ABSTRACT

Analysis of turbojet engine after burner diffuser duct on strut Afterburner is an additional

component of Turbojet engine employed in military aircrafts to provide an increasing thrust

during transonic flight, takeoff and combat situations. Afterburning is achieved by injecting

additional fuel in to the jet pipe downstream of the turbine .The subsonic flow coming out

from the low pressure turbine is decelerated in the diffuser to provide a velocity low enough

for satisfactory combustion. The diffuser is fitted with radial airfoil struts which de-swirl the

flow. The presence of Diffuser struts, Fuel injection rings, Flame holders makes the flow in

the after burner more complex. The detailed study of flow is required for the design and

performance evaluation of the after burner.

In this work the hot flow in the conceptual afterburner diffuser duct fitted with NACA 0012

airfoil struts is analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics method.

Further CFD analysis is carried out for the diffuser duct incorporated with NACA 0012

Airfoil struts and the behavior of the flow due to the presence of airfoil struts is analyzed. The

swirl angle of the flow at the exit section of the diffuser, pressure loss due to the presence of

airfoil struts is studied with CFD analysis results.

i
 Table of Contents

S.No. Content Page No.

1. Abstract i
2. Table of Contents ii
3. List of Table iv
4. List figure v
5. List of Symbols vi
6. Chapter 1 introduction 1
7. 1.1 overview 1
8. 1.2 Introduction to Afterburner System 4
9. 1.3 objective 6
10. Chapter 2.literature survey 7
11. 2.1 Industrial Turbo machinery 9
12. 2.2 research gap 13
13. Chapter-3 methodology 14
14. 3.1 Fluid Dynamics – Governing equations 15
15. 3.1.1 Conservation of momentum 16
16. 3.1.2 Conservation of energy 17
17. 3.2 Two-equation model 18
18. 3.3 Standard k-ε model 19
19. 3.4 Solver Characteristics: ANSYS CFX and ANSYS Fluent 20
20. 3.4.1Discretization method 20
21. 3.4.2 phase-1 22
22. 3.4.3 phase-2 23
23. Chapter-4 simmulation and data validation 25
24. 4.1 introduction 25
25. 4.2 numerical discretization techniques 25
26. 4.2.1 the complete difference method. 25
27. 4.2.2 finite element method 26
28. 4.3 geometric modeling and grid generation 26
29. 4.3.1 flow specification 28
30. 4.3.2 SOLUTION PROCEDURE (VERSTEEG AND alalsekera 1995) 29

ii
31. 4.3.3 Convergence, consistency and stability 30
32. 4.3.3(a)Integration 30
33. 4.3.3(b)Consistency 30
34. 4.3.3(c)Stability 30
35. 4.3.3(d)Pressure 30
36. 4.4 Solution of Discretized Equations 31
37. 4.5 Controlling the Iterative Process 32
38. 4.5.1 convergence criteria 32
39. 4.5.2 fluent package 32
40. 4.6 program structure 33
41. 4.6.1 gambit 33
42. 4.6.2 tgrid 33
43. 4.6.3 pre-pdf 33
44. 4.6.4 fluent 33
45. 4.6.5 FILTERS (translators): 33
46. 4.6.6 solver capabilities 33
47. 4.7 inertial (stationary) or non-inertial(rotating) 34
Reference frame models
48. 4.7.1 assumptions 35
49. 4.7.2 governing equations: 35
50. 4.7.3 designing criteria and cad models 35
51. 4.7.4 boundary conditions 38
52. Chapter-5 results- and discussion 39
53. 5.1 Grid Independence studies 39
54. 5.2 Afterburner diffuser duct with strut 44
55. Chapter 6 conclusion and future work 50
56. 6.1 conclusion 50
57. 6.2 future work 50
58. 9. References. 51

iii
 List of Tables

Table Name Page no.

Table 3.1.Experimental results for afterburner diffuser geometry shown in Fig.1 22
Table 5.1 shows the grid independence study details. 39
Table 5.2CFD analysis results for the afterburner diffuser duct without struts 40
Table 5.3 .CFD analysis results for the afterburner diffuser duct with struts 44

iv
 List of Figures

FIGURE NAME Page no.

Fig 1.1.CAD model of the afterburner 4
Figure 3.1 Left: Vertex-centered. Right: Cell-centered 20
Fig 3.2.Geometry of the Diffuser duct (Reference, Aircraft Engine design, Jack D. 22
Mattingly)
Fig .3.3: Modelling of diffuser as per experimental data 23
Fig 3.4: cutting out the airfoil strut 23
Fig 3.5: Front view and Side view of the Airfoil strut 23
Fig 3.6: Front view and Side view of the NACA Airfoil strut 24
Fig 4.1: Meshing the model 27
Fig 4.2: Meshing the Model in ANSYS 28
Fig 4.3. Computational domain of the after burner diffuser duct without struts(45 36
Degree Sector)
Fig 4.4. Computational domain of the after burner diffuser duct with struts(45 Degree 36
Sector)
Fig 4.5. Body-fitted grid generated around the Airfoil Strut 37
Fig 4.6: Mesh resolved near the wall region and around the airfoil to capture the 37
viscous effect
Fig 5.1.Contours of Total pressure (Without struts) 41
Fig 5.2Contours of static pressure (Without struts) 41
Fig 5.3Contours of total temperature (Without struts) 42
Fig 5.4Contours of velocity (Without struts) 42
Fig 5.5 .Contours of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (Without struts) 43
Fig 5.6 Contours of Mach number (Without struts) 43
Fig 5.7 Contours of Total pressure (With struts) 44
Fig 5.8 Contours of Static pressure (With struts) 45
Fig 5.9 Contours of Total temperature (With struts) 45
Fig 5.10 Contours of Velocity (With struts) 46
Fig 5.11 Contours of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (With struts) 46
Fig 5.12Contours of Mach number (With struts) 47
Fig 5.13 Stream lines around the airfoil strut 47
Fig 5.14 Stream lines around the airfoil strut (Sectional view) 48

v
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

R - Range

V - Velocity

C - Specific fuel consumption E -

L/D - Lift to drag ratio

S-Wing surface area

b - Wing span

µ - Coefficient of viscosity at altitude

Horizontal tail arm moment

Horizontal tail area

Wing area

Wing mean chord

LVT - Vertical tail arm moment

SVT - Vertical tail area

CVT - Vertical tail volume coefficient

b/W - Wing span

SW - Wing area

VTO - Vertical take-off distance S

TO- Take-off distance

F TO - Take-off thrust

V A - Approach Velocity.

