is.