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'ltATJ. ~
AC . BD
~ 11Tf.si4"1i~hl ('8tl~
c, ~ \ll•Cll~II ~ I
cl - ~ ..a«11~ C18tJf 1$;1 ~
Ill~ ~91~~~ 9ITt'ff I a Jl~
j1
bfc /
ct:¥'"'~~ - ~ b ~ b ..a~ O r.'il!NU ~"lh~ I i
~ .,tC \It~ ah Clli'1NCIBI ~ J1lll ~ A1: Jl't CB
('lt,iitlltl 15i~'rf ~'fh 1
~ .lJ..it \ll<K'llb <:altml ~..a.~.~ 't1l1I ~ '1111.\Stil (like vectors).,,
~ IA .sm.1 \tt'lllt'lt'll'U'Y, n
~1'1IC•HI 'llfol~ ~ ~~ k = ➔
~i ~k~Jld~mfi'tllnl'llf•P lill.'oMII
I.Al
(li) ....._..,. . ~ ~ ~ (Null a nd unit vectors) :
~ I al"ll~C'1ll'511Nfil'tA Jl~~~B111if f~t"Pl111\?Cll m~~ ~ ~~'1311
~~ ~Ol'I ,..,
~ '1111•11ilf.\S!l '11$'1 f.l1"l ~'f-u ~ lAlll !{It~ lf1'6111 ~
~ c."5til'l,t9111"1Jflt'1!'~~,w 15i"'1'14>!1 ~ 1'c14ttf4>!1 C'&l'!lt♦ c<l-~ C'oltllll 'lcwt
Ce"tcff ~~ I
(1v)
. 0 (.... 0 ; ~ "5' ilt41 "fU ffl'1 1111 ~ "l.'W"l lb/<l5lq<IS'
o ) = -+ ., R C'5' Cll!I 'lliR "U I
~~, e;,al11c♦ ~1:11 ~ ~ 1~ "5tc-11-11 fltillfii-t 6 ~ f.lt4~~s w;u I C11 •
!ff ffl'I A c\S'ttl¥!115ifis1J.C"' ~ c.'Slllt• ~~w cJl1t a Clnl'l, t = a•A
y (lU) ~f.111-1111 .-.. ~ ~ ~ ~ (Ortho1onal unlt
vector or base vector):
lffl, f.at~!l ~-~ f.i~l!lC.H ~ 0 I X, Y ~ Z-""
J
cqfis13.CII( ~ ~ 11llfBlt'il i,j ~~ ii I 2.4 ~~ ~] I
.iil JI~ c.'Sh,ffetc• ~ -u~c,11.i,11
C\Sh~ ~ ~ 1 \lj~
S.201- 2
I II
A:
A
. A• ' '
.
AC I ♦
A', •
"',
.t, I ~
.
J t A, JI
-;(, • Ar h r J.' <1)1, A,.. A, tP:• A, r.s,r-~ ~ I
,___ _ _tAu
c o
-, = KL
_ _ _ __, OM
1/
K
-+'11,......,c.
zc.111~ I
~~~~~u.-wi~ii!R 1C:1. ,,, .
.at'!fl;l r. 6'741~ ~ ~ . " t C ~ ~l~2,5~
OIT'CJ ~. AB
➔ -+
= co ;
➔ ➔
oN .. KL ; , ON ,
....
=, a1.
•
11111ffl'lcN t
,., ,... fl't~ "'~ C.'fQII flfl.
t/ .. t/ "11~111 o' •
1•1
,,. I
. 1 //
• t -, ' .,.