vi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
The gas turbine afterburner is a thrust augmenter, which provides an increase
in demand by re-heating the exhaust gas. The afterburner significantly raises the
temperature of the exhaust gas to increase engine trust. The main combustor of a gas
turbine engine heats only about 25 percent of the air. Thus, afterburners can heat up
to 75 percent of the remaining air. Although afterburning is used for a short time, the
afterburner is permanently installed and will transmit complete loss of pressure in the
flow even when not in use (so-called dry state) and thus reduce concentration and
increase engine (SFC) engine use. The afterburner contains an exhaust diffuser, fuel
injector, V-gutter as flame stabilizer, chute liner, explosives and cooling holes and no
vent. The aerodynamic features of the diffuser between the turbine outlet and the
afterburner inlet have a significant impact on afterburner performance. This section,
located at the bottom of the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) outlet, has different
purposes.
Three dimensional cold flow analyses were performed for operation after
heating. The hot gas from the turbine enters the rear heat exchanger. Gases are
distributed in the diffuser to reduce speed. After slowing down the fuel is injected
into the fuel injection rings and burned, the fire reinforcement is done with a set of
radials and ring gutters. Flow rotation is required behind the fire extinguishers to
obtain stable and complete combustion. Gases sent by convergence, nozzles are
separated to increase speed after increasing the total temperature of the after burner.
Large parts of the after burner which is a diffuser, fuel injection rings, flame retardant
materials contribute to a significant blockage in the flow and cause a total loss of
pressure during dry and wet operation. The gases coming out of the turbine are
always circulating. As the swirl in flow causes an increase in total pressure and
reduced afterburner performance. Gas extraction is important. Twisted struts applied
to post-heat geometry are used to remove the flow. Therefore a detailed study of
dimensional turbulent flow in the diffuser area, behind the fire extinguishers is
required for the design and development and testing of after burner performance in jet
engines.
 Exhaust Gas Diffuser is mounted at the end of the compressor; expand the air
to atmospheric pressure to avoid excessive debris. An important factor in improving
the efficiency of the Turbine, it operates at very high temperatures. Therefore, the
liquid can be extracted from a gas turbine unit much easier than without a separator.
This is because in a non-diffuser system, atmospheric pressure often pushes the liquid
back into the turbine, causing a backflow and causing a significant decrease in turbine
performance. The diffuser helps in the exhaust of the exhaust gases, thereby reducing
the work of the turbine that is needed to push the gases out. Therefore, the useful
function of the turbine increases, thus increasing the efficiency of the turbo
machinery system. Here the problem is find that the design (shape) of the exhaust
diffuser plays a major role in increasing the efficiency of the turbine. Also the exhaust
diffuser operates at high temperatures. Therefore the heat pressure may be formed at a
higher rate if the complete state of the diffuser is not considered. In this project, it
focuses mainly on the conical exhaust diffuser which provides turbine efficiency. The
design of the conical exhaust diffuser is developed by the UNIGRAPHICS CAD
software which works much better than the remaining CAD software. Subsequent
CFD analysis of conical exhaust diffuser was studied under high air flow velocity.
ANSYS Fluent software is used for flexible fluid analysis of conical exhaust diffuser.
After that, the thermal analysis of the conical exhaust diffuser was performed with
Ansys software to measure the heat generated heat pressures within limits or not.

The use of gas turbines to generate electricity began in 1939. Today, gas
engines are one of the most widely used energy-efficient technologies. Gas turbines
are a type of internal combustion engine (IC) in which the combustion of combustible
gas generates hot gases around the generator to generate energy. The production of
hot gas during the combustion process, not the fuel itself makes gas engines a name.
Gas engines can use a variety of fuels, including natural gas, petroleum and fossil
fuels. Burning occurs continuously in gas engines, as opposed to recurring IC
engines, where burns occur periodically B. Introduction About Computer Aided
Design CAD is an important industrial technique widely used in many applications,
including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace, industrial and construction .
design, prosthetics, and much more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer-
generated images of special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The
advent of modern technology and the power of computers means that even perfume
bottles and shampoos are designed using techniques that were unheard of by the
1960s engineers. Because of its great economic value, CAD has become a major
source of computational geometry research, computer graphics (both hardware and
software), and a unique geometry. Current computer software packages range from
2D draft programs to solid 3D models and above. Modern CAD packages can also
allow three-dimensional rotation, allowing the view of the object to be designed at
any angle you want, even internally looking outwards. Some CAD software is
capable of creating a flexible mathematical model, in which it can be marketed as
CADD. C. Choice of Failure Theory The results of well-documented experiments by
different authors on different perspectives on failure, show that the distortion of
energy theory predicts the delivery of greater accuracy. Compared to this high shear
stress theory predicts the effects that remain on the safe side. Major primary stress
theory provides conservative results only when the sign of the two main pressures is
the same (2-D case). Therefore, the application of the main stress theory of pure
torsion is excluded when the signal of the two main pressures is opposite.
Examination of the fracture sample of the loaded sample until it breaks, shows that in
gravity, failure occurs in 45-degree angle lines with the axis of the load. This
indicates shaving failure. On the other hand, brittle objects, fractures in normal planes
on the load axis, indicate that the normal stress level determines failure. In view of
the above, it is internationally accepted that for solid objects, a high-level general
stress theory is most appropriate. As for ductile materials, high shear pressure theory
provides safer and easier to use results compared to reversible energy theory, so it is
universally accepted as.
In today’s world fuel is very important factor for survival along with water.
Fuel used for automobiles, cooking and power generation obtained from fossil fuels
extracted from sea and earth. These fossil fuels are going to finish after few centuries.
Hence it is very much important to find replacement for these fossil fuels with non-
conventional fuel sources. Biogas generated from organic waste can be used as one of
the alternative for fuel. Many researches are going on for effective production of
biogas so that it can be applied as alternative fuel. Biogas is very much cheaper than
conventional fossil fuels. This paper aims to design burner suitable for domestic
cooking which will use biogas as a fuel. To get maximum output from burner
optimum design of burner is require. The optimum design aims to optimum
dimensions, optimum number of holes on burner, proper mixture of air and fuel and
most important the optimum fuel flow rate. For that Computational Fluid Dynamics is
used to simulate combustion of biogas on burner and Genetic Algorithm is used to
optimize design of burner. The numerical simulation results verified with other
researches done by expert persons and data available in various sources. Development
of such burners leads to more efficient use of biogas without its waste. This
technology is very less costly which will be helpful for poor people of urban and rural
part Returning residual flow to the outlet of the turbine, so as to properly feed the
main part of the afterburner with almost non-rotating flow. Reduce the flow rate at
the entrance to the afterburner fire chamber, to stabilize the main line flame.
Direction flow to get a flow that fits well with the center line of the engine, which
increases engine push.
The total geometry of the afterburner diffuser is basically determined by the
desired flow of the Mach number up and down the flame stabilization phase. In the
area of redesign design, this Mach number is chosen in the range of 0.2-0.3. The inlet-
to-outlet location ratio of the diffuser is therefore straightforward on the basis of the
continuity of the calculation. However the distribution angle and length required for
this area measurement should be determined. In the afterburner exhaust diffuser, the
outer wall of the diffuser also becomes the inner wall of the bypass duct, almost
straight. Therefore the entire flow rate should be located on the inner side of the
diffuser.
1.2 Introduction to Afterburner System

Fig 1.1.CAD model of the afterburner

 The gas turbine afterburner is a thrust augmenter, which provides an increase
in demand by re-heating the exhaust gas. The afterburner significantly raises the
temperature of the exhaust gas to increase engine trust. The main combustor of a gas
turbine engine heats only about 25 percent of the air. Thus, afterburners can heat up
to 75 percent of the remaining air. Although afterburning is used for a short time, the
afterburner is permanently installed and will transmit complete loss of pressure in the
flow even when not in use (so-called dry state) and thus reduce concentration and
increase engine (SFC) engine use. The afterburner consists of an exhaust diffuser,
fuel injector, V-gutteras flame stabilizer, liner withchute, ripping holes and cooling
holes and a nozzle. The aerodynamic features of the diffuser between the turbine
outlet and the afterburner inlet have a significant impact on afterburner performance.
This part, located at the bottom of the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) outlet, has
different purposes.

To restore the residual flow to the outlet of the turbine, to feed the main part of the
afterburner is almost irreversible flow. Reduce the flow rate at the entrance to the
afterburner heating chamber, in order to stabilize the main stream. Direction flow to
get a flow that fits well with the center line of the engine, which increases engine
push.

The total geometry of the afterburner diffuser is basically determined by the desired
flow of the Mach number above the flame stabilization phase. In the heat design area,
this Mach number is chosen at 0.2-0.3 diameter. The calculation of the inlet-to-
outletarea ratio of the diffuser is therefore accurate on the basis of the continuity of
the calculation. However the distribution angle and length required for this area
measurement should be determined. In the afterburner exhaust diffuser, the outer wall
of the diffuser also becomes the inner wall of the bypass duct, almost straight.
Therefore all the flow rate should be located on the inner side of the diffuser. The
purpose of this work is to measure the pressure losses provided by airfoil struts using
FLUENT CFD SOFTWARE. The simulation results indicated that the gas
temperature in the inert porous medium is higher than that in a catalytic porous
medium, while the solid temperature in an inert porous medium is lower than that in a
catalytic porous medium. The flame moved toward the burner exit with the increasing
diameter of the packed pellets at a lower equivalence ratio and moved toward
upstream with the increased thermal conductivity of packed pellets. The flame
location of the catalytic porous burner was more sensitive to the flame velocity and
insensitive to thermal conductivity compared to the inert porous burner. The distance
of the flame location to the burner inlet is almost constant with the increasing length
of the porous media for both the catalytic and inert porous burner, while the relative
position of the flame location moved toward the upstream
1.3 Objective
•To analyze the NACA 0012 symmetrical airfoil profile used in the design of struts.
•To determine the flow of de-swirling without the struts and the flow of de-swirling
with the struts.
•To analyze the pressure loss in the after burner diffuser duct without the presence of
airfoil struts.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Author has [1] conducted an Exploration and Numerical flow study of the complex
flow in the posterior unit and emphasized the deswirlingof flow in the part of the
afterburner diffuser pipe due to the presence of airfoil struts. The study also repeated
the complexity of the flow due to the presence of complex geometric shapes such as
V-gutter, fuel Injector and the combined effect of total pressure loss.
Author[2] performed numerical simulations of the turbulence flow response in an
improved thermal unit at the Gas Turbine Research Establishment and emphasized
the need to reduce the flow and remove the diffuser pipe from the heat exchanger. and
the idea of burning. The theory of ductile dysfunction. However, where low weight is
required, distortion energy theory is recommended.
Author [3] in his paper explained that the exhaust separator of a liquid machine such
as a gas turbine restores dry pressure by reducing the flow and converting kinetic
energy into compressive power. That is why it is an integral part of the turbo machine
and plays an important role in determining the performance of a turbo machine.
Therefore, if the diffuser design is designed for high pressure detection, it is likely to
increase the efficiency of the liquid machine. Parameshwar Banakar [4] in his paper
said the analysis of subsonic flow was performed with a diffuser mixer with and
without struts. Total pressure loss, pressure gain, critical flow characteristics like
Mach number, speed, statics pressure, swirl compared in both cases. The analysis was
performed using a 45-degree field model of diffuser mixer without strut and struts
taking into account geometric duplication. Venugopal M M [5] in his paper discussed
that the power and efficiency of gas engines are highly dependent on the performance
of the exhaust turbine diffuser. In order to build a more efficient gas distribution
turbine we need to consider the flow in a weak connection with the rotating phase of
the upper and lower turbine, which creates a circulating flow. A reading of various
books shows that there is room for improvement in order to improve the performance
of the turbine. As the diffuser is a hub that operates at different rotation rates. Swirl
flow in the diffuser phase will cause problems such as, decreasing pressure during
flow in the struts and reducing the number of temporary Reynolds gives the flow into
an undesirable disturbance. Rule number: Reynolds A comparison of numerical
results and tests shows that the results of a single phase analysis are close to the
results of the test

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluid flow while Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
deals with solving complex fluid flow problems with the help of numerical methods.
CFD has gained its popularity with years and is implemented on all kinds of problems
from designing vehicles and improving their aerodynamic characteristics to medical
applications like curing arterial diseases to weather forecasting. Increase in areas of
application has increased the requirement for powerful tools and solvers to be able to
perform these studies. It also means that using the right tool is important for
generating meaningful results. Gas turbines are one of the major areas of CFD
especially the combustion chamber where high temperatures and turbulent flows are
observed. At Siemens Industrial turbo machinery AB (SIT AB) ANSYS CFX and
ANSYS Fluent are the two solvers used for performing CFD analysis on their
turbines. [6] Both CFX are Fluent are reliable solvers, although one of the issues
faced today is the uncertainty in difference obtained in results when comparing the
two solvers. Even if the cases are set-up in similar manner with equivalent boundary
conditions, solution method and turbulence model, a difference in result is observed
between the two solvers. The objective of this thesis is to conduct a CFD analysis of
the Siemens SGT-800 burner using both the solvers and investigating where the
differences arise between solvers and if they can be eliminated [7].
A simplified scenario studied here is the case with cold flow, i.e. flow without
combustion and constant temperature. Complex flows in the burner are achieved
during hot flow when combustion is present where temperatures are very high and
effort is made to strive for the perfect mixing of fuel and oxidant. The flow is also
highly turbulent during the combustion process. Fluent and CFX deal differently with
partially premixed flow and these differences are important to examine to understand
how they can be reduced to achieve equally reliable results in both the solvers.
Despite the criticality mentioned about flow with combustion, it is important to start
with a simpler case to narrow down the causes lying behind the differences between
solvers. For that reason and due to the time constraint only cold flow will be
examined [8].
To understand more in depth how the choice of numeric influence the results
obtained, a test case is developed where flow in long channel with obstacle is
simulated for different numerical methods and spatial discretization available in
Fluent and results are compared to see how the conclusion about mesh independency
is affected depending on which numerical method is used [9].
The purpose of this thesis is to compare the two CFD solver provided by ANSYS,
namely CFX and Fluent for studies conducted on a Siemens SGT-800 burners. Today
both solvers are widely used at Siemens Industrial Turbo machinery AB, it has
however been discovered that when running similarly set up cases in both solvers, the
results differ between the solvers [10]. The questions that arises following this
discovery are why do these differences exist, how can they be reduced and which of
the solvers has a more correct solution. The main objective of this thesis is to answer
these questions and reduce the uncertainty and possible causes surrounding the
differences between solvers. Another purpose of this thesis is to investigate the mesh
dependency of a standard Siemens mesh used for 3D simulations [11].
2.1 Industrial Turbo machinery
The history of Swedish turbine industry dates back to 1893 when Gustaf De Laval
Steam Turbine AB was started in Stockholm. In year 1913, brothers Birger and
Fredrik Ljungström started manufacturing their own counter-rotating radial steam
turbines in has always been an industrial hub and was known to be one of the biggest
manufacturers of cannons in the world. However, this era came to an end in 1911
when bankruptcy was filed by the Nordic Artillery plants. This is when, two years
later, the two brothers bought the entire industrial area to establish STAL in Even
though STAL and De Laval were engaged in manufacturing different kinds of
turbines and the application areas also varied, they were still partly competitors. The
two companies decided to merge towards the end of 1950’s and the industry was
brought together in Finspång [12]. With time the company expanded and started
developing in the area of gas turbines. During its course, the company had multiple.
The design of the SGT-800 is a great combination of robustness and high reliability
which along with the features of high exhaust temperature combined with high
efficiency makes it an optimal choice for many customers and operations such as
energy companies, independent power producers, cogeneration and combined cycle
installations and also oil and gas industry. Apart from this, the SGT-800 also has the
best emissions performance in the 40-60[13].
Low calorific value gases mainly include blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, coal seam
gas, landfill gas, biogas, and other combustible gases, which are regarded as “exhaust
gas” and directly discharge to the environment. It is difficult to handle by
conventional free flame combustion and can lead to environmental pollution and
energy waste. The low calorific value gases are usually burned by preheating the
mixture of air/fuel with an auxiliary device as assistant equipment. Porous media
combustion is a promising method for handling low calorific value gases, which can
recuperate heat from the combustion zone to the fresh mixture of fuel/air by solid
conduction and radiation. It has been the subject of much attention in the past few
decades due to its characteristics of higher power density, flame speeds, efficiency,
and its lower pollutant emissions, compared with free flame combustion [14]. Much
research has been done on the structures and materials of porous media to examine
how they maintain good flame stabilization. Foe example, two layer burners with
different porosity ceramic blocks was designed to extend the flame stability limits and
reduce pollution, and foams of different materials. This indicated that the flame
stability limit and the maximum flame temperature could be increased with the
increasing diameter of packed beads, while the foam materials have little effect on the
monoxide (CO) emission. experimentally studied the effect of the gap between
alumina (Al2O3) pellets (preheating zone) and silicon carbide (SiC) foam
(combustion zone) on the performance of methane/air combustion and reported that
the limits of flame stability could be extended with a proper gap length. reported that
flame stability limits and flame temperature in a two-layer porous burner can be
controlled by the equivalent ratio of methane/air mixture. Wang et al. [15] studied the
fuel-rich combustion of methane (CH4) in a double-layer porous burner filled with
alumina (Al2O3) beads of different diameters. An optimal pellet diameter of 7.5 mm
at the downstream was obtained with the highest syngas energy conversion
efficiency. Investigated the extra-lean filtration combustion of propane/air in porous
media and showed that the average flame velocity increased and the temperature
difference between the solid and gas becomes smaller [16].