o, b ,l - o
'l'f~ra An , ,,,. • <:A u
t..rw I ~tif1 .,,. l'f( r.11,~'1 ft •ll!J ~-..<re•
1tfli 1/lt•I .n'1, ~,qlJC"I "1111~ ~
#lil1J"llrt ,Jlk H•k«n 10 Qr,h1r) ~ •rffl 'llt ~nat 'IJf~ 'l!l(ll "lJlll, ~r.4 .)r fit;lff) cntn-,,
1 t "I I
(II) ~fn ,,l
(I.aw or
puruHol oaitrum) 1
lj ..~ filtr<fl I 'lffit (1'fQl1 'llllflfjCfl r{f ,nslfiff ~ft \l1t-t
fife-• 'lf8 '"<fflt\1 "'- (I
i
7I
'illt'il '41 fitr-• llfm C"fl~ 'lft 1'1f41f c,tlJ a.tllf "ti I
____n_,,;.;1;.;.;•11;..__ ___,J 'fil!Ctt Jt.A( <)(1 111i;;1-<s flfr.,r, tff11 c<itm.1' lt~fl'I ~ ,
- , ... ~ ♦ -➔
:, OA + 0 /J • OC '<M'II ,7 t- 7i • /l
~CffCflCl\ll't~lf. 11/ 1.. Ju~ ➔ b~+2ob cm•O" -'f'lt ~~~ too ♦ a ~
(Ill) '1tft11 ~ (Law 1>0lyicon) 1 or
'ftllf 'llfit• C'i111 c.tr.ttf C'ft'P,., 'li"f11 ~
"'';!fa
.,.-p ~'W1R'l 11Tlf 1~ , , ,nn
~ ?(CU '>flt fl:111 .D1P11"11• 1;,11arrt ~ Atf11 ~ ~l:"1. JI 'Pl~~ 1ITl ffl:ll'l'l •1i
1'\~ 'Jal -4\ ~ lfl •~ I
'11NIO'l-•11""11Cl
..c..-_ ...
a
... -, -t
I ' ti 2, 0 I I ~ U ,c "°' ~ -
f>T~ ~ f 1',Qfl l'R~o,'1 lllffl ~ l',,.. 2.lO(•)J~
rQ,...
...,Ji -•
O ➔ .... ➔
...
,4, ■ a I + o 2 + a 3 +a• . '1'1'1Al'll81C'I
-t ... ... ...
...,"'''- • .. ' • " n = a I + a 2 + •••.•• + a 11 , ·"""-
0," ..,.11..,. ~
'?1:ICII 1'IJ9I ( ' l ' h ~ '"1(11( ffll !PJ1"1~18TJll~~ (polygon) ~<lltf I
• ••111•.cw~or.-.i~,
22 <1'1f'4•r,1
0
(IA
.II
X
C1
i
.... ....
"J.'1'MC<I' XO ~ a .r1C9f ffl ~ 1
➔ ➔ 1 · -+ ➔
2.14 -r-m OB=
.... ....
OA.4'!:il~ OB= 4. 0A ; OC = 3 OA
2 0
➔ ➔
~ OE = 1.50A I D
fA2. 1◄
~ ~ -:.~ ~ ~:t~'Sl, ~qir(i ""c<S,,.h"' . C""<!' ~ ------J
~ llllC-tJl-<1<11 (reciprocal) ffll 11'1 <I'll! I ('ll'lr,i, "1 + x = l .i.
X
• C"lfh ~ ~ ( L a w s of vector algebra) :
1. "+ 1 = 6 + 71 .... e 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ .
2. r/ + ( 6 + ? ) = (r/ + 6) + ? = (71 + ? ) + 6 -+ C(l1~111C<1lPIW11'11 f.wil I
3. m 71 = ctm -+ 1'1C.;if ~~ 1
4. m (n 71) = (mn) ct ➔ t'TC-HP!mt~ f.wq 1
5. (m + n) 71 = m 71 + n 71 ➔ <I~ (distributive) f.ml I
6· m( 7I + 6 ) = m ct + m 1 ➔ <1-t;i (distributive) f.ml 1
(Si>ftlmf '{Jli<I~ ~ ~ ~ qfffl 'lffil I <!l' ·1.~''-'" IW~"""'"'<l
la!~ ffT"1 ....-...,.~.,,,.,,
- ......_ ..., "'' "'" '
l.'el:!<
~ >il ffl
"!-ll4il'IC4i
r
\
cos (X : %
- , cos p : "-
V
~ cos Y: '-z
a a a·
cos a , cos P<!!<fl. cos y~11r-!~ cl C'SltH ~ C♦i>dt,, (direction cosine} <11'11 U I
'1-Q.t-•~~ !l'lil1'1 ~ ~ cos2
.. a + cos2 p +
y = 1. cos 2
• ~-'1511 (Position vector) ;"Bet m, (Displacement vector):
C'IITCill~ (P)~llf (x,y, z)~. OW"{ ~ffllf,ft r -QJ<ll'll~~A"i_11~R-twh
(position vector)~ ~ -c.tl' (1'8dius vector).
7 = i .x + J.y + .\.z.......... (i)
y z
P(x,y.z)
,i.,::;=------x ~ - - ---Y
z
1n 2.10
➔ ➔ ➔ ....