Catalytic combustion of fuel/air mixture within a porous media reactor is an approach

that can enhance combustion efficiency and decrease pollutant emissions, as the
porous media acts as a special reaction place and supports the catalyst. There are few
studies focused on combustion in catalytic and non-catalytic porous media [17]. Most
of the previous research is focused on combustion in catalytic monolith type burners
with different channel geometries developed the model of combustion of methane
within both the catalytic and non-catalytic packed-bed reactors by employing single
[17-step and multi- step reaction mechanisms for both gas-phase (homogeneous) and
catalytic surface (heterogeneous) reactions. Shahamiri and Wierzba (2010) further
studied the effect of the addition of hydrogen to the biogas/air mixture on combustion
in a catalytic porous burner using detailed surface chemistry, which indicated that
hydrogen can improve the oxidation of methane. studied the catalytic combustion of
premixed methane/air in a two-zone perovskite-based alumina (Al2O3) pileup-pellets
burner, and indicated that the flame stability limits increased with the increase of
equivalence ratio or pellet diameter. [18] used a metal foam catalyst to catalyze
methane (CH4) combustion in a micro-combustion chamber and investigated the
effects of inlet velocity and equivalence ratio on catalytic combustion characteristics
of methane. These results show that a mixture of methane/air has an equivalent ratio
of 1.0 and that a mixed fuel with an inlet velocity of 0.2–0.6 m/s can achieve
combustion. Yang et al. (2020) numerically simulated the uniform combustion
characteristics of methane/air in a semi-packed bed catalytic combustion chamber and
found three combustion modes: completely heterogeneous combustion,
heterogeneous combustion, and incomplete heterogeneous combustion [19].

Many models have been proposed for simulating combustion in catalytic porous
media. However, most previous works were one-dimensional models for the
combustion of methane/air mixtures in catalytic porous media burner. The main
objective of the present work is to develop a two-dimensional model for the
combustion of methane/air mixtures in a catalytic porous media burner by
considering both gas-phase (homogeneous) and catalytic surface (heterogeneous)
reactions, which were compared with combustion in an inert porous burner, and
modeled as single-step global reactions of Arrhenius type [20].

The porous burner is a cylinder with a length of 120 mm and a diameter of 50 mm, as
shown in Figure 1, which are filled with different diameter inert alumina pellets or
alumina pellets supported with Pt catalyst. In the present model, the fuel/air mixture
and products are regarded as incompressible ideal gases. The gas radiation and
Dufour effect in porous media are ignored. The thermophysical properties of the
gases, such as the density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, are considered to
be variable and are evaluated for the instantaneous local temperature and mixture
composition. The thermal properties of the pellets, such as the density, specific heat,
and porosity, are assumed to be uniform and constant [21]. The gas and solid assumed
thermal non-equilibrium and two energy equations were employed. Inert porous
combustion only contains gas phase reaction (homogeneous reaction), while catalytic
porous combustion includes gas phase reaction (homogeneous reaction) and catalytic
surface reactions (heterogeneous reaction). Both gas phase and catalytic surface
reactions are modeled as single-step global reactions of Arrhenius type. The kinetic
model of catalytic surface reaction (heterogeneous reaction) is based on the single
step irreversible reaction of methane on a platinum surface [22]. The two-dimensional
physical model and corresponding equations are as follows:

The effect of catalytic porous media and inert porous media on the flame temperature
profile was studied in the present work. the flame temperature distributions of gas
and solid in a 6 mm inert alumina (Al2O3) pellets and platinum (Pt) catalyst-
supported alumina (Al2O3) pellets with an equivalence ratio of φ = 0.30 and an inlet
velocity of S = 20 cm/s. In the combustion zone, the flue gas temperature is higher
than that of a solid skeleton, the heat released from enthalpy release of gas
combustion, and transferred to the solid skeleton by convection. The heat is then
transferred to the upstream (preheating zone) by heat conduction and radiation
through the solid skeleton, where the premixed fresh gas mixture is preheated in the
solid skeleton by convection [23].

The gas temperature in the inert porous medium was higher than that in the catalytic
porous medium, while the solid temperature in the inert porous medium was lower
than that in the catalytic porous medium. The profiles near the inlet and outlet are
very similar because of the velocity, temperature, and concentration of the premixed
gases at the inlet is the same for both catalytic and non-catalytic cases. Similarly, the
outflow is given for both catalytic and non-catalytic cases. This is because the
combustion reaction occurred in the pore and on the surface of the solid skeleton of
the catalytic porous burner, and more heat was released on the surface of the catalytic
porous skeleton. Whereas, the combustion reaction only occurred in the pore of the
inert porous, and all heat was released by gas phase (homogeneous) reactions for the
inert porous burner, which led to higher gas temperature [24].
2.2 Research Gap

 In the Aircraft Turbojet engine after the low pressure turbine, the flow gets
swirled hence, in the after burner the velocity gets drastically increased.

 In the combustion chamber of the after burner the fuel and air is not get mixed
properly hence the fuel is wasted

 The swirled floe leads to loss of velocity in-turn reducing the efficiency and
performance of the after burner.
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

DESIGN THE MODEL OF

AIRFOIL STRUTS IN CATIA.

DISCRETIZED INTO EIGHT PARTS

ANALYZE THE NACA 0012

USED IN THE DESIGN OF STRUTS.

DETERMINE THE FLOW OF

DE-SWIRLING WITHOUT THE STRUTS.

DETERMINE THE FLOW OF

DE-SWIRLING WITH THE STRUTS

ANALYZE THE PRESSURE LOSS

WITHOUT PRESENCE OF AIRFOIL STRUTS.

•.

ANALYZE THE PRESSURE LOSS WITH

THE PRESENCE OF AIRFOIL STRUTS
The present study focuses on studying the non-reacting, compressible flow in the
after burner diffuser duct using FLUENT CFD software. The objective is analyze the
flow de-swirling and pressure loss in the after burner diffuser duct due to the presence
of airfoil struts.

3.1 Fluid Dynamics – Governing equations

Fluid Dynamics is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid in movement,
i.e. fluid flow and the forces’ impact on it. Fluid flow is described using the
governing equations, Navier-Stokes equations which describe how the velocity,
pressure, temperature and density of fluid flow are related. One can say that Navier-
Stokes equations are Newton’s second law of motion applied to fluids. The effect of
viscosity which has not been regarded in the Euler equations is taken into account in
the Navier-Stokes equations. They are based on three conservation laws; conservation
of mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. The equations are
partial differential equations which do not have a defined analytical solution and are
therefore solved numerically.

Conservation of mass states that the rate of change of mass in an arbitrary material
volume is equal to the rate of mass production in that volume.

In equation (1:1), (, ) is the density of a particle and (, ) is the rate of mass production
per volume at time and position . (, ) ≠ 0 is true only for multiphase flows and therefore
taking (, ) = 0 in the above equation, we obtain the continuityequation (2:2):
3.1.1 Conservation of momentum states that the rate of change of momentum of a
material volume is equal to the total force on the volume. Two kinds of forces act on a
volume; body forces and surfaces forces . The conservation of momentum law can
be written in integral form and using Reynolds transport theorem as presented in (2:3)

Furthermore, the surface forces must be transformed into a volume integral which is
achieved by defining the stress tensor, in (2:4). The stress tensor consists of an
isotropic part, hydrodynamic pressure and a viscous stress tensor, which depends on
the fluid motion.

The momentum equation (2:5) is then equal to,

For a Newtonian fluid, the relationship between the viscous stress and the strain is
given by (2:6),

Using this
3.1.2 Conservation of energy states that the rate of change of energy in a material
particle is equal to the amount of energy received by heat and work transferred by the
particle. The first law of thermodynamics states (2:8),

where E is the total energy, W is the rate of work done by the surrounding on the
fluid and Q is the rate of heat addition. Once again, the work done is divided into
body force and surface force and Q is obtained by assuming that heat is added to
each particle at a rate q per unit of mass and that there exists a heat flux

per unit area of the surface which is governed by Fourier’s law. Solving using these
laws for the first law of thermodynamics we achieve the law of energy conservation
as following,

where is the thermal conductivity in (2:9).

Computational Fluid Dynamics focuses on solving these problems with the help of
numerical analysis and approximating the solution to Navier-Stokes with methods
such as finite difference, finite volume finite element and spectral methods [1] [2].

Turbulent Flow

Fluid flow in general is turbulent, everything from flow around cars, planes, buildings
to the flow in combustion to air movements in room near the walls due to the high
interaction between wall and flow are all turbulent flows. In general, turbulent flow
does not have a distinct definition due to the large fluctuations in its behavior
however there are some main characteristics that all together help in identifying flows
as turbulent or laminar. Although turbulence is often observed as random, the velocity
field conserves mass, momentum and energy.

Main characteristics of turbulent flows are:

Irregularity: The flow is chaotic, random and irregular. This is also seen in the
irregular fluctuations observed in dependent variables like temperature, pressure,
velocity etc. even when steady boundary conditions are implemented.
Non-linearity: Turbulence occurs when a non-linear parameter like the Reynolds
number exceedsa critical value and unpredictable behavior in the flow is observed.
Vorticity: Eddies, swirling structures in a flow, are what characterize a turbulent flow
which occur in all sizes depending on the Reynolds number.
Dissipation: Dissipation of energy is observed in turbulent flow by the means of
nonlinear transfer of energy between eddies, from larger eddies to the smaller ones
and the smaller eddies’ energy is then converted into internal energy.
Diffusivity: Turbulent flow increase diffusivity, increase is seen in for e.g. exchange
of momentum in boundary layers etc. as compared to laminar flow. Different models
are used for predicting the effect of and describing a turbulent flow. The
instantaneous values of the dependent variables like temperature, velocity, pressure
are all divided into two parts, a mean part and a fluctuating part. Turbulence models
are obtained by solving for the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations. Averaging the
equations gives the RANS, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, although
even here the fluctuating terms do not completely disappear and are accounted for in
the non-linear Reynolds Stress term. A closure problem i.e. having more number of
unknowns than the number of equations is observed while solving for the dependent
variables. This leads to different approximation models, so-called turbulence models.
The different turbulence models are Algebraic models, One-equation models, Two
equation models and Reynold Stress models. This thesis aims at presenting the results
of turbulence model study obtained using only the two-equation models. [3] [4]

3.2 Two-equation model

Two-equation turbulence model is one of the most widely used models due to its
ability to provide a good compromise between accuracy and numerical effort. Two-
equation turbulent model aims at solving two transport equations in order to obtain
turbulent qualities; usually turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent length scale.
Boussinesq assumption relates the Reynolds stress tensor to velocity gradients
through turbulent viscosity and is implemented in these models. [5]

3.3 Standard k-ε model

k- ε is a common and widely used two-equation model. The two transport variables
solved for in this model are k, the turbulent kinetic energy and ε, turbulent
dissipation. This model was implemented to improve the mixing-length model and
proposing turbulent length scales in moderate to complex flows. This model has
proven useful for free-shear layer flow although only when the pressure gradient is
relatively small. [6]

It is assumed for this model that the turbulence viscosity is associated to the
turbulence kinetic energy andturbulence dissipation by the expression (2:10);

The transport equations used for

solving the transport variables k and ε are as follows:

For turbulent kinetic energy k,

For turbulence dissipation ,

3.4 Solver Characteristics: ANSYS CFX and ANSYS Fluent

3.4.1Discretization method

Both CFX and Fluent use finite-volume method which discretizes the spatial domain
using a mesh. Variable values for quantities such as mass, energy, momentum are
stored in these control volumes constructed with the help of the mesh.

Figure 3.1 Left: Vertex-centered. Right: Cell-centered.

When it comes to the finite volume method used for discretization in both solvers;
CFX uses the vertex- centered method, more precisely dual-median method while
Fluent uses cell-centered method. The basic difference between the two methods is
the location of the unknowns that are to be solved for as shown in Figure 4. In the
cell-centered approach, cells themselves serve as control volumes and the average
variable value is stored in its center. On the other hand, for the vertex-centered
method; control volume is formed by combining smaller sub-control volumes
surrounding the vertex and the variable value is stored in vertex.

The comparison between the two methods can be done on the basis of the following
criteria; accuracy, computational work, memory requirements and grid flexibility.
Cell-centered finite-volume method has a larger number of degrees of freedom than
the vertex-centered method but less fluxes per unknown making the scheme
computationally expensive [12] with large memory requirements, on an average twice
the requirement for the vertex-centered method. Even though it would be logical to
assume that more degrees of freedom would mean a more accurate method, the
accuracy of the method is affected negatively by the low number of fluxes per
unknown making it hard to determine which of methods has a better accuracy [13].
One important advantage of the cell-centered method is its capability of computing
fluxes in non- conforming cell interfaces where the vertex-centered method is not
equally flexible and requires expensive procedure to compute the fluxes. The median-
dual mesh can produce control volumes of bad quality whereas a cell- centered
method is more flexible in grid generation, adaption and even motion.

Different spatial discretization schemes are available to choose from in both CFX and
Fluent. These schemes include amongst others; first order upwind difference, second
order central difference, high resolution scheme for CFX and first order upwind,
second order upwind, second order central differencing, power law etc. for Fluent.
First order upwind scheme is robust however not as accurate while evaluating
steep gradients and therefore inaccurate. The second order scheme on the other hand
is accurate but may lead to unphysical oscillations. The optimal scenario offered by
CFX is the high resolution scheme and the second order differencing scheme by
Fluent which provide a blending of the first and second order with the help of a non-
linear function evaluated for each node. For details about the different schemes
offered, refer to the solver guide provided by ANSYS [14]. term is evaluated however
apart from that the solvers are identical. [16] [17].

For this study, an axisymmetric model of the SGT-800 burner was provided and
meshes from former thesis work of Simon Bruneflod [18] were available. Studies
have been performed on these given meshes and also on a new optimal mesh that was
created. The case-setup included setting up the given meshes, generating new mesh,
identifying the boundary conditions and choosing the solutions methods and
turbulence models.

In order to rule out the effect of numerical method and spatial discretization chosen
and be sure of the mesh independency of the results obtained, a test case is used. For
this test case, a 2D axisymmetric model of flow in a channel with an object is
studied. The geometry and mesh was created in ICEM and the different studies are
conducted in Fluent where there are numerous spatial discretization methods
available. In total 32 cases were tested for this model; 4 numerical schemes x 4
meshes x 2 spatial discretization.
3.4.2 Phase-1
A book by Aircraft Engine by Jack D. Mattingly introduces subsonic diffuser duct
geometry and test data. The same diffuser duct is considered for this function.
The geometry of the diffuser duct is shown in Fig 1. Figure measured values are
shown in Table1.