P 1 ~P2 ~~~WIJ(.xpy 1,z1) ~ (x2, Y2, zz ) ~. OP1 = '1 ~ OP2 = '2
• P R • P , S • q It • ~
...... ..
i
e ... ...Gf'h ¥iltA9 1 1Ct-il ~QII.JN "'1tlt A9ffl TIii! 1 ' ~
-·,. " ....Q t'W•n1C• ~ M.♦ fice .-. """' ,.. u=. "111 «'I
"
f • I "• ♦
.
/ / '~
. ♦
.
• ~# ...._
.
I Q ♦ j (J, ♦ l 'J,
-·
Q r 11
,,. ,·
• I'I QI ; ; • P.~.. j ~ 1• Q.1 i, ,.. P.<J, j ; ~
I
- ~Q.•~~·~~ •
Ju
j •A • • l ~ ; j • j j, • • ~ " OJ
(
._...,1'
,' I •
c-.-.. ;
27
8
: A = si! B = s i~ c· [Burd. U. %005) ; [C.U. ZOO%, '06]
fi1ti,tit~~,
➔ ➔ ➔
Ii ~. A, B ~ C ~ ~ .q:~ ~ Ul'{Ctfll ~ .m MtFtio ~ [1A
➔ ➔ ➔
2.21] ~ A = B + C ...... (i)
➔
~9ftft '1~♦11t-111 ffl "1lt'( B c.'otlU ~ '1"f
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
m. A x B = (B + C) x B .....
➔➔ ➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔
-+
~ .A xB=BxB+CxB =Cx B
-+
.
[B X B = OJ
fA 1.11 ~"it-silt >tfrflti\ m 9f1T.1'1f'~-1 f<lt<lb-il ~ ~
➔ ➔ ➔➔
AB ain ( A .B ) = C.B sin (C.B )
~ 29
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔ -t
\Sa C:8b ~'l,'ftil'lf ~~ 'fl ~ A >< ( 11 + C) = A x /J + A >< C,
-+ ➔ -+ -+ ➔ -+ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ -+ -+
8 >< ( C + A) + D x C ::: D x A "1'll~ C >< ( A >< 8 ) = C x A + C x D
-+ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔
Ctl1'111R'C9'~, (A>< B + A >< C) + (8 x C +B >< A) + (C >< A + C .( B)
➔➔➔ ➔ -+-+ ➔ -+ ➔ -+-+-+
=( A xB+B x A )+(A >< C+ C><A)+ ( B xC+ Cx B)
➔➔➔ -+ -+ ➔➔➔ -+-+ -t ➔
=( A x B - A >< B) +( A >< C - A x C) + (8 xC + B >< C)
=O
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
~ . A x ( 8 + C) + B x (C +A)+ C x (A + B) = 0.
e f.li'ltll 'IIINl•lt ~ ffl't ~ 'J."l'PC-,1 ~ I
(~ ~ <.'S'tt.1111 •t1<1¥1t<11 <.'Sf!Nt!Hl 'dilUl!ll♦lll ~"11Wt1 (rectangular componenta) 'l!t9ft'lf
• . ➔ ➔
A;i""fi\
0 81
~,o1,. .,l{!""C•"f !PIil"! ~ 11111': A "5'h ~ B (.ISiCiBI ~IJNll<llliil ~911~ f.r.i{~:
➔ ➔
A
!' -:-
= ' Az + J .A._, + k ~ ~~ ..
B = l• .B:x + J~ .By + -
k .Bz
➔ ➔ • ... ... - •
:. A X B = ( i .Al' + j .A._, + k Az) X ( i . Bx + j .By + h .Bz)
= (A,rB1) i x ij + (Ax82) i >< k
+ (A,rBy) i x
i J k
A x B = Ax Ay A 1
Bx B, B1
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
['I: ( A x B)2 + (A . B)2 (A.. B sin 8)2 + (A..B cos 8)2= =A2.B2•
~'111~~ (identity)~ ~ I]
• eol'f ".l"f1,Ci1tl ~.. I
(i) ~ ~ ~ W (Moment of a force or a torque) :
➔
lfif, cf'f P ~~ A ~ mt ~ I ~ 0 ~ 'ITC~ lbll<I~ .. """' (A 2.24) I
~ fnt ~ t9P.f A~~-~ (position vector) = "1.
~ li'lf.t, 0 ~"ITC1'ft'lf 'q'(ll'!f $1flp ~ ~ 't = cf'f X Q.~ ~ ~ fnT CNl1f
• ) ➔ ➔
if't-~ =P ( r sm 8 = r >< p .