Fig 3.2.Geometry of the Diffuser duct (Reference, Aircraft Engine design, Jack
D. Mattingly)
Table 3.1.Experimental results for afterburner diffuser geometry shown in Fig.1
 Fig .3.3: Modelling of diffuser as per experimental data

Fig 3.4: cutting out the airfoil strut

CFD analysis is carried out for the diffuser duct and analysis results are compared
with the experimental data. This serves the validation of CFD analysis procedure.
3.4.3 Phase-2

In this phase, the after burner diffuser duct is incorporated with eight number of
airfoil struts. NACA 0012 symmetrical airfoil profile [4] is used in the design of
struts.

Fig 3.5: Front view and Side view of the Airfoil strut
Fig 3.6: Front view and Side view of the NACA Airfoil strut

CFD analysis is carried out for the after burner diffuser duct with airfoil struts and the
contribution of struts for total pressure loss is analyzed using CFD analysis. The flow
de-swirling due to the struts is also studied.
 CHAPTER-4
SIMMULATION AND DATA VALIDATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The basic steps involved in solving a flow problem are the same for all commercially
available packages (i.e.: FLUENT, CFX, STAR-CD etc.) and can be grouped under
three categories.
Preliminary processing, including:
a) Geometry modeling
b) Grid production
c) Flow specification
The solution phase which includes the best mathematical solution.
Post-processing phase, which includes analyzing results from vector plots, account
structures, overhead locations and other data recognition tools.
This chapter provides a brief overview of the various pricing methods, the steps
involved in pre-screening and resolving CFD analysis stages. The various capabilities
and structure of the FLUENT software package program, which are used in the
current project, are discussed.
4.2 NUMERICAL DISCRETIZATION TECHNIQUES
In this process of numerical discretization each term within a partial differential
equation is translated into a numerical analogue that the computer can be
programmed to calculate. The distinct streams of numerical discretization techniques
are finite difference, finite element and finite volume method (Versteeg and
Malalsekera 1995).
4.2.1 The Complete Difference Method.
This method describes the ambiguity of the flow problem by using point samples in
the node areas of the grid connection lines. The Truncated Taylor series is used to
generate estimates of the estimated difference in the output of an unknown object
based on their sample points for each grid location and its immediate neighbors. The
derivatives from the control figures are replaced by a limited variance that produces
algebraic calculations, which can be solved by the variance of the flow field at
different grid points in the flow.
4.2.2 Finite Element Method
 In this way a domain where the dividing number is partially subdivided into a limited
number of sub-domains known as elements. On each element a sample of dependent
variations is considered and this bit is used to create an image of how variables differ
across the domain. The process of discretization is much more complex than the
method of limited variance.
4.2.3 Finite Volume Method
This approach is very well established and fully validated by the general purpose of
CFD. This method is similar to other features of the limited variance, but some of its
uses are also derived from features ranging from the moderate variance method. The
numerical algorithm for this method contains the following steps,
Integration of flow control statistics across all volume domains with a computer
domain. This step separates the moderate volume method from all other CFD
methods.
 Discretization by the substitution of a variety of finite-difference type approximations
for the terms in the integrated equations into a system of algebraic equations.
 Solution of the algebraic equations by iterative method.
 The clear relationship between the numerical algorithm and the underlying physical
conservation principle forms one of the main attractions of the finite volume method.
4.3 GEOMETRIC MODELING AND GRID GENERATION
In any flow problem it is important to define the visible boundaries that contain the
liquid and the barriers to which the flow of liquid should occur. The Geometric model
takes care of the above features by performing a calculation model. Different sources
of geometric data are available to define the geometry of binding and barrier areas
e.g. engineering drawings and information details created by computer-assisted
design programs. The modeling effort depends on the complexity of the flow domain
and often helps to simplify geometry where possible without sacrificing metaphorical
accuracy.
Grid production is the next step in the process of mimicking CFD and involves
subdividing the domain into a number of smaller, non-compliant domains commonly
referred to as grid (or mesh) cells (or volume controls or elements.) Depending on the
type of pricing strategy used. The number of cells in the grid controls the accuracy of
the CFD solution. Grease grid, better accuracy. Both the accuracy and cost of
computing depending on the computer hardware and calculation time depends on the
quality of the grid. Accurate matches are usually not the same with fine meshing in
sensitive areas of the domain where large gradients in the flow fluctuations are
expected and coarser mesh in areas where the variance is very small. it can be of two
types, formal or informal. In a well-organized grid the cells are well organized and a
simple system (e.g., j, k indices) can be used to label features and identify.
neighbors. Organized grids come in several varieties depending on the shape of their
cells. The simplest grid is produced by rectangular brick cells although their use
islimited by the fact that geometric surfaces are usually approximated by blocking out
entire cells, which leads to boundaries having discrete steps thereby introducing
side effects. Better geometric representations of curved barrier areas can be achieved
by modifying the grid elements to suit the stated geometric shapes, the emerging cells
then have a normal hexahedral shape and the grid is often called a rectangular grid or
by keeping rectangular cells. but they have added in some ways the descriptions of
the obstacles that cross theirpath.

Fig 4.1: Meshing the model

In random grids the cells can be grouped in any way and special link lists must be
kept to be visible to neighboring cells. Informal grids have a general advantage
because they can be aligned with almost any desired geometry. However the grid
production process is not completely automatic and may require significant user
interaction to produce grids with acceptable levels of spatial adjustment while at the
same time having a slight distortion of the feature.
 Informal grids require more information to be stored and restored than systematic
grids and changing the types of elements and sizes can increase pricing errors. The
most popular type of unstructured grid contains tetrahedral elements. These grids are
usually easier to make than those made of hexahedral elements, but usually have a
poor accuracy.
In short, the best choice of grid system depends on a number of factors, namely, Ease
in production, memory requirements, numerical accuracy, flexibility to complicate
complex geometry and local variability for high or low resolution.

Fig 4.2: Meshing the Model in ANSYS

4.3.1 FLOW SPECIFICATION

Flow problem specification tells the CFD software the actual problem that needs to be
solved and achieved by performing the following tasks:
Defining Liquid Properties: Liquids have a variety of properties and a solution must
be provided for a specific method to calculate the values of this. Generally depending
on the flow problem values are given as fixed or relationships with other independent
variables are given or preferred local variations.
Determining the flow of the Calculated Calculations: The required variables depends
on how the governing statistics are calculated and the algorithm set to be resolved. In
addition, the flow environment and the type of models used to model the chaos, heat
transfer etc determine the choice of flexibility.
Defining Border Conditions: Proper registration of boundary conditions and their
modeling are the most important factors influencing the calculated outcomes. The
type of boundary conditions required by any partial equation depends on the
calculations themselves and how they have been classified. Some common boundary
conditions, however, are met when CFD fluid flow problems are solved and are as
follows.
Inlet: At the entry point, speed, pressure, bulk flow can be specified. Also, turbulence
variables such as k and ε can be specified. Entry limits require a specific distribution
of all floe variables.
Outlet: This marks a domain outlet. Normally, the gauge pressure is set to Zero where
it exits. Parts of the speed and flexibility of the turbulence will have some zero point
exit on the normal route to the exit boundary.
Symmetry: When the flow is relative to a particular plane there is no boundary flow
and the output of some of the normal variables to the boundary is set to zero.
Wall: The most common boundary encountered in problems of clogged fluid flow.
The shape of the slippery border is forced into the wall to flow viscous. The shear
pressure and heat transfer between the liquid and the wall are calculated based on the
flow data in the local flow field. In turbulent flow the adjacent wall area is usually
modeled using semi-empirical formulas called “wall functions”. These functions
close the viscosity-affected region between the wall and the flowing stream with full
chaos. Bicycle or intermediate parameters: These parameters come in pairs and are
used to determine if the flow has the same dynamic values in equal areas at both
boundaries.
Explaining the Basic Conditions: Many solution algorithms require that the specific
type of flow flow be specified in the solution. This may be because the flow depends
on the time, at which point the initial variance is required for the calculation to start,
or because of the use of a quasi-time variable algorithm solution. Equally, non-linear
problem will require some initial guessing of the variance, which needs to be
provided as a set of default values or user. When volatility is used it is usually set to a
minimum positive or positive value.
4.3.2 SOLUTION PROCEDURE (VERSTEEG AND Malalsekera 1995)

There are a number of algorithms for solving various calculations, among them the
SIMPLE algorithm for the correct correlation between pressure and speed and the
 line-by-line TDMA solution for algebraic arithmetic which are the most popular. The
success of a numerical solution algorithm is determined by mathematical assumptions
of integration and stability. In the following sections some words and strategies
related to the numerical solution are discussed.
4.3.3 Convergence, consistency and stability

4.3.3(a)Integration: It is a feature of a numerical algorithm to produce a solution,

which approaches a straightforward (analytical) solution if such a solution exists, as
the volume control of the space or the size of the element is reduced to zero.

4.3.3(b)Consistency: The ability of a numerical system to generate algebraic

mathematical systems, which can be shown to be equal to real control numbers, as the
grid space is usually zero.

4.3.3(c)Stability: It is associated with a decrease in errors as the numerical method

continues. The process is so stable that the calculations go to an integrated solution so
that errors in the straightforward solution do not destroy the results with growth as the
numerical process progresses.

4.3.3(d)Pressure-Velocity Coupling Solution Algorithm

Flow statistics, which control flow, are complexly compiled because every part of the
speed is reflected in each intensity and continuity statistics. The most complex
problem to be solved is the role played by pressure. Pressure is reflected in all
pressure measurements but apparently there are no pressure calculations. Addition
over non-linear values in convective terms of pressure calculations causes additional
problems to find a solution for the mathematical set.
Problems related to linear computational line inconsistencies and interactions
between transport statistics are dealt with by a duplicate solution strategy such as the
SIMPLE (Invisible Method of Statistically Connected Statistics) algorithm. In this
method of multiplication where other scalar is combined with force calculations, the
calculations are performed sequentially. From the first pressure field its main steps
are as follows:
 Resolve the estimated pressure estimates to produce a central Velocity field.
 Solving the mathematical continuity in a mathematical way to correct the pressure.
 Pressure adjustment and Velocity.
 Solve some hidden scalar transport statistics.
 Repeat the above process until the merger is achieved.
Improvements to SIMPLE have produced more efficient and consistent duplication
methods such as SIMPLER (SIMPLE-Revised) and SIMPLEC (SIMPLE-Consistent),
the PISO algorithm, representing Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators,
contains an additional corrective action so that SIMPLE to improve its performance.
With repetition. SIMPLEC and PISO have been shown to be as effective as
SIMPLER in certain types of flow but it is not clear or categorized that better than
SIMLER. Comparisons have shown that the performance of each algorithm depends
on the flow conditions, the degree of integration and between the shutu and scalar
calculations and the amount of slight relief used.

4.4 Solution of Discretized Equations

The system of linear algebraic arithmetic obtained by dividing dominant figures is
solved by direct or recurring methods. Cramer’s matrix modification and Gaussian
abolition fall under the category of direct methods while the Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel
methods are well-known examples of repetitive methods. Multiplication methods are
based on the repeated use of a simple algorithm that leads to the final merger. The
main advantage of the multiplication methods is the precise means that a non-zero
mathematical coefficient needs to be maintained in contextual memory.

The Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods, although very easy to use in simple computer
systems, can slow down the interaction where the mathematical system is as large as
it often is in CFD. Tri-diagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA), using a straightforward
one-sided approach is widely used in CFD systems to solve multi-dimensional
problems by repeatedly repeating line by line on a selected plane and continuing to
calculate. in the next flight, it scans the background of the flight by plane. This
method saves a lot of tri-diagonal system. However if separation schemes are used
that incorporate influences from outside the immediate area or when a physical
integration system is used it may

It is necessary to use other methods such as the penta0diagonal matrix algorithm or a

clear stone process and conjugate gradient method.
4.5 Controlling the Iterative Process

To avoid the escalation of the residual errors from iteration to iteration and eventually
leading to the divergence of solution we need to control the process. Under-relaxation
factors are usually employed to take care of the controlling aspect. These take the
solution calculated during the current iteration and scale it so that the solution used in
the next iteration is not too different from the solution at start of the current iteration.
This is mathematically represented as:


n
e

wc
a(
1
l

)
o
ld

cal
old is the value of the variable at the start of the document iteration while is the

value at the end of the iteration.

new is produced after process of scaling by the
relaxation factor  whose value lies between zero and one. Another means of
controlling the overall solution process is to use a time dependent solution scheme,
even if the flow is known to be steady. With time dependent scheme the main
controlling factor is the value of the time step. This is to give as small number of time
steps as possible whilst maintaining a smoothly converging solution.

4.5.1 Convergence Criteria

Final convergence is decided by the way of residual source criterion. The
convergence criterion in the present study is set as 10-6 for all the parameters.

4.5.2 FLUENT PACKAGE

FLUENT is a state-of-the-art computer program for modeling fluid flow and heat
transfer in complex geometries. Provides complete modeling skills for a variety of
non-pressing and stressful, laminar and turbulent fluid flow problems. In addition, a
wide range of mathematical models of transport conditions (heat transfer and
chemical reactions) is combined with the ability to model complex geometries.
FLUENT uses informal nets to reduce the amount of time spent on grid production,
just a geometric model and makes it easier to model more complex geometries than
those that can be handled with standard multi-layered matches. FLUENT may also
use embedded matches with a restricted structure. In addition the flexible grid
capability provides ways to accurately predict flow fields with large gradients. This
feature also reduces the calculation effort required to achieve the desired level of
accuracy.
FLUENT is written in C language and fully utilizes the flexibility and power
provided by the language. In addition, FLUENT uses a client / server architecture,
which allows it to operate as separate processes simultaneously in the client desktop
and powerful computer servers.

All functions are required to calculate the solution and display the results accessible
via FLUENT using a menu-driven interface that is written in a language called
Scheme, which is different from LISP.

4.6 PROGRAM STRUCTURE

The various components in FLUENT package are listed below,
4.6.1 GAMBIT: It is the preprocessor, which undertakes geometric modeling and
grid generation.
4.6.2 TGRID: It is an additional preprocessor that can generate triangular,
tetrahedral, or hybrid volume meshes from an existing boundary mesh created by
GAMBIT or a third-party CAD/CAE package.
4.6.3 PRE-PDF: It is the preprocessor for modeling PDF combustion.
4.6.4 FLUENT: It is the solver which includes setting boundary conditions, defining
fluid properties, executing the solution, viewing and post processing the results.
4.6.5 FILTERS (translators): for import of surface and volume meshes from
CAD/CAE packages such as ANSYS, I-DEAS, NASTRAN, PATRAN and others.
4.6.6 SOLVER CAPABILITIES
FLUENT solver has the following modeling capabilities:
 Flows in 2D or 3D geometries using unstructured solution-adaptive
triangular/tetrahedral, quadrilateral/hexahedral, or mixed (hybrid) grids that
include prisms (wedges) or pyramids.
 Incompressible or compressible flows
 Steady-state or transient analysis
 In viscid, laminar, and turbulent flows
  Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow
 Convective heat transfer, including natural or forced convection
 Coupled conduction/convective heat transfer
 Radiation heat transfer

4.7 INERTIAL (STATIONARY) OR NON-INERTIAL(ROTATING)

REFERENCE FRAME MODELS

Multiple moving reference frames, including sliding mesh interfaces and mixing
planes for rotor/stator interaction modeling
1. Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion sub models and surface
deposition reaction models
2. Arbitrary volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, turbulence and chemical
species
3. Lagrangian trajectory calculations for a dispersed phase of particles/droplets/bubbles,
including coupling with the continuous phase
4. Phase-change models.
5. Flow through porous media
6. Lumped-parameter models for fans, pumps, radiators, and heat exchangers
7. Multiphase flows, including cavitation
8. Free-surface flows with complex surface shapes

These capabilities allow FLUENT to be used for a wide variety of applications,

including the following:
 Process and process equipment applications
 Power generation and oil/gas and environmental applications
 Aerospace and Turbo machinery applications
 Automobile applications
 Heat exchanger applications
 Electronics/HVAC/appliance
 Materials processing applications
 Architectural design and fire research
Fixed results using FLUENT help to understand the physics of fluid flow. Since the
simulations are based almost entirely on universal principles, modeling a
something will be perfect and accurate. Includes a small amount of speculation and
powerful input. In the current study the FLUENT code is properly adjusted to predict
the flow of the domain of interest.

Pressure flow within the hot-exhaust system has been simulated by adjusting the
weight and energy-saving ratios (stable, three-dimensional, Navier-Stokes
compression ratios). A total volume based method has been used to convert ruling
flow rates into algebraic calculations that can be solved by numbers. Flow
disturbance is modeled using a standard k-ε model.
This chapter discusses mathematical details namely. Resolved control figures,
confusion models included in the simulation, geometric modeling and geometric
details, grid production, mandatory boundary conditions are discussed and presented
in this chapter.
4.7.1 ASSUMPTIONS
The three dimensional flow inside the after burner diffuser duct is treated as steady,
viscous, compressible and turbulent.
4.7.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS:
The governing Navier-Stokes equations for the flow physics considered in this work
are from written in
4.7.3 DESIGNING CRITERIA AND CAD MODELS:
The CAD model is generated using CATIA V5 CAD package. Structured mesh is
generated using commercial meshing software and details of the mesh are given
below.
Owing to the periodicity of the geometry and physics, a 45 degree sector of the
diffuser is considered for the CFD analysis. The diffuser with airfoil struts is also
modeled as periodic with 45 degree sector, so that one airfoil strut is considered for
the CFD analysis.
`

Fig 4.3. Computational domain of the after burner diffuser duct without
struts(45 Degree Sector)

Fig 4.4. Computational domain of the after burner diffuser duct with struts(45
Degree Sector)
Fig 4.5. Body-fitted grid generated around the Airfoil Strut

Fig 4.6: Mesh resolved near the wall region and around the airfoil to capture the
viscous effect
Paragraph 8 Mesh settled near the wall surface and near the airfoil to capture viscous
effects The computer domain is divided into hexahedral elements. A body-mounted
O-grid is produced to capture the viscous effects around the airfoil strut and around
the wall circles as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
The computer domain is divided into hexahedral elements. A body-mounted O-grid is
produced to capture the viscous effects around the airfoil strut and around the wall
circles as shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8.
The final mesh for the afterburner diffuser duct without struts consists of around
150000 hexahedral elements and for the afterburner diffuser duct with airfoil struts
the mesh consists of around 280000 hexahedral elements.
The final mesh size is arrived by conducting grid independence studies, which is
explained in Table.02
4.7.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The following boundary conditions have been imposed for CFD analysis,
 Inlet: Absolute Total pressure of 529924 Pa and Total temperature of 686.5
Degree Kelvin is imposed at the inlet boundary.
 Outlet: Mass flow value of 12.96 Kg/sec corresponding to 45 degree sector is
imposed at the outlet.
 Wall: The walls of the diffuser duct, airfoil strut surfaces are imposed with no-
slip boundary condition.
 PERIODICITY: Rotational periodicity is imposed on both the periodic
surfaces, shown in Figure.05.
 FLUID CELLS: The fluid cells /fluid volumes are imposed with air material
properties. Ideal gas equation is used to calculate the density as a function of
pressure and temperature, which is characteristic of compressible flows
 CHAPTER-5
RESULTS- AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS-DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Grid Independence studies

The gird independence studies are carried out to finalize the mesh which captures the
results accurately. Table 5.1 shows the grid independence study details.

Table.5.1 Grid Independence study results

The standard wall function approach in K-epsilon Turbulence model requires a Y-
plus value ranging between 30 to 300, corresponding to the Log-Law region of the
Turbulent boundary layer. However Y-plus value around 35 to 40 will give the best
results. From the above table it is concluded that the final mesh selected for CFD
analysis is appropriate. cfd analysis results
Afterburner diffuser duct without struts

Table 5.2CFD analysis results for the afterburner diffuser duct without
struts
 GRAPHS

Fig 5.1.Contours of Total pressure (Without struts)

Fig 5.2Contours of static pressure (Without struts)

Fig 5.3Contours of total temperature (Without struts)

Fig 5.4Contours of velocity (Without struts)

Fig 5.5 .Contours of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (Without struts)

Fig 5.6 Contours of Mach number (Without struts)

5.2 Afterburner diffuser duct with strut

2) Table 5.3 .CFD analysis results for the afterburner diffuser duct with struts

GRAPHS

Fig 5.7 Contours of Total pressure (With struts)

Fig 5.8 Contours of Static pressure (With struts)

Fig 5.9 Contours of Total temperature (With struts)

Fig 5.10 Contours of Velocity (With struts)

Fig 5.11 Contours of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (With struts)

Fig 5.12Contours of Mach number (With struts)

Fig 5.13 Stream lines around the airfoil strut

Fig 5.14 Stream lines around the airfoil strut (Sectional view)

Table 5.2, shows CFD analysis results for after burner diffuser duct without struts.
The analysis results are compared with the experimental data available in the
literature (Aircraft Engine design, Jack D. Mattingly).
Table.5.2 indicates that the experimentally measured total pressure loss between
station 6A (Inlet) and Station 6.1 is 4675 Pascal’s, while that predicted by CFD
analysis is 4921 Pascals.
Table 5.3 Shows CFD analysis results for afterburner diffuser duct with NACA 0012
airfoil struts. The total pressure loss with struts is 7292 Pascals. This higher value of
pressure drop is due to the skin friction of the strut surfaces. Airfoil struts contribute
to an additional pressure loss of 2617 Pascals. An additional pressure loss of 2617
Pascals is practically low because the flow around the strut is attached to the strut
surface and there is no flow separation from the strut wall. This is shown in Fig 13
and Fig 14.

Fig 5.1 to 5.6 shows the flow field across various sections of the after burner diffuser
duct without struts. Fig 5.7 to 5.14 shows the flow field across various sections of the
after burner diffuser duct with NACA 0012 airfoil struts.
Fig 5.5 shows the contours of Turbulent kinetic energy in the after burner diffuser
duct without struts and Fig 5.11 shows the Turbulent kinetic energy contours with
NACA 0012 airfoil struts. It is observed that the presence of struts increases the
Turbulent Kinetic Energy (nearly two times) of the flow in the diffuser duct. This is
desirable because increased turbulence leads to the better mixing of Fuel (which is
injected to the after burner unit) with the air after station.
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION
In the Aircraft Turbojet engine after the low pressure turbine, the flow gets swirled
hence, in the after burner the velocity gets drastically increased. In the combustion
chamber of the after burner the fuel and air is not get mixed properly hence the fuel is
wasted. The swirled floe leads to loss of velocity in-turn reducing the efficiency and
performance of the after burner. The flame location of the catalytic porous burner was
more sensitive to the flame velocity and insensitive to thermal conductivity compared to the
inert porous burner. The distance of the flame location to the burner inlet is almost constant
with the increasing length of the porous media for both the catalytic and inert porous burner,
while the relative position of the flame location moved toward the upstream
6.2 FUTURE WORK
CFD analysis is carried out for the after burner diffuser duct with and without struts.
CFD analysis results for the after burner diffuser duct without struts is compared with
the experimental data. The contribution of NACA 0012 airfoil struts for pressure loss
is estimated. Increase of Turbulence in the flow with struts is beneficial as it leads to
better mixing of air and fuel in the after burner unit.
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